Identification Of Fungi Research Articles

Mycological analysis in three schools over four seasons using passive air sedimentation

The aim of the study is the isolation and identification of fungi using passive air sedimentation. This study analyzed 540 mycological samples from three primary schools in Zenica, collected in September, December, February, and May. Each season, 135 samples were taken from five rooms (two classrooms, a gym, a locker room, and a library) in each school. Samples were collected three times daily at three different heights with 15-minute exposure times. Samples were refrigerated and transported in sterile bags, incubated for 24 hours, and inoculated on specific agars with and without additives. Plates were incubated at 37°C and 25°C for up to 7 days, followed by examinations. Petri dishes were used for passive air sampling, and colonies were counted after incubation. The average number of microorganisms (CFU/m³) was calculated using Omeliansky’s method. Statistical methods included the Chi-squared test and p-value. Colony appearance was assessed visually and microscopically using a light microscope. Growth rate, size, structure, and color changes were monitored. In September, the highest mold concentrations were at H. Kikić Primary School (796 CFU/m³, not significant), M. Dizdar Primary School (1260 CFU/m³, not significant), and A. Šantić Primary School (3980 CFU/m³, significant). Penicillium spp. and Alternaria spp. were most prevalent, with Alternaria spp. significant at H. Kikić Primary School. In December, the highest mold/yeast concentrations were at H. Kikić Primary School (4578 CFU/m³, not significant), M. Dizdar Primary School (1924 CFU/m³, significant), and A. Šantić Primary School (2587 CFU/m³, not significant). Penicillium spp. was most prevalent. In February, the highest mold concentrations were at H. Kikić Primary School (4578 CFU/m³, not significant), M. Dizdar Primary School (2786 CFU/m³, not significant), and A. Šantić Primary School (5838 CFU/m³, significant). Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp. were equally prevalent. In May, the highest mold/yeast concentrations were at H. Kikić Primary School (6568 CFU/m³, significant), M. Dizdar Primary School (3516 CFU/m³, significant), and A. Šantić Primary School (7431 CFU/m³, significant). Aspergillus spp. was most prevalent. These findings highlight the importance of regular monitoring and implementing appropriate ventilation measures to manage air quality and health concerns in schools.

Isolation, Identification, and Application of Endophytic Fungi from Lavandula stoechas L.: Mitigating Salinity Stress in Hydroponic Winter Cereal Fodder

Soil and irrigation water salinity is a growing global problem affecting farmland, due to poor agricultural practices and climate change, leading to reduced crop yields. Given the limited amount of arable land and the need to boost production, hydroponic systems offer a viable solution. Additionally, endophytic fungi have been shown to mitigate salinity effects through symbiosis with plants. This study evaluated three endophytic fungi isolated from Lavandula stoechas L. in the grasslands of Extremadura (i.e., Diplodia corticola L11, Leptobacillium leptobactrum L15, and Cladosporium cladosporioides L16) for their ability to improve hydroponic forage production under saline conditions. In vitro experiments were conducted assessing plant growth promotion and fungal growth under salinity, followed by research evaluating the impact of fungal inoculation on hydroponic wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) forages irrigated with NaCl solutions (0, 100, and 200 mM). The results showed improved fungal growth and production of plant growth-promoting substances, which could explain the improved plant germination, shoot and root length, fresh and dry weight, and yield of inoculated plants growing under salinity. Plants inoculated with L15 or L16 showed the best performance overall. L15 demonstrated broader bioactivity in vitro, potentially explaining its superior performance in both wheat and barley growth. Conversely, L16 was more effective in barley, while L11 was beneficial in wheat but detrimental in barley. This study provides a preliminary exploration of the capabilities of these fungi and their optimization for hydroponic forage production.

