Identification Of Emotional Facial Expressions Research Articles

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<p>The work was carried out in the paradigm of analyzing the structure of erroneous responses when performing the identification of emotional facial expressions. The subjects performed the task of non-verbal recognition of facial expressions at tachistoscopic exposure time (16 ms, 8 ms, 4 ms). The search for predictors that determine the partial proportions of responses for different combinations (response, expression shown) was performed among the subscales of the Boyko empathy questionnaire, the EmIn questionnaire, the analytical-holistic scale, and the Alekseev thinking styles questionnaire. The study involved students from Moscow universities. Sample size: 49 people, 9 men, 40 women, average age m=22.2 years, sd=4.45.The identified predictors are specific (not universal) in nature, different for different combinations of the presented image and the assessment performed. We believe that this result should be interpreted as indicating the presence of competing parallel processes associated with testing for the presence of different emotional expressions. The selected system of predictors is not complete. A promising direction for further research is expanding the scope of the search for predictors through methods that measure individual personality characteristics and the level of anxiety.</p>

Comparison of the Identification of Emotional Facial Expressions from Full Faces with only the Eyes and the Mouth Regions in Young Indian Adults: an Exploratory Study.

Identification of emotional facial expressions (EFEs) is important in interpersonal communication. Six 'universal' EFEs are known, though accuracy of their identification varies. EFEs involve anatomical changes in certain regions of the face, especially eyes and mouth. But whether other areas of the face are just as important in their identification is still debated. This study was conducted to compare the accuracy of identification of universal EFEs under full-face and partial face conditions (only showing the eyes and the mouth regions). An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted among 140 young Indian adults. They were divided into two equal groups and shown the six universal EFEs in two sets, one with full-face images, and the other with images showing just the eyes and the mouth regions on a computer screen. The participants were asked to identify each of the EFE and their responses were analyzed. Mean age was 21.3 1.7 years for full face group, and 21.2 1.6 years for the partial face group. Most were men, from rural areas and from upper socioeconomic status families, and many of them were students. EFE identification was significantly higher for part-face group compared to full-face group (p-value .0007). Participants of both groups identified happiness the best (100%). For other EFEs, part-face images were identified more accurately than full-face images, except for disgust. These differences were statistically significant except for anger and fear. Among young Indian adults, accuracy of identification of universal EFEs was high, which was significantly enhanced for all except disgust, when only combinations of eyes and mouth were shown, suggesting that other facial regions serve as distractors in EFE identification. 1. Identification of universal EFEs was higher from partial faces (combination of eyes and mouth) as compared to full-face EFEs for all emotions except disgust. 2. This suggests that other regions of face serve as potential distractors in the identification of emotions, except for disgust, where these regions provide more information.

Identification of Emotional Facial Expressions in a Lab and Over the Internet

Collecting data over the internet is an approach that allows researchers to vastly expand the possible sample sizes of their studies, and enables the study of populations that may otherwise be difficult to access. However, to ensure that data collected over the internet is of the same level of quality as data collected in a lab, the comparability of internet-collected data with lab-collected data must first be assessed for individual areas of research and experimental approaches. To answer the question of whether internet data collection is suitable for experiments involving facial expressions, we conducted a deliberately difficult facial emotion-identification experiment where participants completed the same task either under supervision in our lab, or at an unsupervised location over the internet. Stimuli consisted of sad faces that participants were asked to identify as resembling either anger, fear, or disgust. Regardless of belonging to either the group tested in the lab or over the internet, participants showed highly similar response distributions, while differences between the groups were non-significant and of very low magnitude. We can therefore conclude from our findings that internet data collection is a viable method for experiments requiring the identification of emotional facial expressions, being able to produce similar results to those which can be obtained in a lab.

Women With Borderline Personality Disorder Show Reduced Identification of Emotional Facial Expressions and a Heightened Negativity Bias.

Individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD) frequently display impairments in the identification of emotional facial expressions paralleled by a negativity bias. However, it remains unclear whether misperception of facial expressions is a key psychopathological marker of BPD. To address this question, the authors examined 43 women diagnosed with BPD and 56 healthy female controls using an emotion face identification task and a face dot-probe task together with measures on psychopathology. Compared to controls, women with BPD showed impaired identification of disgusted and angry faces concurrent with a bias to misclassify faces as angry, and a faster preconscious vigilance for fearful relative to happy facial expressions. Increased severity of borderline symptoms and global psychopathology in BPD patients were associated with reduced ability to identify angry facial expressions and a stronger negativity bias to anger. The findings indicate that BPD patients who misperceive face emotions have the greatest mental health issues.

