Idealism Research Articles

Metametaphysical Monism, Dualism, Pluralism, and Holism in the German Idealist Tradition

ABSTRACT During his Jena period, Fichte endorses a curious dictum: ‘the kind of philosophy one chooses depends on the kind of person one is’. How can Fichte’s dictum support a vindication of German idealism over Spinozism, which he also calls ‘dogmatism’? I will show that the answer to this seemingly straightforward question reveals a rather complex series of metametaphysical objections that shape the development of the entire German idealist tradition. Ultimately, as I will suggest, the series of metametaphysical questions that shape the German idealist tradition must culminate in the question of how to understand the relation between philosophy and its presuppositions. I will conclude by briefly considering a hermeneutical response to this question.

Appearance and Reality in Śaṇkara’s Advaita Philosophy

Appearance and reality is a prime concept in philosophical discourse both in Eastern and Western tradition. Starting from Monistic Idealism to Dualistic Realism the fundamental problem of philosophy is undoubtedly the problem of Reality. Two famous views are found regarding the reality of the appeared world – one is Idealism and another is Realism. As per the view of Idealism there is one spiritual principle underlying, evolving and sustaining the universe and the world of appearance is unreal. On the other hand Realism holds that the world of appearance is as real as it appears to us. But, if it is considered that there are two ultimate reality opposed to each other one is physical and other is spiritual then this is the view of Dualistic Realism. In Indian tradition most of the thinkers holds that Appearance is relative, bound by duality whereas Reality is only one and absolute. In this regard the view of Śaṇkarachārya, the great Vedantist philosopher gained attention in both Eastern- Western discourse. In this paper a humble attempt has been made to explain the idea of reality and appearance in Śaṇkaracharya’s Advaita Philosophy.

A comparative study of thematic choices and thematic progression patterns in human-written and AI-generated texts

By adopting systemic functional grammar as the theoretical framework, the present research investigates the choices of the textual, the interpersonal, the topical Themes, and thematic progression patterns in human-written and AI-generated argumentative texts to examine how the human author and the robot organize the clause and text. The findings suggest that human-written and AI-generated texts differ significantly in using the subtypes of textual, interpersonal, and marked topical Themes. In terms of textual Themes, the machine tends to use more concession signals to repeat information that has been stated earlier, adopt fewer condition signals since the robot may be less likely to imagine possible or impossible situations, and repetitively rely on clause-initial conjunctive adjuncts of addition to extend the clause to the previous text. As for interpersonal Themes, the robot seldom adopts modal adjuncts or modal verbal operators as interpersonal Themes, which may suggest its lack of awareness of interaction with the reader and its avoidance of expressing its viewpoints in a typical or congruent way. Regarding topical Themes, the less use of marked themes in AI-generated texts demonstrates that AI may less carefully plan the development of the text to foreground the setting or construct coherent text. Considering thematic progression patterns, the frequent use of the constant pattern in AI-generated texts prevents the text from development and makes the text redundant and simplistic like a list of ideas.

Identifying interventions that improve medication safety & rational use of medicines in India.

Background & objectives Medication-related harm is known to be the cause for about 1/10th of hospitalizations. Some estimates from India show that about 90 per cent of medicines consumed are inessential or irrational and contribute towards high out-of-pocket expenditure on health. In this context, the Indian Council of Medical Research in 2022 constituted a National Task Force (NTF) to explore possible solutions that could improve safe and rational use of medicines (SRUMs). The objective of this study was to identify research ideas in the field of SRUM through a survey of relevant stakeholders, and further to prioritize the research ideas using a pre-identified set of criteria. Methods The responses from the identified stakeholders were assessed using the Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative method, which is an established research priority-setting methodology. First, the NTF asked for two to six research ideas from relevant Indian and global stakeholders on solutions to improve SRUM. The ideas were checked for duplicates, re-phrased where necessary and classified into various sub-themes. Subsequently, the research ideas were scored by Indian experts with relevant technical expertise using a pre-defined set of five criteria: innovativeness, effectiveness, translational value, answerability and applicability. Each research idea received from a stakeholder was assigned a score under each of the five criteria. The overall research priority score was calculated as a mean of all five criteria-specific scores and converted into a percentage. Results The final output of the prioritization process was a list of research ideas or questions, ranked by their scores. Total 209 unique ideas were received from 190 respondents, which were scored by 27 experts. The top three research topics on medication safety focused on cost-effective strategies for improving antimicrobial stewardship, safe use of poly-pharmacy in geriatric patients and drug take-back policy interventions. Regarding the rational use of medicine, the top three topics included testing mobile application-based antimicrobial stewardship interventions, development of diagnostics for antimicrobial resistance, and behavioural interventions. Interpretation & conclusions Several priority ideas found in this study also align with those of global priority, e.g., safe disposal practices and enhanced pharmacovigilance, rational use of medicines. Patient engagement, which underlines many of the top scoring ideas found in this study, is also inclined with the top research priorities reported by the WHO priority exercise on research into the safe use of medicines. However, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first such work from a low- and middle- income country on medication safety and rational use of medicines. The findings of this research priority-setting exercise can help to guide research for the development of policy-relevant and novel interventions to improve SRUM in India.

