Identification Of Contributory Factors Research Articles

Identification of Contributory Factors That Affect the Willingness to Use Shared Autonomous Vehicles

Shared autonomous vehicles (SAVs) aspire to change not only vehicles but also the way people and goods move in urban areas. However, the promotion of such services, that is, whether travelers are willing to share their trips with other service users, is still a challenge. This study aims to examine the contributory factors that influence the willingness of individuals to use shared autonomous vehicles by simultaneously identifying the differences in terms of preferences with conventional competitive transport modes, namely, private cars and public transport. A stated preference experiment combined with perception ratings was designed and conducted in Athens, Greece. Based on the collected responses, a multinomial logit model was estimated. The results show that the flexibility of SAVs and, particularly, the possibility of performing door-to-door trips has a serious added value that travelers are willing to pay. Compared with public transport, additional waiting time does not increase the disutility. Furthermore, people who belong to high-education and -income groups expressed a higher willingness to use SAVs and socialize while traveling. The familiarity of each potential user with technology is a necessary precondition. Lastly, it is confirmed that environmentally conscious people are more positive about using these new services.

Traffic injury severity prediction along with identification of contributory factors using learning vector quantization: a case study of the city of London

This study presents learning vector quantization neural network modelling to predict injury severity of driver as well as riders, which applies to the backbone of traffic networks for London’s central business district. The potential associations between injury severity classes and crash related factors that contribute to their generation are discovered. Accordingly, the model is addressed as an identification technique for contributory factors and range of interventions for road safety. Unsurprisingly, approaching a T/staggered junction is detected as an accident hotspot. Injuries caused by going ahead on a bend and turning manoeuvres are ranked as the next most important contributory factors. Likewise, the affect of most junction actions were almost triple compared to the other indexes. All other sensitive predictors approximately were held near as equal; injuries involving a stationary or parked vehicle, factors related to junction control, crossing facilities, alcohol involvement, rush hours, and vehicle type. Following this implication, with the purpose of maximising the likelihood of injury accuracy, the model is predicted through the most sensitive predictors.

Urbanisation and greening of Indian cities: Problems, practices, and policies.

Progress of the Indian economy is threatened by the impact of climate change. Generation of urban heat islands (UHIs), waning of urban green cover, increase in carbon emissions and air pollution deteriorate the living environment. Rise in urban temperatures and heat stress induced mortality remain major concerns. Although the National Action Plan on Climate Change emphasises the national missions of 'enhanced energy efficiency', and 'green India', little research has been devoted to explore the passive cooling potential of urban greenery in India, thus lending uniqueness to this study. The manifestations of unplanned urban development (UHIs, escalated carbon emissions, air pollution) are discussed and corroborated with identification of contributory factors. Contemporary greening practices and bye-laws in four major Indian cities (New Delhi, Pune, Chennai, and Visakhapatnam) are analysed and compared with global best practices. The findings are used to propose planning guidelines which are expected to assist in consolidating natural sustainability of emerging economies.

High Default Rates in Treatment for Depression in Rural Sri Lanka

Introduction The success of treatment of depression in rural Sri Lanka is under-assessed. Given the limited facilities, social stigma associated with mental illness and cultural beliefs, clinic attendance and treatment compliance was expected to be poor Objectives To ascertain the default rates of patients treated for depression Methods This study was conducted at the psychiatry unit of the Provincial General Hospital, Ratnapura, Sri Lanka. All newly diagnosed patients with depression (with ICD 10 criteria) over a 4 month period were enrolled in to the study and were followed up for further 6 months. Each patient had their socio-demographic details recorded at the beginning. They were followed up at monthly intervals for 6 months and treatment response was assessed. At the end, statistical correlations between socio-demographic factors and defaulting were assessed. Results Fifty patients (n-50) diagnosed with depression were recruited and the overall default rate was 70% (33). Of those who were lost to follow up, 19 (57.6%) only came for the initial visit and the rest did not come beyond a maximum of three monthly visits. On assessing correlations to defaulting; gender, monthly income, relationship status, being employed, severity of depression and living closer to hospital (less than 30 km) did not show a significant association with defaulting (chi square test, p>0.05). Conclusions Cultural beliefs and social stigma were not assessed in this study and may contribute significantly to high default rates. Identification of contributory factors to high default rates is urgently needed to improve treatment success in depression.

Hypergranulation: exploring possible management options

Hypergranulation (or overgranulation) is an excess of granulation tissue beyond the amount required to replace the tissue deficit incurred as a result of skin injury or wounding. An infrequent but not rare consequence of wounding, the dearth of reliable evidence on the subject of hypergranulation has led to widely varying practices over time, including some which cause pain or discomfort and some which may further impair healing. However, despite a relatively poor evidence base, it is possible to ascertain that clinicians recognize different types of hypergranulation tissue in practice and that a variety of factors contribute to their development. Coupled with an understanding of normal healing processes, this differentiation of types and identification of contributory factors goes some way toward identifying effective treatment pathways and justifying treatment decisions, one of which includes adopting a wait and see approach.

Analysing Care Home Medication Errors: A Comparison of the London Protocol and Work Domain Analysis

Although methods for investigating safety in complex systems have been widely applied, few studies have made explicit comparisons of two or more methods used to study one system problem. This paper presents a comparison of two methods that were used to analyse medication errors identified in UK care homes namely, The London Protocol and Work Domain Analysis (WDA). The London Protocol is based on an organisational accident causation model and WDA is the first phase of analysis in Cognitive Work Analysis (CWA) that models work domain constraints. Nine medication administration errors identified in seven care homes involving thirty-one residents were analysed. The analyses resulted in the identification of contributory factors to medication errors and changes that would improve system safety. The London Protocol was comparatively easier to use and required less time than the WDA. In The London Protocol, contributory factors were identified from a context-free list of error contributory conditions. From the identified error contributory factors, recommendations to improve system safety were made. However, it was difficult to relate these recommendations to the wider context of the system being studied. The WDA used a contextual model of the care home medication system in the form of an abstraction hierarchy (AH) to analyse errors. Factors contributing to medication errors were specific to the work domain and the resultant recommendations had broad applications, extending beyond the context of the specific errors analysed and were relevant to the whole system. The London Protocol would be a suitable analysis tool if the aim of the analysis was to generate short-term solutions in a short time and with limited financial resources. To make a long-term impact on system safety, the WDA is a useful tool. The AH can be used to analyse the current system, evaluate recommendations for system improvement, design interventions, implement strategies and used throughout the system's life cycle.