Alexithymia Is Related to the Need for More Emotional Intensity to Identify Static Fearful Facial Expressions.

Individuals with high levels of alexithymia, a personality trait marked by difficulties in identifying and describing feelings and an externally oriented style of thinking, appear to require more time to accurately recognize intense emotional facial expressions (EFEs). However, in everyday life, EFEs are displayed at different levels of intensity and individuals with high alexithymia may also need more emotional intensity to identify EFEs. Nevertheless, the impact of alexithymia on the identification of EFEs, which vary in emotional intensity, has largely been neglected. To address this, two experiments were conducted in which participants with low (LA) and high (HA) levels of alexithymia were assessed in their ability to identify static (Experiment 1) and dynamic (Experiment 2) morphed faces ranging from neutral to intense EFEs. Results showed that HA needed more emotional intensity than LA to identify static fearful – but not happy or disgusted – faces. On the contrary, no evidence was found that alexithymia affected the identification of dynamic EFEs. These results extend current literature suggesting that alexithymia is related to the need for more perceptual information to identify static fearful EFEs.

Plan of an awareness system on SRH in light of the identification of emotional facial expressions

In today’s world, the information systems have turned out to be fundamental for associations which act as a need, with the end goal to make choices based on finer quality. It is because of this reason that powers the introduction towards the computerization procedure. Nevertheless, all associations are looking for an information system which permits a development, an advancement and a change of their business procedures. This is the purpose behind considering setting up an awareness information system with the goal that it can sensitize residents about infectious and irresistible illnesses, for example, AIDS (HIV) and hepatitis (A - B - C), and adjust to the necessities of residents as per their inner states communicated in their online teaching, and different measures of adaptation (age, sexual orientation, city, language,level of knowledge).The target of this research is to examine the administration, which is in charge of the information system that aids in sensitizing on sexual and reproductive health. This work is portrayed by the utilization of information technology and correspondence, targeted at enhancing the procedure, correspondence amongst clients and information systems and the viability of the organization, either as far as due dates, quality, or profitability of public officials to ensure the age.

Identification of Emotional Facial Expressions: Effects of Expression, Intensity, and Sex on Eye Gaze.

The identification of emotional expressions is vital for social interaction, and can be affected by various factors, including the expressed emotion, the intensity of the expression, the sex of the face, and the gender of the observer. This study investigates how these factors affect the speed and accuracy of expression recognition, as well as dwell time on the two most significant areas of the face: the eyes and the mouth. Participants were asked to identify expressions from female and male faces displaying six expressions (anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise), each with three levels of intensity (low, moderate, and normal). Overall, responses were fastest and most accurate for happy expressions, but slowest and least accurate for fearful expressions. More intense expressions were also classified most accurately. Reaction time showed a different pattern, with slowest response times recorded for expressions of moderate intensity. Overall, responses were slowest, but also most accurate, for female faces. Relative to male observers, women showed greater accuracy and speed when recognizing female expressions. Dwell time analyses revealed that attention to the eyes was about three times greater than on the mouth, with fearful eyes in particular attracting longer dwell times. The mouth region was attended to the most for fearful, angry, and disgusted expressions and least for surprise. These results extend upon previous findings to show important effects of expression, emotion intensity, and sex on expression recognition and gaze behaviour, and may have implications for understanding the ways in which emotion recognition abilities break down.

Simultaneous recording of EEG and fNIRS during visuo-spatial and facial expression processing in a dual task paradigm

Emotional processing is probably the most crucial tool for orienting oneself in our everyday social life and has been considered to be highly automatic for a long time. Dual task (DT) research shows that information competing for working memory resources impairs the identification of emotional facial expressions. Effects of cognitive load in DT paradigms have been confirmed in numerous neuroimaging studies. However, interference occurring during a DT comprised of decoding emotional facial expressions and a visuo-spatial working memory task has yet to be visualized.To investigate the DT interference effect on brain areas associated not only with working memory, but also emotional and visuo-spatial processing, we recorded brain activation within the prefrontal cortex and parietal-occipital sensory areas using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and electroencephalography (EEG) simultaneously. Our study consisted of N = 36 participants (27 female) performing the following tasks: a) Corsi blocks, b) identification of emotional facial expressions or c) DT comprising of tasks a) and b).We predicted higher activation of the prefrontal cortex during DT and corresponding reduced P100 and P300 amplitudes.As expected, fNIRS measurements revealed significantly higher neuronal activation within the prefrontal cortex in the DT condition. When comparing DT to the single tasks, the P100 amplitude was reduced, but the P300 amplitude did not show the expected reduction.Our findings underline that at least some aspects of emotional processing are not entirely automatic, but depend on prefrontal control and are therefore affected by cognitive load, in particular visuo-spatial working memory resources.

