Notions Of Identity Research Articles

Mapping Public Participation in Policy Choices

In an era of democratic discontent, more and better participation in policy making has become a standard expectation. Yet it is rarely clear what counts as participation, and how the many practices loosely bundled under the label should be understood. This paper has a modest undergrowth‐clearing objective: to examine assumptions behind competing typologies of participation, and to propose a classification framework less laden by idealist notions of democracy.

The Art of Genocide

Rumours of art's death have been highly exaggerated. Such is the (negative) conclusion reached by two recent studies that explore with fresh insight Germany's art and architectural worlds during and after the Third Reich. Under the Nazi regime, idealist and transcendent notions of the aesthetic all but disappeared given the overtly propagandistic purpose Hitler and his minions compelled the arts to serve. After 1945, however, belief in art's 'autonomy' and 'freedom' reappeared and flourished and not for wholly positive ends. Within the context of Germany's attempt to come to terms with its unmasterable past, art's allegedly transcendent quality served the sinister purpose of exonerating art world luminaries of their complicity in some of the Third Reich's most criminal acts. Post-war judges concluded, time after time, that art had nothing to do with politics that those so intimately involved in 'culture' between 1933 and 1945 could scarcely have been guilty of political wrong-doing. In their recently published books, Jonathan Petropoulos and Paul Jaskot expose the political instrumentality of such notions of artistic autonomy. Petropoulos's Faustian Bargain: The Art World in Nazi Germany and Jaskot's Architecture of Oppression: The SS, Forced Labor and the Nazi Monumental Building Economy take as their moral centre and point of departure the postWorld War Two oblivion that made it possible for unrepentant art-world criminals to escape prosecution. Petropoulos's and Jaskot's texts cause us to look anew at such familiar luminaries as Albert Speer and Arno Breker and to consider, as well, a host of other art world figures who operated in their half-light. Through their meticulous sifting of previously unexplored archival materials, both authors uncover excoriating evidence that made its way neither into the denazification proceedings nor into the Nuremberg trials of the post-war era. These are sober and sobering accounts that fundamentally reorient our notions about the role of the arts administration and the nature of art and

Looking forward to the past

The paper considers whether financial reports of the past can be based exclusively on measurements of past events or whether imagining future events is a necessary condition for such measurements. Using an idealised notion of a factual account of each event completed at the moment at which the event occurs, the analysis brackets out arguments about the incomplete or constructivist character of accounting representations. Notwithstanding the assumption of immaculate perception, the paper demonstrates that accounts of the past require unexpungible assumptions about hypothetical future events. Retrospection requires anticipation. Difficulties which commitment to anticipation-free financial reporting generates is illustrated in a discussion of three discourses about accounting. A description of financial reporting time which goes beyond a mere chronological characterisation is outlined.

Music between Metaphysics and Politics

Three articles in this issue of MQ touch on aspects of compositional intention and audience reception with respect to symphonic music. They are Howard Pollack's discussion of Sibelius in the context of Samuel Barber's evolution, Charles Youmans's analysis of Strauss's two last symphonies, and Gavin Campbell's review of the relationship between the progressive movement and the advocacy of classical music during the first quarter of the twentieth century. Youmans seeks to place Strauss in the context of the controversy surrounding the nature and character of the symphonic form during the late nineteenth century. Following Dahlhaus, he sees Strauss as approaching the symphony as medium by which an alternative world disassociated from the spirit of the age could be created for the audience. The symphony had achieved, in this view, status as fulfilling a spiritual, cultural, and ideological function of enormous significance. The Symphonia domestica and the Alpensymphonie are in Youmans's view an explicit critique of this presumed relationship between symphonic music and penchant for metaphysical idealism among listeners. Perhaps, as Mark Evan Bonds has argued, this link between idealist metaphysics and symphonic music was forged in the reception of Beethoven. Strauss overwhelms the expectations of purely musical experience, one determined by an acquaintance with earlier models of symphonic form and informed by self-conscious adherence to an idealized notion of thinking and listening musically. Such mental operations were understood as functioning without reference to images and narratives. Strauss also undercut the equally prevalent anticipation of some sort of philosophizing through music where the emphasis was not on pictures or stories but on ideas and ideals. Youmans properly takes Strauss's reading of Nietzsche seriously. By perfecting the power of instrumental music to create serious illusion of realism, Strauss ended up shocking the listener by thwarting and interrupting any expectation either that music is only about itself or that it inhabits some higher realm of truth. The irony is, as Youmans points out, that Strauss never seems to have forgotten Cosima Wagner's critique of Don Juan as too intellectual