Isolation and identification of native Chilean entomopathogenic fungi and their potential for the control of Drosophila suzukii

Drosophila suzukii is an invasive pest of berries and other soft-skinned fruits, was first detected in Chile in 2017, and has since spread over 2,800 km from north to south. Sustainable control of the spotted-wing drosophila (SWD) is essential due the negative attitude of the consumers toward the excessive use of insecticides. During a survey in Chile for biological control agents, thirty-two isolates of entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) were isolated from mycotized insects and soil samples, identified through sequence analysis, and tested against D. suzukii adults under laboratory conditions. The EPF identified are Akanthomyces muscarius, Beauveria bassiana, Beauveria pseudobassiana, Clonostachys rosea, Metarhizium alvesii, Metarhizium brunneum and Metarhizium robertsii. Six isolates caused 100 % of mortality of D. suzukii adults within ten days after the initial exposition to conidia; these included four B. bassiana isolates (LSB 110, LSB 114, LSB 122 and LSB 125), one M. robertsii isolate (LSB 115) and one M. brunneum isolate (LSB 127). LSB 122 and LSB 125 induced the shortest lethal time (LT50 4 and 4.2 days, respectively), while Akanthomyces and Clonostachys caused ≤36 % cumulative mortality of the adults at 10 days of exposure. These results indicate that isolates of B. bassiana, M. robertsii and M. brunneum have significant potential as microbial control agents against D. suzukii adults. This study marks a critical step forward in identifying and validating native entomopathogenic fungi in Chile for sustainable pest management. Future work will focus on further testing these isolates under laboratory, semi-field and field conditions to optimize their application in real-world agricultural settings.

Genetic diversity of the fungal community that contributes to the sensory quality of coffee beverage after carbonic maceration and fermentation.

Understanding the effects of microorganisms on coffee fermentation is crucial to ensure sensory quality and food security. The analysis of the dynamics of the microbial community during fermentation can contribute to a better understanding of the beneficial and harmful effects of microorganisms and help select starter cultures to improve coffee quality. Furthermore, the anaerobic environment produced by carbonic maceration of the coffee fruits inhibits aerobic respiratory processes and stimulates fermentative metabolism, modulating the microbial community during coffee fermentation. This study evaluated the effects of carbonic maceration in the fungal community dynamics during the fermentation of Coffea arabica fruits at 18, 28, and 38°C for 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120h. Fungal diversity was accompanied by high-throughput sequencing (NGS) of the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region. During the coffee fermentation, the fungal community changed over time, with the most significant changes occurring at 18 and 28°C after 72h. However, at 38°C, there were greater variations in fungal composition and fungal diversity was highest after 120h. The yeast Pichia cephalocereana was predominant in the fermentations. These results indicated that temperature and fermentation conditions influence the fungal community during coffee fermentation. Lower temperatures might favor a more stable microbial environment, while higher temperatures lead to more intense changes. Thus, our data from NGS can help in the identification, isolation, and metabolic characterization of fungi for the fermentation of coffee fruits.

Isolation, Identification, and Pathogenicity of Sclerotium rolfsii (Sacc.) Causing Collar Rot in Chickpea

Sclerotium rolfsii (Sacc.) is a detrimental soil-borne fungus responsible for collar rot in chickpea. We conducted an experiment including the isolation, purification, identification, and pathogenicity assessment of fungi from infected plant materials. The plants appear typical symptoms such as complete leaf abscission, browning, desiccation, and often remain attached to the dead stem. The mycelium of the pathogen proliferates over the affected tissue and adjacent soil, creating a white mat of mycelial threads interspersed with characteristic sclerotia, ranging from brown to dark brown and resembling mustard seeds in size. Collar rot samples were collected and sent to the laboratory for isolation. The fungus was isolated and grown on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) media. The pathogenicity tests were validated by adhering to Koch's postulates and used three inoculation techniques. The seed and soil inoculation approach demonstrated significant efficacy, resulting in the greatest disease incidence (71.05%) and reduced seed germination (74.90%). This research highlights the impact of S. rolfsii on chickpea crops, offering insights into its pathogenicity and management strategies. Understanding its infection mechanisms can help develop effective control measures to enhance chickpea yield and sustainability.

