Ideas Of Wholeness Research Articles

Who is the entrepreneurial educator? A transferability perspective to tease out antecedents needed to form a signature pedagogy

Purpose Entrepreneurial education (EE) has grown rapidly and become important for how we prepare future generations for work. However, a less addressed piece of the puzzle is: who is the entrepreneurial educator? In this paper, our aim draws upon Palmer’s (1998) idea of wholeness, where we seek to connect the two problem spaces of the role diversity of entrepreneurial educators and how the educator is closely tied to the evolutionary development of the domain in constructing signature pedagogies that could cater for the issue of a low capitalization rate.Design/methodology/approach We problematize on a conceptual level the entry-level personas that have been addressed in prior literature by using the processes of transferability and evolutionary theory to tease out how variability among educators could create antecedents to form a signature pedagogy.Findings We recognize four archetypes: the experienced entrepreneur, the entrepreneurship scholar, the academic scholar and the pedagogical expert. Our problematization on the variance of the four archetypes provides a fertile ground to engage in addressing “the elephants in the room” in EE, the capitalization rate of graduates and the importance of developing a signature pedagogy, acknowledged in other domains, to enhance legitimacy.Originality/value The paper provides a nuanced outlook on who is teaching in the entrepreneurial classroom and problematizes from an evolutionary perspective the potential future paths to continue staying relevant for society as well as justifying our presence as a legit domain in academia.

Идеи космизма как философское основание эволюционно-экологического мышления (размышление над книгой)

Evolutionary-ecological thinking, in contemporary conditions, is a relevant di­rection in the synthesis of evolutionism and ecology. The ideas of wholeness, organicism, and historicity, which form the core of the reflections of the main representatives of the philosophy of Russian cosmism, largely set the world­view tone for this direction. These ideas are becoming increasingly relevant in modern conditions, where space exploration presents itself as a global prob­lem related to overcoming the negative consequences of the ecological crisis. The author’s focus is on the collective monograph Russian Cosmism: N.F. Fe­dorov, K.E. Tsiolkovsky, V.I. Vernadsky, A.L. Chizhevsky, published in the series Russian Philosophy of the First Half of the XXth Century, whose authors dis­cuss the worldview and methodological specifics of the concepts of Russian cosmists in the context of contemporary problems (including ecological and evolutionary ones). Among them, especially important in this context are the con­cepts of the common task (N.N. Fedorov), the cosmic philosophy (K.E. Tsiol­kovsky), the doctrine of the noosphere (V.I. Vernadsky), and heliobiology (A.L. Chizhevsky). It is shown that the ideas of cosmism and evolutionary-eco­logical thinking are connected with such directions as A. Bergson’s creative evolution, P. Teilhard de Chardin’s theistic evolutionism, planetary evolution, and macroevolutionary research. It is precisely at the scale of the biosphere and noosphere that evolutionary and ecological principles intersect the most. The construction of the noosphere, taking into account contemporary scientific and methodological realities, is a direction of evolutionary-ecological thinking in our time

Fly as One

This article examines sandboxing as a collaborative storytelling method by turning the sandbox into a place of collaborative storytelling to break open existing narratives and create new and different stories. The paper describes the method itself and the steps to be taken for using sandboxing. While simple in its setting, the process creates the foundation for a collective understanding of complex challenges. The second part of the paper analyses the final setting of a sandbox session on collaborative future-making. The analysis shows the need to connect and fuse apparent binaries and opposites, both in individuals and society at large. While the binary mostly relates to humans and gender characteristics, the division and splitting apart of entities into smaller, countable, and definable parts has been and still is part of an ongoing process in Western culture. Material storytelling in the form of sandboxing plays a small, but important role in recreating the idea of wholeness and community.

Snigiryova, T. and Podchinyonov, A., eds. (2021). The incomplete. The phenomenon of creative practice. St. Petersburg: Aleteya; Ekaterinburg: Uralskiy un-t. (In Russ.)

The second edition of the book, much enlarged, is focused on the practical use of the idea of the incomplete as the important feature in the contemporary artistic mind. The book is made of four parts, each one divided into sections or chapters written by different authors whose names are mentioned only on the reverse of the title-page. This principle (not very convenient for the reader) insists on the fact the genre of the book is a monograph and not a random collection. With this claim in view one could expect more order and thoughtful organisation when every article would be complimentary to others, whereas now they are more independent and occasional in the treatment of the incomplete. The typology proposed in the theoretical chapters and the major idea brought forth by the theoreticians are not much on the demand in creative practice. As the ruling principle for the incomplete/ unfinished in the artistic mind, the idea of wholeness was advanced, not violated by the fact of incompleteness, but taking a new shape worth a collective research.