Money, Memory, And Territory In Craig Lesley’s Winterkill

Ralph Gifford. CELILO FALLS, 1940. Courtesy Oregon State Archives, Highway Division Records, Photograph #1326. M o n e y , M e m o ry , a n d T e r r i t o r y in C r a ig L e s le y ’s Win t e r k il l D a v id B r a n d e Craig Lesley’s Winterkill (1984) tells the story of Danny Kachiah, a descendant of the ChiefJoseph band of the Nez Perce, who found them­ selves at war over their forced relocation from northeastern Oregon’s Wallowa Mountains. The novel represents this character’s efforts to sit­ uate himself in relation to his cultural legacy and to pass on what he can of this legacy to his son. Whether the setting is the Umatilla Reservation, the Pendleton Round-Up, or the Wallowa high country, Lesley makes the ongoing, complex, and inequitable relations between Euro- and Native Americans a strong thematic focus; these relations must, if the story is to avoid ahistorical idealizations of its Native American characters, form the context in which the father-son rela­ tionship plays out in the novel. I will argue that, in spite of the prob­ lematic nature of a Euro-American writer’s construction of a Native American protagonist, Lesley’s narrative stages a nuanced critique of the Euro-American occupation ofNative American territories and does this without romanticizing Native peoples and cultures. Winterkill represents the ways in which the market forces driving Euro-American occupation have “deterritorialized” the Nez Perce and other northwestern tribes, turning tribal subjects into wage laborers and unequal partners in the guardian/ward relationship with government agencies, as well as the ways in which Lesley’s protagonist “reterritorializes ” or reclaims the territory that has been, from the point of view of the dominant market society, transformed into a stockpile of resources. That is, I will examine Lesley’s treatment of the material and symbolic forms of territorial appropriation, the ways in which he represents his own culture’s forms of “occupation”— as both invasion and use— of the land. At stake in the narrative are the cultural and ecological effects of a historical conflict over different ways of inhabiting the land: the dif­ ference between, on the one hand, a sustainable living to be gained on the interest of local ecologies and, on the other, the unsustainable pro­ duction of ever greater quantities for exchange on the market, or living off one’s ecological capital. These conflicting ways of making a living, in the novel, reflect different conceptions of the land: as territory that is sensual and particular or as an abstract space for the exploitation of resources. Finally, I argue, it is through the medium of stories inextricably 2 6 6 WAL 3 5 . 3 FALL 2 0 0 0 tied to particular places, stories that charge those places with historical, cultural, and spiritual significance, that Lesley’s protagonist locates him' self and his son in relation to their familial and tribal past. Two closely related issues, however, demand our attention if we are to keep from reproducing in our readings of the novel the idealist notions that the novel itself, I suggest, struggles to avoid: first, the eth­ ical and political questions raised by the construction of a Native American point-of-view character by a Euro-American writer; second, the enduring and inadvertently racist association of Native Americans with a “Nature” abstracted from particular territories— a pitfall only widened and deepened in the context of a dual focus on cultural and ecological questions. Both of these issues inevitably arise out of the Euro-American impulse to purge the nature from culture and vice versa; both have to do with a long history of white projections of Indian-ness, a history that reflects white culture’s own perplexities over identity and over its relations to nonhuman nature. Briefly, then, if I discuss Lesley’s representations of contemporary Northwest Native Americans living in a dominant Euro-American market society, I espe­ cially want to resist— as I think Lesley resists— sorting these cultures according to the persistent “logic” of the natural and the cultural, with...