A single-center study on the distribution and shifting trend of infectious keratitis pathogens from 2018 to 2022

Objective: To investigate the pathogen species, composition, and distribution characteristics of infectious keratitis pathogens in Shandong Province and its surrounding areas. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, patients with keratitis who underwent corneal sampling and microbiological culture at the Shandong Eye Hospital from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2022 were included. Under topical anesthesia, the edge of the lesion was scraped by an experienced physician. The samples were inoculated on blood agar and Sabouraud dextrose agar plates, separately for bacterial and fungal culture and identification. If necessary, the samples were inoculated on a non-nutrient agar medium with Escherichia coli for Acanthamoeba culture. Bacterial isolates were identified using Vitek 2 compact or matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Fungal isolates were identified based on morphological characteristics or sent to a company for sequencing in cases of difficult identification. The epidemiological data of the patients, pathogen species and number (counting as 1 strain if the same strain was isolated from multiple corneal specimens of the same patient), culture positivity rate, and seasonal distribution were recorded. Differences in pathogen positivity rates among different seasons were analyzed using the chi-square test. Results: Among the 4, 024 patients with infectious keratitis during the study period, there were 2 510 males (62.3%) and 1 514 females (37.6%), aged from 46 days to 94 years. Positive microbial culture results were achieved in 2, 363 patients (58.7%), including 906 cases (38.3%) with bacterial positivity, 1 231 cases (52.1%) with fungal positivity, 28 cases (1.2%) with Acanthamoeba positivity, and 198 cases (8.4%) with mixed fungal and bacterial infections. A total of 2 561 strains were isolated, including 1 104 bacterial strains. The most common bacteria were coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. (623/1 104, 56.4%), followed by Streptococcus spp. (131/1 104, 11.9%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (68/1 104, 6.2%). The most common fungi were Fusarium spp. (634/1 429, 44.4%), followed by Aspergillus spp. (279/1 429, 19.5%) and Alternaria spp. (229/1 429, 16.0%). Bacterial keratitis was more common in summer and autumn, while fungal keratitis was more common in autumn and winter. Conclusions: Among infectious keratitis cases in Shandong Eye Hospital, Fusarium species were predominant fungal pathogens, while coagulase-negative Staphylococcus predominated in bacterial pathogens. Both fungal and bacterial corneal infections showed seasonal variations.

Identification, Characteristics, and Fungicide Efficacy of Seed-Associated Fungi of Saposhnikovia divaricata in Northeast China.

Saposhnikovia divaricata (Trucz.) Schischk. is one of the traditional medicinal herbs in Northeast China, and its roots are used for medicinal purposes. In 2020, a fungus isolated from S. divaricata seeds was observed to cause root rot of seedlings and leaf and stem spot of adult plants in Shuangyashan, Heilongjiang, China. Based on morphological and molecular data, isolates of all fungi were identified as Alternaria alternata. To our knowledge, this is the first report of A. alternata isolated from S. divaricata seeds in China. The carrying rate of S. divaricata seeds from 20 different collection sites reached 100% in 70% of the sites in Hulunbeier area, Inner Mongolia, China. The A. alternata isolate could infect the roots of cucumber, sorghum, mung bean, and maize seedlings and cause root rot. Considering the control of seed-associated fungal diseases, prochloraz 45% EW had the best control effect of 92.6%, followed by flusilazole 400 g liter-1 EC (88.9%) and azoxystrobin + propiconazole 18.7% SE (70.7%) of 15 fungicides. Further field control efficacy showed that 45% prochloraz EW had an 80% control efficacy on the disease at a dose of 0.225 g liter-1. It is recommended that soaking seeds and spraying are the best treatments for controlling seed-associated fungi and leaf spot on S. divaricata caused by A. alternata. Therefore, the aforementioned methods can effectively prevent the occurrence of fungal diseases of S. divaricata and provide a way to reduce reinfestation in the field.