Did the Greeks have a worldview? A comparative study of worldview’s genealogy

The paper scrutinizes a classic passage from Heidegger, in which he argues that Weltanschauung is predominantly a Modern concept and that there was nothing similar in Antiquity. Using a comparative method, I try to demonstrate that it is possible to reconstruct a kind of genealogy of the concept of worldview and to show clues as to its phenomena in Hellenic culture and philosophy and in Early Modern thought. Being not just a linguistic phenomenon, worldview could be analyzed as a metaconcept, articulated in non-Modern contexts and recognized as a “worldview” in terms of Modern philosophy. Considering the ancient Greek notion of αἵρεσις, I show its principle aspects in the sense of “philosophical school”. I hold that it is possible to parallel it with the term Weltanschauung, coined in the German philosophical tradition and possessing its own epistemological features. To prove my argument, I refer to the ideas of Ancient Greek and Hellenic thinkers as well as the most eminent supporters and critics of the concept of Weltanschauung in Modern (primarily German) philosophies. In Conclusions I summarize the main traits I consider commensurate with those of αἵρεσις, which are: 1. Emergence in “turning points” of pivotal historical periods; 2. Articulation of the idea of wholeness and coherence of the Universe (the World); 3. One’s free-will choice to support a concrete doctrine or point of view to the Universe in connection with its comprehension and one’s moral principles.

Educating towards the prudent entrepreneurial self – an educational journey including agency and social awareness to handle the unknown

PurposeThis paper explores the idea of the prudent entrepreneurial self, through re-conceptualizing prudence into the domain of entrepreneurial education, to unite the two processes of becoming enterprising and entrepreneurial. It is argued that developing a capacity for prudence among graduates involves past, present and conjecture forms of knowledge that the authors find in the interplay between individuation and social awareness.Design/methodology/approachBuilding on Palmer's idea of wholeness, the authors discuss six poles of paradoxes in entrepreneurial education and in conjunction establish a philosophical argument for the idea of stimulating the development of prudence as fundamentally important to contemporary notions of entrepreneurial education.FindingsThe paper presents a model to develop a schema that moves students towards becoming prudent entrepreneurial selves. The model rests on two interrelated developmental processes – individuation and social awareness – conditional for developing the three forms of knowledge (past, present and conjecture) that makes up prudence where developing prudence is a means to handle or cope with the unknown.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper argues that for enterprise and entrepreneurship education to realize their potential contributions, both the relationships between each field and the overarching purpose that ties the fields together need to be rethought, and the poles of paradoxes need to be connected to further develop both fields and creating wholeness for the emerging scholarly discipline.Practical implicationsTo educate towards the prudent entrepreneurial self means educating towards an unknown end where student development aims to meet both the objectives of individual development and the growth in social awareness required to handle the changing nature of contemporary society.Originality/valueThis study philosophically conceives a united enterprise and entrepreneurship education landscape in which deeper student learning makes possible the notion of the prudent entrepreneurial self.

William Shakespeare’s “Sonnet 18” Revisited

Shakespeare’s sonnet 18 is world-famous and considered as one of the most meaningful sonnets in literature, however, until this day many do not agree on its actual meaning. It is well known that Shakespeare is one of the best poets of the sixteenth century. There was even a style of sonnet named after him- the “Shakespearean sonnet”. This study will provide information and different outlooks on Shakespeare’s “Sonnet 18”, the 16 th century and the changes that have led to the literature of that time. This will be done by stating the aims and research problems in chapter one. Then, more information will be given about England in the 16 th century, the English literature of that time, and we will then go further in depth about the Shakespearean sonnet. Then, we will provide a literature review and explain more about Shakespeare’s “sonnet 18”. The aim of this research is to provide the meaning of Shakespeare’s “sonnet 18” and prove that Shakespeare’s “Sonnet 18” is a structure that goes deep in meaning. It has an idea of wholeness, is transformative and has the idea of self-regulation. We will do this by stating the rhyme pattern of the sonnet together with the figurative language used. Before all that, information must be given about the 16 th century in order to fully understand the sonnet. This study attempts to answer these questions: how is the rhythmic pattern found in William’s Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18 ? And what kind of figurative language is used in William’s Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18 ?