Teaching new media composition studies in a lifelong learning context

The government 'spin' on lifelong learning, as expressed in the Green Paper, The Learning Age (DfEE, 1998), and taken forward in the White Paper, Learning to Succeed (DfEE, 1999), emphasizes knowledge acquisition, skills development and student-centred flexible education and training. The aim of the government, as expressed in the summary document, Education and Training Development Agenda 2000-2001, is to 'help develop a "learning society" in which everyone, in whatever circumstances, routinely expects to learn and upgrade skills throughout life' (DfEE, 1998). Central to this idealistic notion is the view that continuous updating in ICT skills will play a vital part in the self-empowerment of individual learners. In support of this vision the government is funding ventures such as the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) Learning Centres initiative - 'a new programme designed to help bridge the gap between those in society who have access to ICT and those who do not' (DfEE, 1999). Community Access to Lifelong Learning is a parallel New Opportunities Fund programme which is designed to encourage adult learning. It focuses on improving access to learning opportunities through the use of ICT.DOI:10.1080/0968776000080306

Heart of a Wife: The Diary of a Southern Jewish Woman (review)

Reviewed by: Heart of a Wife: The Diary of a Southern Jewish Woman Hollace Ava Weiner (bio) Heart of a Wife: The Diary of a Southern Jewish Woman, by Helen Jacobus Apte, edited and with essays by Marcus D. Rosenbaum. Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources Books, 1998, 222 pp., $55.00 hardcover, $17.95 paper. Click for larger view View full resolution Figure 1. Ticket buyers at the Mayland Fair. Spruce Pine, North Carolina, ca. 1934. Photo by Bayard Wootten. (North Carolina Collection, University of North Carolina Library at Chapel Hill). Although written for an audience of one, personal diaries are a literary genre of enduring fascination. Witness the popularity of the adolescent diary of Anne Frank (1942), the decoded diaries of Samuel Pepys (1606–1669), and the feminist diaries of Anaïs Nin (1931–1974 ). A diary’s candor is generally unquestioned. Its partiality intrigues. Its secretive intent awakens voyeuristic curiosity. Composed without plot, rigid form, or revisions, a diary often surprises with its compelling pace, historic detail, and insights into past and present. Its theme of self in relation to society often resounds with relevancy regardless of era. Helen Jacobus Apte (1886–1946), begins her diary as a blissful, 22-year-old bride. The year is 1909. Helen, an Atlanta woman raised in the Victorian age and maturing in modern times, has had little formal schooling. Self-educated, she often consumes a book a day and quotes from classical and popular sources as she confides her thoughts to paper. As the spouse of a white-collar worker who manages a Tampa cigar factory and later operates a Miami canning enterprise, Helen experiences the upheaval of labor-management conflicts, a “genteel poverty” when bankruptcy nears, and the optimism washed across America by Franklin Roosevelt’s election. On a more personal level, Helen modestly describes her sexual libido. She writes, “A woman is ashamed to show passion, . . . afraid she will fall in her husband’s estimation, or in her own. . . . I find it hard to give in and act as I feel.” She hints at flirtations with new and old beaus and discusses The Sexual Life by Dr. Charles Malchow, a proctologist who was the Kinsey of his day. She yearns for motherhood, alluding to “my little unborn dream children.” Sadly, her first pregnancy ends in miscarriage. Her second results in an only child, a daughter who disappoints for being practical rather than creative like her mother. Helen had expected to live through her children, an idealized notion she realizes through her first grandchild. [End Page 189] Helen’s ruminations and disappointments presage the feminist philosophies that flower in Betty Friedan’s Feminine Mystique (1963) half a century later. Her unfulfilled dream is to become a professional writer. Indeed, her diary demonstrates the fluent pen and colorful language requisite to achieve that goal. Helen, however, puts herself down as “untrained,” asks “What am I fitted for?” and confesses that she is “ashamed to see my life slipping away by doing nothing.” When business reversals force Helen to move into her in-laws’ home, she has scant time for her diary and yearns for solitude and space, the room of one’s own that Virginia Woolf (1929) would turn into feminist cliché. Frail health, which forced Helen to drop out of school at age fourteen, follows her throughout adulthood, and descriptions of physical ailments filter the diary. Unspoken, but just as recurrent, is evidence of life-long depression—“Blues,” she calls it. “Always there is that vague unrest, that faint nostalgia—for what? I don’t even know.” Helen’s diary was discovered in 1995 by her grandson, Marcus Rosenbaum, a Washington, D.C., journalist who has lovingly edited and annotated the journal of the grandmother who died before his birth. In nine essays interlacing the text, Rosenbaum explains references to family and current events such as the 1910 cigar strike and the boxing defeat of the Great White Hope. He adds social context with enlightening research on infant and maternal mortality, as well as commentary about “Race and Responsibility” and being “Jewish in the South.” Appendices include Helen’s one published magazine article; a partial list of books she read and...