Философските основи на концепцията за изкуството и изкуствознанието на Николай Райнов

The present study is the first attempt to reconstruct the philosophical foundations of Nikolay Raynov's art history conception, developed in particular in the 12 volumes of his History of the Plastic Arts. Although his philosophical views can hardly be separated from the theosophical ones, the author makes a cautious distinction that allows to clarify Nikolay Raynov's selective reception of some of the most important philosophical views on art and art history. The proposed reconstruction aims to show, firstly, that Raynov draws inspiration from major philosophers such as Plato and the Neoplatonists, Bergson, Croce, and Solovyov, and, secondly, that their views stand in the foreground while theosophical ones form rather the general interpretative framework that is always present but not always explicitly stated. The methods of comparative hermeneutics and immanent-critical philosophical analysis are used to clarify Nikolay Raynov's ambivalent attitude toward philosophy, the nature and role of his metaphysical idealism, his interpretation of the multiple forms of realism, his conception of the seven cultural circles, and the basic philosophical components of his synthetic science of plastic arts.

Endorsement of metaphysical idealism mediates a link between past use of psychedelics and wellbeing

It has been proposed that psychedelics promote wellbeing through spiritual-type transformations, involving changes in metaphysical beliefs. Past empirical research shows a link between the use of psychedelics and the endorsement of non-physicalist metaphysical beliefs. However, non-physicalist beliefs encompass a wide range of metaphysical ideas, and their links to wellbeing and psychedelics use remain unclear. We utilized a cross-sectional Internet survey to probe the metaphysical beliefs of participants (N = 701) with past experience of classical psychedelics, using a novel 42-item questionnaire (Core Metaphysical Beliefs, CMB), encompassing a wide range of metaphysical beliefs. Factor analysis of CMB revealed two factors, Idealism and Materialism. In network analyses, Idealism was linked to psychological insight in a past psychedelic experience (E = 0.24) and average use of psychedelics (E = 0.16), and predicted wellbeing (Es = 0.13 and 0.22). Mediation analyses showed an indirect link from past psychedelics use through Idealism to wellbeing (ps ≤ .005). Non-Physicalist Beliefs or Materialism were not significant mediators. The results indicate that Idealism specifically, not non-physicalist beliefs generally, mediate a link between the use of psychedelics and wellbeing. Future research is required to establish whether the link is causal, and to understand what the Idealism factor means.

Berkeley on true motion

Studies of the Early Modern debate concerning absolute and relative space and motion often ignore the significance of the concept of true motion in this debate. Even philosophers who denied the existence of absolute space maintained that true motions could be distinguished from merely apparent ones. In this paper, I examine Berkeley's endorsement of this distinction and the problems it raises. First, Berkeley's endorsement raises a problem of consistency with his other philosophical commitments, namely his idealism. Second, Berkeley's endorsement raises a problem of adequacy, namely whether Berkeley can provide an adequate account of what grounds the distinction between true and merely apparent motion. In this paper, I argue that sensitivity to Berkeley's distinction between what is true in the metaphysical, scientific, and vulgar domains can address both the consistency and the adequacy problems. I argue that Berkeley only accepts true motion in the scientific and vulgar domains, and not the metaphysical. There is thus no inconsistency between his endorsement of true motion in science and ordinary language, and his metaphysical idealism. Further, I suggest that sensitivity to these three domains shows that Berkeley possesses resources to give an adequate account of how true motions are discovered in natural science.

Perspectivism and Health Professions Assessment.