Water Conservation Estimation Based on Time Series NDVI in the Yellow River Basin

Accurate estimation of the water conservation is of great significance for ecological red line planning. The water conservation of the Yellow River Basin has a vital influence on the development of the environment and the supply of ecological services in China. However, the existing methods used to estimate water conservation have many disadvantages, such as requiring numerous parameters, a complex calculation model, and using data that is often difficult acquire. It is often hard to provide sufficiently precise parameters and data, resulting in a large amount of calculation time and the difficulties in the study of large scale and long time series. In this study, a time series of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was applied to estimate water conservation in two aspects using the idea of wholeness and stratification, respectively. The overall fitting results can explain nearly 30% of the water conservation by partial least squares regression and nearly 50% of it by a support vector machine. However, the results of a stratified simulation showed that water conservation and the NDVI have a certain stratified heterogeneity among different ecosystem types. The optimal fitting result was achieved in a water/wetland ecosystem with the highest coefficient of determination (R2P) of 0.768 by the stratified support vector machine (SVM) model, followed by the forest and grassland ecosystem (both R2P of 0.698). The spatial mapping results showed that this method was most suitable for grassland ecosystem, followed by forest ecosystem. According to the results generated using the NDVI time series data, it is feasible to complete a spatial simulation of water conservation. This research can provide a reference for calculating regional or large-scale water conservation and in ecological red line planning.

An Analysis of the Traditional Religious Thought and its Impact on Poverty: A Case Study of the Amansie Traditional Area, Ashanti Region, Ghana

It is important to stress that, the Akan amongst many other cultures in Africa by their beliefs and practices, emphasize the individual and the societal wellbeing. Primarily, their idea of wholeness is seen to have been focused on mostly the material and spiritual needs of the human; that is, the complete satisfaction of all members of the community. The people of Amansie West Traditional Area, therefore, view poverty as undesirable and is frowned upon by society. However, the communities should help ease the stress and trauma of the poor. Such insight conforms with an old adage, wo yƆnko da ne wo da, which could in a way be literary translated as, “A friend in need is a friend indeed.” It is essential, then, to probe into the relationship that ever existed between the religio-cultural thoughts on poverty and the perceptible impact of poverty on the living conditions of the people in Amansie. The study consequently applied both qualitative and quantitative methods to extract relevant data from respondents. Semi-structured questionnaires were administered to relevant persons; an interview guide was developed to facilitate the personal interviews conducted with traditional leaders, townsfolks, religious leaders, opinion leaders, and other stakeholders. The findings among others were that poverty has a religio-cultural dimension; it is a spiritual and moral misfortune. The study recommends a Religio-Cultural Renaissance as a possible avenue to resuscitate and strengthen what otherwise looks like a dearth of religio-cultural practices of the community. A collaborative effort is therefore required by religious leaders and adherents, opinion leaders and townsfolks for sensitizing the people against cultural practices that promote poverty. Keywords: Poverty, African Traditional Religion, Traditional leadership, Natural resources and Amansie West

“Speak your word and break!”

Abstract By tracing an alternative aesthetics of decomposition and fragmentation, this article offers a new understanding of the literary and poetological strategies Knut Hamsun uses to create a disintegrating text cosmos wherein the idea of ‘creation out of nothing’ (creatio ex nihilo) is one key to artistic originality. The article explores the interdependence of different notions of decline and shows that the image of the (biblical) fall is particularly important to the poetics and aesthetic structure of Hamsun’s Hunger (Sult, 1890). Around 1900, ideas of wholeness crumble, a decomposition which is reflected in the well-established philosophical and anthropological experiments of Nietzsche, Bourget and Simmel. Taking some of their aesthetic assumptions as a point of departure, the present paper argues that Hamsun’s novel offers an aesthetic variation on the decline of unity-based concepts, ranging from the subject to religious belief as well as to traditional storytelling.