Backdoor Japan: The Search for a Way out via Regionalism and Decentralization

Sapporo, Niigata, and Kanazawa devised strategies in the 1990s to lead Japan's entry into the emerging Northeast Asian region and to spur decen- tralization, but their plans proved to be unrealistic. Idealistic notions of decen- tralization have faded. The coalition behind the Committee for the Promotion of Decentralization established as part of Prime Minister Hashimoto Ryutar6's big bang has split. Rising aspirations for regionalism around the Sea of rim also have been frustrated, especially as relations with the Russian Far East proved difficult. must coordinate a new model of regionalism and decen- tralization to emerge as a leader. As the transition from the postwar era got underway, hopes stirred along the Sea of coastline that this forgotten sea would no longer be left far behind by Japan's robust Pacific coast. Local administrations, think tanks, and newspapers speculated that, through some combination of decentraliza- tion, reentry into Asia, and regionalism in a newly dynamic Northeast Asia, the geographical balance of might at last shift. Reminding people of the pejorative backdoor Japan (ura Nippon) used to dismiss their back- wardness, the prefectures and cities of the Sea of rim pressed for strategies of cooperation and models of transformation suitable to their vi- sions of a new age. Evidence from the past six years indicates, however, that such hopes have been frustrated. By analyzing the experiences of Kanazawa (Ishikawa Prefecture), Niigata (Niigata Prefecture), and Sapporo (Hok- kaido), we can gain insight into the mistakes of this period and assess the

ASEAN 10: The Political and Cultural Dimensions of Southeast Asian Unity

AbstractIn this essay, it is argued that the roots of regional cohesion in Southeast Asia have always been rather shallow, and driven primarily by pragmatic security concerns. The primary function of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has been to strengthen and preserve the sovereignty of individual states, and not dissolve boundaries or fashion a supra-national identity. ASEAN's very success has nevertheless fostered more idealistic notions of regional identity, expressed as a form of collective nationalism. As ASEAN expands, this imagined Southeast Asian identity must compete with internal and external factors forcing the region apart as fast as it is coming together. And thus, while the world as a whole increasingly accepts the new habits of global civilization, another contradictory process is taking place: ancient traditions are reviving, different religions and cultures are awakening to new ways of being, seeking new room to exist and struggling with growing fervour to realize what is unique to them and makes them different from others (Vaclav Havel, 1995).

COMMUNITY CARE: GENDER ISSUES

Development and debate within social work around community care have been prom inent since the Barclay Committee introduced the notion of community social work (Barclay, 1982). Commentary which emerged at the time recognized that Barclay's analysis of the role and task of social work depended upon a notion of community care which involved an idealized notion of community and informal carers, who would invariably be female family members (Allan, 1983). In many ways, the recommendations of the Barclay report have had little impact on the delivery of services in the community. Arrangements for community care prescribed in the White Paper (Department of Health, 1989) and implemented follow ing the 1990 National Health Service and Community Care Act were far more radical and far reaching than any envisaged in the Barclay Report, but the themes of commun ity and gender remain central to debates. More accurately, in social policy and soci ology the themes are not only central to debate, they are generating new discourses around citizenship, caring and community. However, social work and social care prac tice and theorizing are paying scant attention to these issues. This may be because the introduction of care management narrowed the focus of social work and social care practice on to individual needs which have to be assessed, codified and responded to. Expectations that needs will be met by 'purchaser' agencies commissioning ser vices from independent sector providers has led to the fragmentation of networks and communities, and to a reframing of the sector into the 'providers' competing for contracts, the conditions of which will be met by ungendered workers responding to the needs of anonymous users or customers who are defined by their packages of care rather than by the sum total of their experiences. Such an analysis might seem unduly harsh on those employed by statutory social services as either social workers or care managers working with community care policies. This critical commentary identifies that an arbitrary overview of journal art icles produces a spectrum of attention to gender in community care debates. At one end, community care is discussed with little or no acknowledgement that the world of service users, carers and providers is inhabited by women and men. At the other end, feminist theorizing in social policy and in the more generic women's studies journals has not only attended to issues of gender, but in doing so has sought to explicate meanings of both community care and constructions of gender. In focusing on three main themes (caring, service delivery and citizenship), it is argued that the initial focus was on, and involved claims making about, the experiences of women as carers. However, attention to the category 'woman' revealed different attention to the © 1998 British Association of Social Workers