Age-Related Changes in the Processing of Emotional Faces in a Dual-Task Paradigm

Background/ Study Context: Age-related changes appear to affect the ability to identify emotional facial expressions in dual-task conditions (i.e., while simultaneously performing a second visual task). The level of interference generated by the secondary task depends on the phase of emotional processing affected by the interference and the nature of the secondary task. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of these variables on age-related changes in the processing of emotional faces.Methods: The identification of emotional facial expressions (EFEs) was assessed in a dual-task paradigm using the following variables: (a) the phase during which interference was applied (encoding vs. retrieval phase); and (b) the nature of the interfering stimulus (visuospatial vs. verbal). The sample population consisted of 24 healthy aged adults (mean age = 75.38) and 40 younger adults (mean age = 26.90). The accuracy of EFE identification was calculated for all experimental conditions.Results: Consistent with our hypothesis, the performance of the older group was poorer than that of the younger group in all experimental conditions. Dual-task performance was poorer when the interference occurred during the encoding phase of emotional face processing and when both tasks were of the same nature (i.e., when the experimental condition was more demanding in terms of attention).Conclusions: These results provide empirical evidence of age-related deficits in the identification of emotional facial expressions, which may be partially explained by the impairment of cognitive resources specific to this task. These findings may account for the difficulties experienced by the elderly during social interactions that require the concomitant processing of emotional and environmental information.

Identification of emotional facial expressions among behaviorally inhibited adolescents with lifetime anxiety disorders

The current study examined differences in emotion expression identification between adolescents characterised with behavioural inhibition (BI) in childhood with and without a lifetime history of anxiety disorder. Participants were originally assessed for BI during toddlerhood and for social reticence during childhood. During adolescence, participants returned to the laboratory and completed a facial emotion identification task and a clinical psychiatric interview. Results revealed that behaviorally inhibited adolescents with a lifetime history of anxiety disorder displayed a lower threshold for identifying fear relative to anger emotion expressions compared to non-anxious behaviorally inhibited adolescents and non-inhibited adolescents with or without anxiety. These findings were specific to behaviorally inhibited adolescents with a lifetime history of social anxiety disorder. Thus, adolescents with a history of both BI and anxiety, specifically social anxiety, are more likely to differ from other adolescents in their identification of fearful facial expressions. This offers further evidence that perturbations in the processing of emotional stimuli may underlie the aetiology of anxiety disorders.

Reduced accuracy and sensitivity in the perception of emotional facial expressions in individuals with high autism spectrum traits

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is among other things characterized by specific impairments in emotion processing. It is not clear, however, to what extent the typical decline in affective functioning is related to the specific autistic traits. We employed The Autism Spectrum-Quotient (AQ) to quantify autistic traits in a group of 500 healthy individuals and investigate whether we could detect similar difficulties in the perception of emotional expressions in a broader autistic phenotype. The group with high AQ score was less accurate and needed higher emotional content to recognize emotions of anger, disgust, and sadness. Our findings demonstrate a selective impairment in identification of emotional facial expressions in healthy individuals that is primarily related to the extent of autistic traits.

The effects of different attentional demands in the identification of emotional facial expressions in Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the progressive impairment of mental and emotional functions, including the processing of emotional facial expression (EFE). Deficits in decoding EFE are relevant in social contexts in which information from 2 or more sources may be processed simultaneously. To assess the role of contextual stimuli on EFE processing in AD, we analyzed the ability of patients with AD and healthy elderly adults to identify EFE when simultaneously performing another task. Each of the 6 basic EFEs was presented to 15 patients with AD and 35 controls in a dual task paradigm that is in parallel with a visuospatial or a semantic task. Results show that the decoding of EFEs was impaired in patients with AD when they were simultaneously processing additional visuospatial information, yet not when they were performed in conjunction with a semantic task. These findings suggest that the capacity to interpret emotional states is impaired in AD.