Screening and identification of antagonistic fungi against pepper anthracnose and investigation into its pot-plant control effects

Screening and identification of antagonistic fungi against pepper anthracnose and investigation into its pot-plant control effects

Identification of entomopathogenic fungi from insect pests of mango and their efficacy against mango hoppers

Surveys were made in the Sindhudurg and Ratnagiri districts of the Konkan region of Maharashtra, India during 2017-2018 for the collection of mummified insect samples from different mango orchards in order to isolate entomopathogenic fungi. The collected mummified insect samples were brought to the laboratory and incubated on PDA plates. Those samples showing growth on PDA plates were sub-cultured until pure fungus growth was obtained. They were tested for their pathogenicity in the laboratory and 14 samples were found pathogenic to mango hoppers. They were sent to NFCCI, Agarkar Research Institute, Pune for identification. Out of the 14 entomopathogenic samples identified, 7 were from Genus Fusarium, 4 were mixed cultures of Fusarium and Aspergillus, and one sample each from Genus Trichoderma, Mucor and Nigrospora. Studies showed that Fusarium species were the most common entomopathogenic fungi associated with mango pests, especially mango hoppers. Laboratory evaluation of these samples showed that amongst different isolated entomogenus fungi, <i>Fusarium semitectum</i> sample 16(1) was more pathogenic to mango hoppers than other fungal samples. Field evaluation of this sample also proved its efficacy.

Introducing palmfungi.org, an integrated fungal-host data platform.

Palm fungi are a diverse and unique group mostly found on Arecaceae hosts. They have been studied for approximately 200 years resulting in a large number of known fungal species representing over 700 genera. The timeline of palm fungal studies could be roughly divided into three phases, based on the methods and frequency of reports. They are the "Historical palm fungi era", "Classical palm fungi era" and "Molecular palm fungi era". In the first two periods, the identification of palm fungi was based on morphology, which resulted in a considerable number of morphological species scattered across the data in books, monographs and papers. With the advancement of molecular techniques, studies on palm fungi accelerated. A large number of new species were introduced in the molecular era, especially from Asia, including China and Thailand. However, there is a necessity to link these three generations of studies into a single platform combining data related to host factors, geography and utilisation. Herein, we introduce the palm fungi website: https://palmfungi.org, an integrated data platform for interactive retrieval, based on palm and fungal species. This website is not only a portal for the latest, comprehensive species information on palm fungi, but also provides a new platform for fungal researchers to explore the host-specificity of palm fungi. Additionally, this study uses palmfungi.org and related data to briefly discuss the current status of research on the distribution of palm fungi populations, showing how palmfungi.org links fungi with their palm hosts. Furthermore, the website will act as a platform for collaboration amongst taxonomists, plant pathologists, botanists, ecologists and those who are interested in palms and their relationship with ecological sustainability.

Ant's Nest as a microenvironment: Distinct Mucoromycota (Fungi) community of the red wood ants' (Formica polyctena) mounds.