Dois momentos do cosmopolitismo kantiano

Nesse artigo, busco investigar dois momentos da concepção kantiana de cosmopolitismo. Primeiramente, como ela aparece nas Observações sobre o sentimento do belo e do sublime (1764) e, em seguida, como é retomada em Ideia de uma história universal de um ponto de vista cosmopolita (1784). Argumento que nesses dois textos há um nexo entre cosmopolitismo e história e que esse vínculo opera sob o fundo da metafísica especial. Atestada pela ideia especulativa de totalidade, pertencente à cosmologia racional, a articulação entre cosmopolitismo e metafísica especial termina por evocar a teologia racional, devido ao uso que Kant dá à “natureza” como a autora de um plano orientado para realizar a destinação moral da humanidade. Após examinar o estatuto dos argumentos teológicos nas Observações e na Ideia de uma história universal, procuro apontar as diferenças da concepção kantiana de cosmopolitismo nesses dois escritos.

Идея целостности как российский социально-политический феномен

The purpose of this article is to identify the role and significance of the category of wholeness in the Russian socio-political and historical process. Such methods of scientific research as the retrospective method, the comparative method and the hermeneutic method are used in the article. The author of the article claims that in the context of the collapse of the project Modern and the related worldview impasse, the idea of wholeness becomes the most important ideological paradigm, and this paradigm is peculiar to the Russian socio-political, cultural and philosophical sphere. Just in the Russian worldview wholeness is an important unifying component. It is very significant that thinkers out of completely different social backgrounds and completely different political views came to the idea of wholeness. As an example, the author of the article considers the views of the writer and thinker V.F. Odoyevskiy, religious philosopher V.F. Ern and the revolutionary Marxist A.A. Bogdanov. According to the views of V.F. Odoevsky, the basis of a true worldview is the trinity of faith, knowledge and art. Such integrity also determines the socio-political ideal of the writer. According to V.F. Ern, the whole becomes the whole only on the assumption that it is beyond the borders of our world, beyond death and it is a noumenal Being. Cognizing it, humanity can only build a new socio-political ideal. A.A. Bogdanov has come to the conclusion that the task of a genuine political project facing the future is to give an integral concept of man, as well as the science of holistic knowledge — tektology, and then the harmonious development of a new united humanity will begin. The theoretical and practical significance of the article lies in the fact that in the era of social upheaval and the dominance of postmodernism, the idea of wholeness becomes again very relevant because without it any social-political and historical design is impossible.

The Worldmakers: Global Imagining in Early Modern Europe

The Worldmakers: Global Imagining in Early Modern Europe

The Influence of Indian Literary-Philosophical and Religious Works on the Eastern Literature

The religious and philosophical elements expressed in ancient Indian literature have had great influences on world literature. One notable example is the ancient Indian piece, "Panchatantra". This magnificent written work ofworld literature has become one of the most famous and influential works in the development of the European and Asian story genre. The Indian masterpiece has also influenced the Arabic-American immigration writer, Kahlil Gibran. Thus, the impress of Indian scripturecan be seen in many of Gibran’s works such as "The Prophet". The philosophical and religious teachings of the "Bhagavad Gita" have had an impactful role in M. Naimy’s development as an Arabic immigration writer. Mikhail Naimy, a poet, writer and a literary critic, was one of the prominent representatives of the early 21st century Arab-American immigrant literature. When conveying the idea of wholeness and unity between an individual soul and God in his work, “The Book of Mirdad”, the author used different religious and philosophical sources including the ancient Indian scripture Bhagavat-Gita. The concepts such as an eternal soul, “I”, a God’s messenger are very similar in “The Book of Mirdad” and the Indian religious-philosophical teachings. M.Naimy has accented the importance of issues that reflect many of the ancient Indian beliefs expressed in the "Bhagavad Gita" including the material sides of world and divinity, vision, soul, and spirit. The ancient Indian beliefs of "The People are Raised to the God’s level” are distinctively reflected by M. Naimy in his novel "The Book of Mirdad".

SPACE BETWEEN PASTORAL CARE AND GLOBAL TERRORISM

In this twenty-first century, Chaplains work with a background of terrorism, functioning as a remnant, making links between us, within us, with God, we learn our ideas of wholeness too often mean sameness, and God's ideas of wholeness include our particular differences.

Philosophy and Music

This essay explores some aspects of the relation between philosophy and music. First, how music can inspire philosophy; second, how philosophy can inspire music. Mathematics as a middle term between music and philosophy, the idea of wholeness in a musical composition or a philosophical text, music as a mode of thought displaying traits such as logic, coherence, and sense—these are some ways in which music and philosophy may be seen to be connected. Also, composers sometimes have explicit recourse to philosophical ideas in advancing their music, there being prominent examples of this in the twentieth century. Lastly, given there is such a thing as the philosophy of music, might there also be the music of philosophy?