Norms of apology depicted in U.S. American and Japanese literature on manners and etiquette

In this study, a cross-cultural comparison was made of (a) types of situations requiring apology and (b) principles for constructing and personalizing apology messages, drawing examples of culturally idealized notions from Japanese and U.S. American conduct manuals. The survey first revealed that: (a) Japanese conduct manuals are more concerned with private apologies given for actions of a greater number of people in their in-group, while U.S. American conduct manuals focus more on apologies primarily for their own actions in the public places and (b) U.S. American readers are told to offer a ‘‘sincere fn1 fn1 s doctoral dissertation at the University of Illinois and was partially supported by the University of Illinois Dissertation Research Grant. The author is grateful to Professor Ruth Anne Clark for her assistance in all aspects of this study. ’ apology, while Japanese counterparts strive to give a ‘‘sunao-na ’’ (indicative of amenable character) apology. While U.S. American conduct manuals stress spontaneity and originality of the words used in apology, conformity to the linguistic formulas is strongly emphasized in Japanese conduct manuals. When personalizing their apology, U.S. Americans seem to ‘‘individualize’’ the message, while Japanese seem to ‘‘relationalize’’ the message.

Staging Reform, Reforming the Stage: Protestantism and Popular Theater in Early Modern England by Huston Diehl

310Comparative Drama tiated being" (163) despite having ignored Latin American theater. Most egregious is the specious rationale for excluding women: claiming that no female dramatist equals in status the selected males, the authors uphold the very dynamic which they lament: "In any case, the condition of women as the most oppressed of the oppressed has received much less attention in published post-colonial drama than it should have done" (166). This emphasis on published texts putatively permits only superficial mention of workshop productions by such figures as Augusto Boal, though such work was over-valued in the analysis of Fugard. Ironies culminate in the final echo of Said's call "to transcend static notions ofidentity" (168) and in the closing reference to Brian Friel and Samuel Beckett, not in acknowledgment of arbitrary omissions but in validation of the study ofpost-colonial theater as a means to understand our own. The value of self-knowledge notwithstanding, this validation veers perilously into that colonial territory of FirsWThird-World hierarchies which post-colonial theory targets, underscoring the contradictions of a text which could have so fruitfully hit the mark. JANET V. HAEDICKE Northeast Louisiana University Huston Diehl. Staging Reform, Reforming the Stage: Protestantism and Popular Theater in Early Modern England. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997. Pp. xv + 238. $39.95. In this important new study of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century theology and literature, Huston Diehl argues "that Elizabethan and Jacobean drama is both a product of the Protestant Reformation—a reformed drama—and a producer of Protestant habits of thought—a reforming drama." Drawing "on the insights of symbolic anthropologists who believe that religious practices help shape both individual consciousness and cultural forms," and focusing on "what Clifford Geertz identifies as 'the disruptive, disintegrative, and psychologically disturbing ' aspects of religion," Diehl treats tragedies by Kyd, Marlowe, Shakespeare, Middleton, and Webster "as one area in which the disruptions , conflicts, and radical changes wrought by the Protestant Reformation are publicly explored." Diehl is "particularly interested in the [Reformation] controversies surrounding the images and rituals of the medieval Church because the issues they raise—about representation, art, theatricality, spectacle, interpretation, and imagination—so clearly pertain to the drama": "By inspiring new kinds of rimais, spectacles, and