Many social insect species build nests, which differ from the surrounding environment and are often occupied by specific organismal communities. These organisms may interact mutualistically or parasitically with the nest-builders, or simply co-occur, being able to survive in these microenvironments. In temperate forests, red wood ants (e.g. Formica polyctena) are known to create distinct, highly developed nests, which consist of large, above-ground mounds, built primarily out of plant matter collected from the forest litter. The microorganismal communities of such mounds remain understudied. As representatives of Mucoromycota fungi commonly engage in the decomposition process of the forest litter, they would be expected to occur in the mounds. However, it is still not known whether the Mucoromycota community of these ants' nests differ from the one of the surrounding forest litter. In order to distinguish mound-associated taxa, we characterized Mucoromycota communities of Formica polyctena mounds and the surrounding forest litter. We sampled four sites, twice in a season. Sampled material was plated on agar media and emerging Mucoromycota colonies were identified based on their morphology. Fungal identification was further confirmed using DNA barcoding. In order to compare described communities, PERMANOVA test and non-metric multidimensional scaling ordinations were used. To distinguish taxa associated with the mounds, multilevel pattern analysis was performed. Our results show that the Mucoromycota community of Formica polyctena's mound differs from the community of the surrounding forest litter. While representatives of Entomortierella lignicola and Absidia cylindrospora clade were found to be associated with the mound environment, representatives of Umbelopsis curvata and Podila verticillata-humilis clade were associated with forest litter, and were rarely present in the mounds. Our findings strongly suggest that the red wood ants' nest is a specific microenvironment in the temperate forest floor, which is a preferred microhabitat for the mound-associated Mucoromycota, possibly adapted to live in proximity to ants.

Isolation and identification of endophytic fungi from Alhagi sparsifolia Shap. and their antibacterial activity

In order to explore the endophytic resources of Alhagi sparsifolia Shap. and identified novel antibacterial substances. Thirty endophytic fungal strains were isolated from the stems and roots of A. sparsifolia Shap. Morphological and molecular biology methods were used to identify ten strains of fungi, including four strains of Aspergillus niger, three strains of Alternaria alternata, two strains of Aspergillus flavus, and one strain of Fusarium incarnatum. All these strains were isolated from A. sparsifolia Shap. for the first time, and of these Aspergillus was the dominant genus. Antibacterial activity of the ten strains against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were evaluated using the disc diffusion method. The results demonstrated that the metabolites from all the strains had inhibitory effects on at least one indicator bacterium. Notably, the endophytic fungi AFJ3 and AFG6 demonstrated strong broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, particularly against E. coli, with inhibition zones measuring 32.0 ± 0.3 and 31.3 ± 0.3 mm, respectively. The three endophytic fungi (AFG1, AFG2, and AFG3) isolated from the roots demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa forming an inhibition zone of diameter 31.3 ± 0.1, 25.6 ± 0.2, and 25.6 ± 0.2 mm, respectively. However, the strains of endophytic fungi demonstrated no significant inhibitory effects on C. albicans. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS) analysis depicted that the ethyl acetate phase of AFJ3 and AFG6 fermentation broth predominantly contained organic acids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and fatty acids. These secondary metabolites often exhibited good antibacterial activity. This study broadens our understanding of endophytic fungi in A. sparsifolia Shap. The antibacterial activity of some strains of endophytic fungi was significant, making it worthy of further research on their active material.

Re-identification of Korean Isolates in the Colletotrichum dematium, C. magnum, C. orchidearum, and C. orbiculare Species Complexes.

A large number of species in the genus Colletotrichum have been reported as causal agents of anthracnose on crops and wild plants in Korea. Many Colletotrichum isolates from the country preserved in the Korean Agricultural Culture Collection (KACC) were previously identified based on host plants and morphological characteristics, and it may lead to species misidentification. Thus, accurate fungal species identification using multilocus sequence analyses is essential for understanding disease epidemiology and disease management strategies. In this study, combined DNA sequence analyses of internal transcribed spacer, gapdh, chs-1, his3, act, tub2, and gs were applied to re-identify 27 Colletotrichum isolates in KACC. The phylogenetic analyses showed that the isolates resulted in 11 known species, they belong to the C. dematium species complex (C. hemerocallidis, C. jinshuiense, and C. spinaciae), the C. magnum complex (C. kaifengense and C. cf. ovatense), the C. orchidearum complex (C. cattleyicola, C. plurivorum, C. reniforme, and C. sojae) and the C. orbiculare complex (C. malvarum and C. orbiculare). Of them, C. cattleyicola, C. hemerocallidis, C. kaifengense, and C. reniforme were unrecorded species in Korea. In the view of host-fungus combinations, 10 combinations are newly reported in the world and 12 are new reports in Korea, although their pathogenicity on the host was not confirmed.