Impaired emotional memory recognition after early temporal lobe epilepsy surgery: The fearful face exception?

IntroductionRecognition memory may be enhanced for emotional stimuli compared to neutral ones. Neuropsychological studies in adults with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) have reported disorders in this emotional memory enhancement but few studies have focused on children and adolescents with TLE. However these young patients are at particular risk for memory impairments. MethodsWe included 25 patients aged 8–18 years with temporal lobe resection (TLR) for refractory TLE and compared them with 50 age-matched healthy controls for emotional memory recognition tasks involving faces and words. Recollection and familiarity memory processes were explored using the R/K/G paradigm and identification of emotional facial expressions was evaluated. ResultsIn the control group, recognition was enhanced for emotional faces and words compared to neutral ones. In patients, no memory enhancement effect was found, except for fearful faces. Memory enhancement for fearful faces relied on familiarity-based judgments in patients whereas it was supported by recollection in controls. In left-TLR patients, memory recognition of emotional material was correlated with identification of emotional facial expressions whereas this was not the case for right-TLR patients. ConclusionTogether, these findings indicate that temporal lobe integrity is crucial for children to develop normal interactions between emotions and memory. In the case of early lesions, fearful expressions might possibly increase memory for faces but through familiarity rather than through recollection as in healthy individuals.

The Identification of Unfolding Facial Expressions

We asked whether the identification of emotional facial expressions (FEs) involves the simultaneous perception of the facial configuration or the detection of emotion-specific diagnostic cues. We recorded at high speed (500 frames s-1) the unfolding of the FE in five actors, each expressing six emotions (anger, surprise, happiness, disgust, fear, sadness). Recordings were coded every 10 frames (20 ms of real time) with the Facial Action Coding System (FACS, Ekman et al 2002, Salt Lake City, UT: Research Nexus eBook) to identify the facial actions contributing to each expression, and their intensity changes over time. Recordings were shown in slow motion (1/20 of recording speed) to one hundred observers in a forced-choice identification task. Participants were asked to identify the emotion during the presentation as soon as they felt confident to do so. Responses were recorded along with the associated response times (RTs). The RT probability density functions for both correct and incorrect responses were correlated with the facial activity during the presentation. There were systematic correlations between facial activities, response probabilities, and RT peaks, and significant differences in RT distributions for correct and incorrect answers. The results show that a reliable response is possible long before the full FE configuration is reached. This suggests that identification is reached by integrating in time individual diagnostic facial actions, and does not require perceiving the full apex configuration.

Visuo-spatial interference affects the identification of emotional facial expressions in unmedicated Parkinson's patients

There is evidence that visuo-spatial capacity can become overloaded when processing a secondary visual task (Dual Task, DT), as occurs in daily life. Hence, we investigated the influence of the visuo-spatial interference in the identification of emotional facial expressions (EFEs) in early stages of Parkinson's disease (PD). We compared the identification of 24 emotional faces that illustrate six basic emotions in, unmedicated recently diagnosed PD patients (16) and healthy adults (20), under two different conditions: a) simple EFE identification, and b) identification with a concurrent visuo-spatial task (Corsi Blocks). EFE identification by PD patients was significantly worse than that of healthy adults when combined with another visual stimulus.

Embodying Emotional Disorders: New Hypotheses about Possible Emotional Consequences of Motor Disorders in Parkinson's Disease and Tourette's Syndrome.

Parkinson's disease (PD) and Tourette's syndrome (TS) lead to important motor disorders among patients such as possible facial amimia in PD and tics in Tourette's syndrome. Under the grounded cognition framework that shows the importance of motor embodiment in emotional feeling (Niedenthal, 2007), both types of pathology with motor symptoms should be sufficient to induce potential impairments for these patients when recognizing emotional facial expressions (EFE). In this opinion paper, we describe a theoretical framework that assumes potential emotional disorders in Parkinson's disease and Tourette's syndrome based on motor disorders characterizing these two pathologies. We also review different methodological barriers in previous experimental designs that could enable the identification of emotional facial expressions despite emotional disorders in PD and TS.