dramas, the reformed religion, I argue, contributes to the formation of a uniquely Protestant theater in early modern England." In her seven rich and concise chapters, Diehl first "gives a historical account of the Protestant reformers' responses to a pronounced iconophilia in Reformation England," then "demonstrates that early Pro- Reviews3 1 1 testant artists as well as Protestant polemicists like John Foxe employ a revolutionary rhetoric that reinterprets the sacred genres and images of the traditional Church and depicts scenes of martyrdom and iconoclasm as powerful and even spectacular theater." In the remaining chapters Diehl turns "to the tragedies themselves in order to explore some of the ways the Reformation, with its radical critique of late medieval piety, its iconoclastic violence against the devotional images of the Roman Church, and its suppression of the Roman Mass and popular religious drama, stimulates theatrical production." Chapter 3 attempts to show, with a special emphasis on Hamlet and Doctor Faustus, "that Elizabethan and Jacobean drama reflexively address the reformers' inquiry into the legitimacy of the theater, exploring Protestant-induced fears that plays seduce and corrupt their audiences." Chapter 4 tries to "analyze the distinctive habits ofmind that the Roman Mass, on the one hand, and the Reformed Lord's Supper, on the other, induce in their worshippers," and to "show how Elizabethan and Jacobean revenge tragedies—with their intense exploration of mystery and representation —rehearse the crucial differences between these competing ritual experiences ." Chapter 5 "argues that early modern tragedies represent a world filled with false and demonic as well as divine signs, engaging their spectators directly in the problem of interpretation." Chapter 6 focuses on "representations of erotic love and marriage in Stuart love tragedies" and tries to show "how they interrogate the fatal identification of images and women in early Protestant culture." Chapter 7 analyzes "the way Webster appropriates a Protestant rhetoric ofwitnessing in The Duchess of Malfi, nurturing in his own spectators a selfreflexivity that can best be understood in...

From Reform to Revolution: The Demise of Communism in China and the Soviet Union

The demise of communism in the former Soviet Union and the massive political and economic changes in China are two major transformations of the 20th century. Two central questions are emerging: Why did different communist systems experience different patterns of transition? Why did partial reforms in the Soviet Union and China turn into revolutions? This analytical and empirical study shows that patterns of regime transition in communist states depend on the countries' pre-existing social structures and political and economic institutions. Minxin Pei identifies the rapid mobilization of previously excluded social groups during the reform phase as the most powerful explanation for the revolutionary outcome of initially limited political and economic reforms in the Soviet Union and China. Pei uses comparative data to analyze the different routes of transition to democracy and a market economy in the Soviet Union, China, and, to a lesser extent, other former communist states in Eastern Europe and Asia. The theory is empirically tested in four case studies of changes in China and the Soviet Union - two on the development of the private sector in each country and two on the liberalization of the mass media. The author concludes with statements about regime transition from communism. He rejects the idealistic notion that democratization can, by itself, remove the structural obstacles to economic transformation, and he sees high economic and political costs as unavoidable in transition from communism along either the Soviet or the Chinese path. In comparing Soviet and Chinese transition costs, however, he implicitly endorses the evolutionary changes taking place in China and expresses strong doubt about the revolutionary changes that have occurred in the former Soviet Union.