A Native American view of the mind as seen in the lexicon of cognition in East Cree

East Cree, an Algonquian language spoken in Northern Quebec, Canada, has a classifier, -eyi- , that indicates mental activity. This morpheme is found in a very large number of cognition words including all verbs for thinking, most for knowing, all for wanting, and several for feeling. A morphosyntactic analysis of over 500 words shows that many common metaphors for thinking are found in the etymology of Cree thinking words as well as culture-specific ones. There are interesting correlations between thinking and feeling and between rational and supernatural processes. The data support the existence of semantic universals for mental predicates, as defined by Goddard and Wierzbicka (1994, 2002), by providing evidence that East Cree has exponents for the semantic primes THINK, WANT, and KNOW. Interviews with elders confirm that the Cree “theory of mind” has both universal and culturespecific aspects, like the ideas of wholeness, a connection with the greater “mind” of creation (the Great Spirit), and respect for others, which is a central value of Cree culture.

Logos and Law in the Letter of James: The Law of Nature, the Law of Moses, and the Law of Freedom

(ProQuest Information and Learning: ... denotes non-USASCII text omitted.) A Spirituality of Perfection. Faith in Action in Letter of by Patrick J. Hartin. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 1999. Pp. viii + 192. $17.95. Has God Not Chosen Poor? Social Setting of Epistle of by David Hutchinson Edgar. JSNTSup 206. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 2001. Pp. 261. $64. Logos and Law in Letter of James: Law of Nature, Law of Moses, and Law of Freedom, by Matt A. Jackson-McCabe. NovTSup 100. Leiden: Brill, 2001. Pp. xvi + 286. $102. Whereas only a few monographs on epistle of appeared in sixties, seventies, and eighties, situation has radically changed in last decade. At same time, focus has shifted. Instead of traditional concentration on 2:14-26 and on comparison with Paul, perspective has opened up considerably, and individual theological significance of and its themes has been more strongly recognized. In opposition to classical, derogatory assessment of Martin Luther, has therefore undergone a thorough rehabilitation most recently. In present review, three newly published monographs documenting these new interests will be presented. Subsequent to publishing his and Q Sayings of Jesus (JSNTSup 47; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1991) and a number of articles, Patrick Hartin has contributed another monograph, A Spirituality of Perfection, in which he draws a comprehensive picture of his understanding of epistle and simultaneously attempts to unfold meaning of for today (ch. 7: On Reading Today, pp. 149-69). Hartin belongs to those scholars who emphasize close connection of epistle with Jesus tradition. In this new monograph, his primary intention is portraying how James's concept of perfection operates as a unifying theme by giving meaning to other themes developed throughout letter (p. 10). Additionally, Hartin postulates close resemblances between and Jesus tradition as it is handed down in Gospel of Matthew, especially in Matthean Sermon on Mount. Prior to analyzing Jacobean concept of perfection, Hartin offers An Overview of Concept of Perfection in Ancient World as a Background to Letter of James (ch. 2, pp. 17-39), in which he presents concept of perfection in classical Greek world, Hebrew Scriptures and Septuagint, Second Temple Judaism, and NT. In his opinion, OT concept of perfection serves as main background for James's perception. Hartin discerns three essential aspects here: (1) the idea of wholeness, or completeness, whereby a being remains true to its original constitution (p. 26); (2) wholehearted dedication to Lord; and (3) obedience to Torah. As a second preliminary step to analysis of idea of perfection in Hartin gives attention to nature or genre of this writing (ch. 3: The Nature and Purpose of Letter of James, pp. 41-56). Hartin follows others in categorizing epistle as a piece of wisdom literature, but defines writing more precisely as discourse, which he distinguishes from paraenesis, for example, by its more strongly argumentative character in comparison with paraenetic collection of loosely connected exhortations. With this last classification, Hartin joins new magnus consensus of scholarship, insofar as Dibelian view of epistle as a loose collection of sayings without any situational reference has generally been surmounted, although Hartin's definitions of paraenesis and protreptic discourse are questionable. Moreover, Moreover, since wisdom classification of epistle is a highly disputed matter in recent scholarship on letter, an essential critical point is missed, because Hartin does not engage in intensive discussion with opposing position. …