Decline of Executive Processes Affects the Identification of Emotional Facial Expressions in Aging

The current study examined the hypothesis that old people have a selective deficit in the identification of emotional facial expressions (EFEs) when the task conditions require the mechanism of the central executive. We have used a Dual Task (DT) paradigm to assess the role of visuo-spatial interference of working memory when processing emotional faces under two conditions: DT at encoding and DT at retrieval. Previous studies have revealed a loss of the ability to identify specific emotional facial expressions (EFEs) in old age. This has been consistently associated with a decline of the ability to coordinate the performance of two tasks concurrently. Working memory is usually tested using DT paradigms. Regarding to aging, there is evidence that with DT performance during encoding the costs are substantial. In contrast, the introduction of a secondary task after the primary task (i.e. at retrieval), had less detrimental effects on primary task performance in either younger or older adults. Our results demonstrate that aging is associated with higher DT costs when EFEs are identified concurrently with a visuo-spatial task. In contrast, there was not a significant age-related decline when the two tasks were presented sequentially. This suggests a deficit of the central executive rather than visuo-spatial memory deficits. The current data provide further support for the hypothesis that emotional processing is "top-down" controlled, and suggest that the deficits in emotional processing of old people depend, above all, on specific cognitive impairment.

Decline of Executive Processes Affects the Identification of Emotional Facial Expressions in Aging

The current study examined the hypothesis that old people have a selective deficit in the identification of emotional facial expressions (EFEs) when the task conditions require the mechanism of the central executive. We have used a Dual Task (DT) paradigm to assess the role of visuo-spatial interference of working memory when processing emotional faces under two conditions: DT at encoding and DT at retrieval. Previous studies have revealed a loss of the ability to identify specific emotional facial expressions (EFEs) in old age. This has been consistently associated with a decline of the ability to coordinate the performance of two tasks concurrently. Working memory is usually tested using DT paradigms. Regarding to aging, there is evidence that with DT performance during encoding the costs are substantial. In contrast, the introduction of a secondary task after the primary task (i.e. at retrieval), had less detrimental effects on primary task performance in either younger or older adults. Our results demonstrate that aging is associated with higher DT costs when EFEs are identified concurrently with a visuo-spatial task. In contrast, there was not a significant age-related decline when the two tasks were presented sequentially. This suggests a deficit of the central executive rather than visuo-spatial memory deficits. The current data provide further support for the hypothesis that emotional processing is “top-down” controlled, and suggest that the deficits in emotional processing of old people depend, above all, on specific cognitive impairment. Keywords: Healthy aging, emotional processing, emotional facial expression, identification, working memory, Dual Task (DT), visuo-spatial interference, neuroscience, visuo-spatial components, coordinating cognitive processes, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, semantic interference, Alzheimer's disease, psychiatric disorders, Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Facial Action Coding System (FACS), Post-hoc analyses, neurodegenerative disorders, neurological aging

Efectos diferenciales de la doble tarea en el procesamiento emocional en pacientes con enfermedad de Parkinson no medicados

Previous research has shown that correct identification of emotional facial expressions (EFE) depends on the cognitive resources that are available. In this study, we examine whether the capacity to identify EFE in a dual task paradigm is affected in Parkinson's disease (PD). To investigate the interference generated by introducing a secondary task in EFE processing during the encoding and recovery of the facial expression in non-medicated PD patients. A total of 14 patients with de novo PD and 28 healthy adults identified 24 EFE under two conditions: simultaneous encoding along with a secondary task and introduction of the secondary task between the time that spans the encoding of the primary task and the response time latency. Results showed that identification of EFE by patients with PD was significantly worse than by healthy adults in the simultaneous encoding condition. In contrast, no differences were found when the interference of the secondary task took place in the phase involving recovery of information of the primary task. Patients with PD only display specific deficits in processing EFE when the task consumes high levels of the resources required for divided attention, as occurs in everyday situations.

Identification of emotional facial expressions following recovery from depression.

This study investigated the identification of facial expressions of emotion in currently nondepressed participants who had a history of recurrent depressive episodes (recurrent major depression; RMD) and never-depressed control participants (CTL). Following a negative mood induction, participants were presented with faces whose expressions slowly changed from neutral to full intensity. Identification of facial expressions was measured by the intensity of the expression at which participants could accurately identify whether faces expressed happiness, sadness, or anger. There were no group differences in the identification of sad or angry expressions. Compared with CTL participants, however, RMD participants required significantly greater emotional intensity in the faces to correctly identify happy expressions. These results indicate that biases in the processing of emotional facial expressions are evident even after individuals have recovered from a depressive episode.