100% Mabo†: De‐Colonising People with Mental Illness and their Families

Pointing the name “Mentally Ill” at people in our midst has led to some unfairly dire consequences for their lives and their families. These include: forced extrusion, separation and disconnection from their families; incarceration in remote gulags, where they may be vulnerable to physical, emotional or sexual abuse; being stigmatised and sequestered as unmarriageable moral lepers; and being dispossessed of their full humanity, through loss of their identities as people, their everyday human rights and their entitlement to full membership of their own local communities. We mental health professionals have colluded in the systematic colonising of the “mentally ill” by becoming their politically anointed custodians or foster families “for their own good”. In the process, we have inadvertently broken their spirits, disempowered them and their families, and deskilled the community from knowing how to look after their own. Aboriginal and Maori people have had to contend with this on more than one front; not only have they been dispossessed by white society but also they have often been dispossessed of appropriate and effective mental health care. It is time that all service users reclaimed title to their own mental health territory.Well, here is the news:Firstly, the consumers are coming, they are after us, and so are their families. They are challenging our descriptions, our practices and our presumptuous ownership of their lives, and settling out of court with us for joint custody will soon be unacceptable to them.Secondly, evidence is emerging that many traditional cultural dimensions of healing may well contribute to better outcomes for those with the most severe psychiatric careers or disabilities, and their families.Thirdly, these political and cultural developments are compatible with converging evidence of the best clinical practice in comprehensive local mental health services.So there is no need for professional defensiveness, or for war to be declared between idealised notions of traditional culture and modern technology. The bottom line here is that we need both to talk to each other, to synergise the effects of the best of both, just as we need service users, families providers, health management, and local communities to engage each other in “seeking common ground”. De‐colonising of the mentally ill, like the dismantling of apartheid, is not without its dangers of backlash. But with an orderly transition of power it could be mutually rewarding, and may well signal a renewal and rebirth of the more caring community.

Icons of the Person: Lacan's "Imago" in the Yemeni Male's Tribal Wedding

Tribal ceremonies in North Yemen are analysed as cultural performances in which ideal notions of the male person are constructed. It is claimed that the theme of the person is more widespread in rites of passage than has been generally assumed. Lacan's concept of the image and G. H. Mead's ideas on reflexivity are applied to the analysis of the Yemeni data, as an effort on the one hand to extend psychological theory beyond its original usage in Western society and on the other hand to explain why the person as a psychological construct would emerge in rites of passage.

Tennyson's Language by Donald S. Hair (review)

90Victorian Review or any sense of pedantry. Anderson has burrowed deeply in primary material, including a number of working men's autobiographies which serve to give a sense of contemporary reaction to Ulustrated misceUanies. One is also grateful for the extremely generous selection of black and white iUustrations drawn not only from the periodicals themselves, but also from broadsides, chapbooks, pamphlets, tracts, and cheap books. This excellent and original book should be required reading for anyone interested either in Victorian cultural history or in the influential role played by periodicals in the nineteenth century. Rosemary T. Van Arsdel University ofPuget Sound Donald S. Hair. Tennyson's Language. Toronto, Buffalo, London: U of Toronto P, 1991. 198. $50.00 CDN (cloth). By Tennyson's language Donald Hair means theories about language that Tennyson was aware of and that "lie behind" his poems. This book is not a lexical or syntactic study of Tennyson's poetry, as the title might lead one to expect, but rather a descriptive account of nineteenth-century phUology and of Tennyson's relations with it. Hair finds nineteenth-century language theories divided into an empirical school, deriving from John Locke, and an idealist school deriving from Samuel Taylor Coleridge (ultimately from Kant). For Locke, words were conventional and arbitrary signs of ideas, and these ideas arise from physical sensations and from the associations that we form by reflecting upon sensation. For Coleridge, words were not signs of something else but "living powers" in themselves, sources of energy, each one of which participates in the divine Logos. In the nineteenth century Locke's empiricism became the basis of utilitarian and historicist theories of language and its origins. Coleridge's idealism was taken over by Tractarians like John Keble. But the theory that interests Hair is the synthesis of empirical and idealist notions of language devised by men associated with Cambridge University during Tennyson's years there, both members of the Apostles and young dons like William Whewell, Tennyson's tutor. Whewell recognized that there must be a real external world of physical sensations in order for the mind to exercise its shaping faculties, so idealism is modified by empiricism. Others were attracted to etymology and Reviews91 comparative grammar, and saw meanings embedded in die history of words and activated in grammatical forms. To typify this synthesis Hair employs Tennyson's phrase "matter-moulded forms of speech" from In Memoriam 95. For die utilitarian, forms of speech are simply moulded by die matter of physical sensation and have no power of their own. In the modified ideaUsm of die Apostles, forms of speech may be moulded by matter—and history—but tiiey mould our perceptions in rum. They are the powers that shape the world. The distinction depends upon emphasis—matter-moulded or matter-moulded—but die difference is more than one of degree: From a Lockeian perspective, the phrase suggests that aU words, however general or abstract, may be traced back to sense-data; that language is die arbitrary attaching of a sound to a sensation; that words picture die world outside us. From a Coleridgian perspective, the phrase also suggests the shaping power of the mind and die patterns or forms by which it makes experience intelligible. Tennyson holds together both perspectives, and die new philology with its historical and comparative study of conjugations and declensions, and its division of aU words into pronominal or organizing elements and sensational or material elements, made this double view seem almost inevitable. (38) Hair's conclusion is tiiat Tennyson's acceptance of these ideas enabled him to sustain a logocentric poetics and to write poems tiiat affirm the essential value of God, self and society. Beyond tiiat lies a further implied conclusion: contemporary critics are mistaken in problematizing the language of Tennyson's poetry. His poems erect solid structures of linguistic presence that can deflect deconstructive questioning. There are many useful things in Tennyson's Language. It provides a clear account of die language theories held by Tennyson's friends and contemporaries but does not elide differences of opinion among them. It is particularly good on die ideas tiiat inform Arthur Hallam's review of the 1830 Poems, Chiefly Lyrical...