Curriculum Integration for Transcendence: A Critical Review of Recent Books on Curriculum for Integration

It is always heartening when one has interest in a particular area of education to find recent publications treating that area. Interdisciplinary Curriculum: Design and Implementation (Jacobs 1989), edited by Heidi Hayes Jacobs, and What's Worth Teaching? Selecting, Organizing, and Integrating Knowledge (Brady 1989), by Marion Brady, are two recent books that we looked forward to with high expectations for the light they might shed on curriculum integration and on the idea of integration itself. Our expectations had been heightened by our previous investigations of integration. We had found, as had Paul Dressel and his colleagues (Henry 1958), that there is something self-propelling about the notion of integration. We found that once one begins to take seriously the ideas of wholeness and coherence that are suggested by one can be drawn on through a series of increasingly encompassing and increasingly coherent contexts. Integration ceases to be simply a device for the organization of content. An expansion of the scope of integration shows that it can encompass more than the technical context of curriculum construction; it can include intellectual integration, that is, the integration of all aspects of rationality. Moreover, the scope can be expanded further, beyond even the intellectual to the intuitive and thus to a more fully

Mistaken Identity: Russell Hoban's Mouse and His Child

Mistaken Identity:Russell Hoban's Mouse and His Child Valerie Krips (bio) The longing for a past of innocence and wholeness haunts many a narrative, not least those that find themselves, either by design or accident, ranked among books for children. Such a longing often finds expression in an idealization of the child and of childhood itself. This idealization, which reaches back at least as far as Rousseau, still animates certain contemporary ideas of the child and provides a subtext both for fiction written for children and for criticism of that fiction. When criticism finds child protagonists to be the site of "hope" or "deep feelings," or when an interpretation credits a child with the ability to reshape or revitalize his or her world simply because he or she is a child, then we are almost certainly in the presence of idealized innocence.1 Russell Hoban's Mouse and His Child appears apt for such a reading. Its theme, a child's longing for a home and family, is familiar enough, while its happy outcome echoes any number of stories in which an inventive and persistent youngster succeeds where adults have given up or have already failed.2 However, Hoban's text, rather than affirming familiar ideas, in fact reevaluates the status of children and childhood, rejecting ideas of wholeness and innocence in favor of struggle and empowerment. Interpreted in this way some of the apparent difficulties in the book, such as Hoban's allusions to existential philosophy and modernist writing, as well as his use of narrative repetition, are demystified.3 It is in these details that the book's careful reworking of the theme of childhood develops much of its argumentative power and generates the conditions in which a radical rethinking of the idea of an innocent child can be undertaken. Hoban's book is not an easy read; nor is childhood an easy time as Hoban remembers and reimagines it. It is a time when the child is beginning to create a self, a me, and to find a place in the world into which (willy-nilly) she or he was so abruptly born. The challenges [End Page 92] of self-creation are met by Hoban's protagonist with verve, dignity, and determination: the mouse-child's progress is something like a pilgrimage. Its ending is not easily thought of, however, within the conventional frameworks of reconciliation and affirmation that bring other childish success stories to a close: the self-hood the mouse-child achieves is the site of loss as well as gain, and the "happy ending" is shown to be provisional. Nor is Hoban's rethinking or reimagining of childhood limited to the characters and events in the book; as the reader imagines this text and creates its meanings, she or he must also struggle to become its reader, its partner in narrative. The reader's struggle interweaves with that of the mouse-child: both reader and character are trying to find a place—the reader in the book, the mouse-child in his world. What, then, is offered? What sort of world, what sort of place, can the child reader find in Hoban's work? No human child is represented directly in The Mouse and His Child. Instead, the narrative of the coming-into-being of a human subject takes as its protagonist a clockwork mouse-child, attached by his hands, apparently for ever, to his father. Born into the world in a toy shop, the mouse-child wants to know what and where he is. His father cannot help; they must "wait and see" (14). The child hears the word "mama," and although he does not know what the word means, "he knew at once that he needed one badly" (17). In an interesting reversal of a well-established psychoanalytic view of childhood development, Hoban's mouse-child encounters language, the system that will enable him to represent, and thus to some extent overcome, his primary loss of the mother before he is aware of his lack of her. So, in a moment of remarkable power and economy, the text indicates both that the mouse-child's existence begins with lack (expressed here...