ROLE OF FUNGI IN COVID-19 PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE IN RANI DURGAVATI MEDICAL COLLEGE, BANDA (FORMERLY GOVERNMENT ALLOPATHIC MEDICAL COLLEGE, BANDA 210001 (UP) INDIA.)

Background: Fungal infections of the lung have gained increasing recognition in the field of infectious disease and they are difficult to diagnosis. Advances in modern treatment like antibiotics corticosteroids, Immunosupressants and anticancer drugs have lead to increase in opportunistic fungal infections including bronchopulmonary Candidiasis and Bronchopulmonary aspergillosis has also increased, commonly occurs in COVID-19 patients of pre existing bronchial asthma. In India there is high prevalence of chronic lung diseases including bronchial Asthma, yet the diagnosis of aspergillosis and Candidiasis. An association between asthma and aspergillosis was noted and confirmed by isolation of Aspergillus species more commonly in sputum of Asthma patients (Lum et al., 2020 Singla, N. et al., 2019). Subject and Methods: To find out the role of fungi in 50 Corona virus (RTPCR test) positive patients of chronic lung disease (non tubercular) like COPD, Chronic Bronchitis with or without emphysema, Broncheichtasis, Bronchial Asthma were included. Patients were attended and admitted in Rani Durgavati Medical College (RDMC) and Hospital, Banda (UP) India, in a one year period was taken up from December 2020 till December 2021. The diagnosis of these cases v/as established by clinical features, radiological examination of chest, ECG, pulmonary function tests. Laboratory procedure for isolation and identification of fungi in bronchoalveoiar lavage. Each specimen of Bronchoalveloar Lavage (BAL) was subjected to various laboratory procedures for isolation and identification of fungi. Result: Different fungal species were cultured in 26% total cases. 20% isolates were positive for fungi alone whereas rest 6% cases showed both bacterial and fungal pathogens amongst fungi Candida was the predominant isolate in 16% cases followed by Aspergillus in 8% cases and Histopfasms capsulatum in just1(2%) case. Fungal isolates in bronchial aspirates were sensitive to Amphotericin B, Fluconazole, etc. Conclusion: COVID-19 Patients which are already containing chronic lung diseases especially COPD, bronchiectasis is more common in elderly males. The Bronchiectatic patients are also at risk of getting, fungal infections Patients of chronic lung disease who are on long-term antibiotic therapy, and or steroids are more predisposed to get these opportunistic infections. Another conclusion from it is clear that there is great need better and judicious use of antibiotics in patients to prevent drug resistance, to prevent further progression of the diseases.

Improvement of direct microscopy method for differential diagnosis of skin mycoses

Background and Aim.In the practice of veterinary doctors, a number of methods for diagnosing dermatomycoses are used, methods of direct and luminescent microscopy are undeservedly ignored. Сomparative analysis of staining methods for improving the method of direct microscopy, rapid and reliable detection of spores and mycelium in biomaterial, identification of pathogens and differential diagnosis of skin mycoses is of crucial importance for the effective treatment of animalsMaterials and Methods. 47 clinical samples of wool and skin taken from farm animals were examined for dermatomycetes. Diagnosis was performed using direct microscopy, fluorescence microscopy with calcofluor, and culture medium culture Saburo. Results. During the study of 47 samples of biological material, it was found that during microscopy the pathogen was detected in 10 cases (21.3%), during KOH microscopy - in 15 cases (29.9%), during KOH microscopy with other dyes in 11 cases (23.4%), during KOH microscopy with color calcofluor in 25 cases (53.2%). The efficiency of the KOH microscopy method with white calcofluor in comparison with direct microscopy was 60% higher, in comparison with KOH microscopy with other dyes - by 56%, classical KOH microscopy by 43.8%. By the culture method, pathogens were detected in 28 cases (59.6%), of which 7 Trichophyton spp., 1 Microsporum spp., 14 Aspergillius spp., 6 yeast. Growth was absent in 19 samples (40.4%), bacteria were detected in 3 samples (6.3%). In comparison with КOH microscopy with calcofluor white, positive results were confirmed in 89.3%.Conclusion. The use of coloring with various dyes of morphological elements of micromycetes in pure cultures allows you to identify mycelial hyphae of various thicknesses, spores, conidia, other morphological structures and carry out a quick preliminary identification of dermatomycetes and opportunistic mold fungi in smears.

