Identification Of Crude Drugs Research Articles

Standardization Using Analytical Techniques (UV, NMR, FTIR, HPLC, Mass) and Pharmacognostic Evaluation of the Roots of Selinum vaginatum: A Rare Himalayan Plant of the Rohtang Region

Introduction: Selinum vaginatum is an endemic Indian plant present on high altitude and is known as “Bhootkeshi,” by the locals. The root of plant Selinum vaginatum commonly known as “Bhootkeshi” from the family Umbellifercae is an aromatic herbal drug. Selinum vaginatum has been used traditionally for curing seizures, epilepsy, mental illness, and hysteria. This plant has shown therapeutic effects as used by the locals. There is no data available regarding standardization of the roots of Selinum vaginatum. It is a novel work as the plant is rarely found and shows medicinal values but no quality control work has been performed. Objective: The aim of this paper is to study quality control and carry out physicochemical analysis and standardization of the roots of Selinum vaginatum for determining its quality and purity. As no work has been performed on the roots of this plant, so standardization will help in keeping a record of the parameters exhibited during the evaluation of the roots of Selinum vaginatum. Methods: The organoleptic characteristics were studied and physicochemical tests, phytochemical analysis, fluorescence analysis, TLC, UV, FTIR, NMR, and Electrospray Ionisation - Mass spectroscopy, HPLC and other parameters were carried out for the standardization of the test drug. The procedures were carried out as per the WHO standards. The total ash values, swelling index, foaming index, moisture content, alcohol, and water-soluble extractive values were calculated. The TLC profile of Selinum vaginatum was observed and the UV, FTIR, HPLC, NMR and Mass spectroscopies of the plant were also performed. Results: The microscopic results showed the presence of schizogenous canals in abundance, cork cells, oil and globules, while medullary rays and pith were absent and around 10-17 layers of cells were seen. The presence of active compounds like phenols, terpenoids, alkaloids, coumarins, essential oils, tannins, saponins, carbohydrates, and acids was reported by phytochemical tests, TLC, UV, NMR, HPLC, Mass, and FTIR spectroscopy methods. These compounds can be studied in detail for understanding the potential pharmacological benefits and decoding the traditional uses. The spectroscopic analysis and physicochemical tests have shown the presence of phenols, esters, organic halogens, carbohydrate, carboxylic acids, alcohols, ethers, and glycosides which must be responsible for the medicinal properties of the plant. Conclusion: This study has provided a set of information that will be useful for the identification of fresh batches of the roots of Selinum vaginatum and this can be used as a reference set of information for accessing the purity, quality and identification, and analysis of the authenticity of the plant roots. Spectroscopic techniques have shown peaks, which on interpretation have reported the presence of active compounds - (coumarins like selenidin, angelicin, vaginidine, furocoumarin - oroselol and coumarin derivative- lomatin, isovaleric acid, Valeranone, Tricyclene, p-Cymene, α-Pinene, β-Pinene, Camphene, Borneol, p- Camphene, cholorgenic acid, β-Myrcene, Limonene and α-Pineneoxide which can be studied for understanding and identifying the pharmacological actions of the rhizomatous roots of S. vaginatum. All the information collected by research on the roots of S. vaginatum will help in the identification of crude drugs and also in the development of a standard for the drug Selinum vaginatum.

Identification of crude drugs in the Japanese pharmacopoeia using a DNA barcoding system

Kampo is the general designation for traditional Japanese herbal medicines, which are recognized as official medicines and listed in the Japanese pharmacopoeia (JP). In most cases, it is difficult to identify the crude drug materials to species level using only traditional identification methods. We report the first online DNA barcode identification system, which includes standard barcode sequences from approximately 95% of the species recorded in the JP (16th edition). This tool provides users with basic information on each crude drug recorded in the JP, DNA barcoding identification of herbal material, and the standard operating procedure (SOP) from sampling to data analysis. ITS2 sequences (psbA-trnH was an alternative when ITS2 could not be amplified) were generated from a total of 576 samples to establish the database. An additional 100 samples (from different medicinal parts, from both single origin and multiple origins and from both retailers and the planting base) were identified using the system. A total of 78% of the test samples were identified as the species listed on their label. This system establishes a model platform for other pharmacopeias from countries like China, Korea, the US and the European Union, for the safe and effective utilization of traditional herbal medicines.

A Contribution on the Microcharacters of Barleria prionitis L. Useful in Pharmcognosy

Barleria prionitis (Acanthaceae) is an important medicinal plant distributed throughout the various regions of India and useful in urinary and paralytic affection, stomach disorders, catarrh, cough and anasaraca and lacerated sole. In the present investigation an attempt was made to study the anatomy of root, stem, lamina, midrib, petiole, stomata and trichomes as well as histochemical localization of various substances viz., calcium oxalate, lignin, suberin, lipids in the organs of Barleria prionitis. The present study revealed that the plant distinguishing microcharacters viz., bicollateral vascular bundles, internal phloem, uni - biseriate xylem rays, inverted omega shape vascular bundle, diacytic stomata and eglandular as well as glandular trichomes which are useful in solving taxonomic problems and pharmacognosy. They have significance in identification of crude drugs from this taxon.

Standardization of bark of Ficus religiosa Linn by developing different quality control parameters

Objective: To develop novel techniques of standardization, this can overlay the method of repid determination of phytoconstituents of Ficus religiosa (F. religiosa) Linn. (Moraceae). From the review of literature it was revealed that no reports were available on standardization parameters of bark of F. religiosa Linn. Method: Phytochemical analysis, TLC analysis, Foreign matter, Ash values, swelling index, foaming index, Extractive value, Moisture content, Microbiological Analysis, Crude fibre content, Amino acid content, Aflatoxin, toxic elements analysis and pesticide analysis were performed for quality control of drug. Results: thus it was thought worthwhile to explore this plant on the basis of its standardization parameters. Alkaloid, steroids, flavanoids and tannins were found to be present in F. religiosa extracts. Ash value, insoluble ash value, soluble ash value, crude fibre content and crude fat were found to be 13.1%, 0.41%, 7.45%, 9.9% and 1.7% respectively . The study will provide referential information for correct identification of crude drug. Conclusion: the data of F. religiosa extracts thus produced by different phytochemical analysis is useful for further studies. It will be useful for pharmacological screening in future studies. Also, the study will be helpful for qualitative and quantitative analysis of phytoconstituents for isolation of newer molecule from F. religiosa Linn.

Identification of Crude Drugs from Chinese Medicinal Plants of the GenusBupleurumUsing Ribosomal DNA ITS Sequences

To determine the variation of rDNA ITS sequences in medicinal plants of the genus Bupleurum and identify corresponding DNA molecular markers associated with medicinally important members, ITS regions were amplified, sequenced, and analyzed by DNAssist version 2.2. We found that the homologous alignment of ITS sequences between members of the genus Bupleurum and associated out-groups was lower than 75%, while within-group alignment was greater than 87%. The conclusion can be drawn that ITS sequences can be used as reliable molecular markers for the identification of Radix Bupleuri.

カオリンによる生薬の呈色とそれの判別試験への応用

カオリンによる生薬の呈色とそれの判別試験への応用