Police cynicism in transkei

This study examined the nature and extent of police cynicism in Transkei, a country located in southern Africa. Data were derived from questionnaire responses of 393 of a random sample of 400 Transkei police. Once more the Niederhoffer cynicism scale was shown to be multidimensional, consisting of three independent subscales: POLICE IDEALS, which describes an offider's cynicism toward idealistic notions of police work; FAIR PLAY, a measure that taps the degree to which an officer is cynical about how he or she is treated by the police organization; and PUBLIC, a measure of an officer's cynicism regarding citizens. External validity was assessed by regressing theoretically meaningful predictor variables in each cynicism subscale, using rank as a specification variable. Important differences between commissioned and noncommissioned officers were detected. Finally, the relationship between police cynicism and length of service was modest and linear. The article concludes with a discussion of the relationship between the structure of the Transkei National Police system and the emergence and maintenance of cynicism.

The Structure of Race

An attempt is made to outline a systematic Marxist theory of race relations. Traditional leftist analyses of race and racism are criticized for relying on liberal idealist and conservative racialist notions. As an alternative, Althusserian structuralist notions of ideology and the logic of the mode of production are employed in the analysis of groups falsely considered to be races. It is argued that three specific positions in the capitalist mode of production structurally define "inferior races": the positions of special exploitation, exclusion and mediation. It is suggested that the tendency for black people to be increasingly defined as an excluded population and less as an especially exploited group may possibly establish the conditions for a radical increase in their vulnerability.

Providing Effective Leadership For Reading Programs

In this article, the first of a three-part series, the writers present six elements of administrative leadership found in effective read ing programs. The six lessons are not idealistic notions; rather, they represent a realistic way for a principal to provide leadership to a secondary school reading program.

Sex-role identification of normal adolescent males and females as related to school achievement

The historical view of masculinity/femininity posited essentially bipolar opposites, with the presence of one set of characteristics precluding the other. More recent studies of sex-role stereotypes have defined sexual orientation within clusters of socially desirable attributes which males and females perceive as differentiating males from females. This view negates the contention that psychological sex roles are composed of bipolar opposites, and concludes that the constructs of masculinity and femininity are independent dimensions rather than a single bipolar dimension. Little is known about the sex-role functioning of adolescents, yet it is during adolescence that qualitative shifts occur in interpersonal relationships and concurrent changes occur in cognitive functioning, with adolescents shifting toward hypothetical thinking and abstract ideal notions. In view of these changes, much can be learned about adult functioning by studying the sex-role perceptions of adolescents related to familial and social variables. This study examines the sex-role perceptions that adolescents hold of fathers, mothers, ideal males, ideal females, and selves. Differences exist between male and female adolescents, and significant linkages exist between sex-role identification and academic achievement.