Isolation, Purification and Identification of Fungi Associated with Cowpea Seeds, Vigna unguiculata (L.) and the Possibility of Their Resistance Using Some Biological Techniques

Isolation, Purification and Identification of Fungi Associated with Cowpea Seeds, Vigna unguiculata (L.) and the Possibility of Their Resistance Using Some Biological Techniques

Macroscopic and Molecular Approaches for Identification of Fungi Associated with Azanza garckeana

Macroscopic and Molecular Approaches for Identification of Fungi Associated with Azanza garckeana

Molecular Detection of Microsporum Canis Infection in Cats in Baghdad Governorate

Microsporum canis is a keratinized skin fungus that causes diseases in all animals, especially in cats. It is able to infected human causes Tinea corporis and Tinea capitis. In this study,the aim was toward detection and confirmation of Microsporum canis infection in cats in Baghdad governorate using polymerase chain reaction (PCR).The diagnosis depend on sequencing of the PCR products obtained by using a universal primer to amplification of the primer DppV which was 895 bp.A total of two hundred and eighty three hair and skin scraping samples were collected from infected cats with and without skin lesions. Preliminarily examined of samples with 10% KOH preparation, and cultured for fungal identification . For the culture; Saboruad dextrose agar was used . Culture results showed that four isolates were positive for M. canis , the best growth of these isolates was confirmed by PCR and DPPV gene then sequencing of this gene. PCR technique showed that one isolate from the total of 283 isolates were assured for the DPPV gene and yielded a band at 895 bp, this finding is regarded as distinctive for the genus Microsporum canis ,which was dumped in the GenBank nucleotide sequence database under accession number OR126262. Results sequencing of this gene in Iraq revealed compatibility with global results in USA and Belgium.

Isolation and Identification of Microsporum Canis from cats in Baghdad governorate

Microsporum canis is a keratinized skin fungus that causes diseases in animals, especially cats. It is able to infect human causes Tinea corporis and Tinea capitis . The aim of this study is to isolate and identify the dermatophyte fungi Microsporum canis from cats in Baghdad / Iraq .This research focused on the epidemiology of M. canis found in cats.A total of two hundred and eighty three hair and skin scraping samples were collected from infected cats .preliminarily examined with 10% KOH preparation, and cultured for fungal identification . For the culture; Saboruad dextrose agar was used . The results of this study showed that four samples were positive for M.canis . The pathogen was found both at the site of the lesion and at other sites in the body. The pathogen can be found in the hair of cats with and without skin lesions.

Molecular identification of Hypomyces chrysospermus mycoparasitic fungus isolated from mushrooms in a local market of Iraq.

In this study, mycoparasitic fungus was identified by using the rDNA internal transcribed spacer barcode marker, i.e. ITS rDNA gene. Amplicons were sequenced and identified by NCBI - BLAST (Basic local alignment search tool). The BLAST results revealed that NOOR strain matched 100% with accession numbers [MH854754.1]. The phylogenetic tree shows close relationship between NOOR strain and H. chrysospermus [MH854754-1], H. chrysospermus [MZ389105-1], H. chrysospermus [MK605327- 1], H. chrysospermus [MT595227-1], H. [EU816370-1], H. chrysospermus [MG685885-1]. The Iraqi isolate was recorded as NOOR strain in the National Centre for Biotechnology Information for the first time in Iraq.