This article aims to outline perspectivism and perspectival thinking by drawing on established scholarship from the philosophy of science and to demonstrate its relevance to health professions education. Perspectivism embraces the notion that knowledge always inherently arises from particular perspectives. "Truth" always depends on an evaluative background. Perspectivism is a form of epistemic humility that sees epistemic claims (relating to knowledge) as fundamentally historically and contextually situated. This article contends that perspectivism is a fruitful and relevant lens to apply to health professions assessment. It is a way of thinking that is all around us, even if we do not realize it. It extends discourse around the value of subjectivity in assessment and may cut through many prevailing debates on assessment practice. Perspectivism is a sort of middle-ground that is not meant to be another idea or "-ism" to add to a list of ideas, but constitutes a shift in how philosophy can be applied by adopting a broader, more holistic perspective. Applying a perspectival lens to health professions education embraces the imperative to make interpretive processes in assessment philosophically explicit. This opens the possibility of adopting multiple philosophical stances concurrently and allows actors to appreciate different methodological viewpoints with more charity. This scholarly perspective encourages the assessment community to continue to innovate through an appreciation of the importance of a wide range of assessment perspectives by uncovering the drivers of specific commitments to philosophical positions. Although the focus is on assessment in the health professions, perspectival thinking has the potential to advance medical education discourse and practice more generally beyond assessment. The hope with this essay is that by encouraging more critical reflection, this description of perspectival thinking will further aid researchers and practitioners in health professions education to better understand what is happening philosophically with more frequency.

Interconnectedness between Vedanta & Poetry of T.S. Eliot and W.B. Yeats’ Poetry

This paper studies the impact of Eastern philosophy on the writings of both T.S. Eliot and W.B. Yeats. The research demonstrates interconnectedness between the Vedic philosophy and the western writers particularly the thoughts pervasive in the writings of Eliot and Yeats. Eliot engaged deeply with Eastern philosophy in ways which significantly influenced his worldview and his poetry. Eliot’s PhD thesis was on the idealist metaphysics of F.H. Bradley, which he found appealing due to its affinities with Indian philosophical sensibilities. Eliot was influenced by both Hinduism and Buddhism, and especially by the Bhagavad Gītā, which he described as one of the greatest philosophical poems, and by the Mādhyamika or Middle Way Buddhist philosophy of Nāgārjuna. The references to Indian literature are particularly prominent in The Waste Land, several section titles of which they reference Indian imagery. For instance, ‘The Fire Sermon’ references the sermon of the same name delivered by the Buddha; ‘Death by Water’ engages with Indra’s slaying of Vṛtra to release the waters in the Rig Veda; ‘What the Thunder said’ references the eponymous episode from the Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upanishad.

Filsafat Idealisme dalam Pendidikan

Idealism philosophy emphasizes the importance of the mind, soul, or spirit over material or material things. The essence of humans is their soul or spirit, which is called "mind". Reason is the form that is able to manifest its world, and even become the driver of human behavior. The role of philosophy in the world of education is to provide guidance for the field of philosophy of education in order to realize the educational goals expected by a society or nation. So, the focus of this research is to analyze the role of Idealism Philosophy and its implementation in education. The literature research method is used to strengthen the research results. The writing technique in this paper begins with searching for various information from various sources such as books, articles, newspapers, and other relevant internet sources, then filtered to find the most suitable sources for the theme to be discussed. The conclusions drawn become a relevant whole unit with the theme being carried.

The Effectiveness of The Mental Thinking Stimulation Model in Developing Probing Thinking in Statistics and Reducing Mental Wandering Among Female Students in The Psychology Department at Najran University

The purpose of the study was to determine whether or not female students at Najran University's Department of Psychology, College of Education, could increase probing thinking skills and lessen mental wandering when taught statistics using the model of stimulating mental thinking. In order to accomplish this, the study employed a one-group, quasi-experimental design. A statistics unit was created using a mental thinking model, and worksheets and a teacher's guide were created specifically for the female students. The Mind Wandering Scale and the Probing Reasoning Test in Statistics made up the study instruments. Pre- and post-tests using research instruments were administered to forty female students from Najran University's College of Education's fourth-level psychology department. The statistical probing thought exam revealed a decline in mental wandering and an increase in the level of female pupils in the research group. The average scores of female students in the pre- and post-application for probing thinking in statistics showed a statistically significant difference, and the post-application resulted in less mental wandering. A list of suggestions and ideas were made in light of the study's findings.

Parandettevõtlus: praktiline radikalism / Regenerative entrepreneurship: practical radicalism

‘Progress’ means extravagant energy use, enabled by the burning of fossil fuels and colonial expansion. The peak in the extraction of oil and countless other key natural resources, the ‘peak everything’, is at hand or imminent. Renewable and nuclear energy depend on fossil fuel-based production and have a poor EROI (energy return on investment). At the same time, the industrial civilisation has triggered a series of irreversible chain reactions. For the last 10,000 years, a period known as the Holocene, the Earth has enjoyed an exceptionally stable climate, which is a prerequisite for agriculture and the functioning of civilisations. We are entering a hothouse Earth with an unstable climate. The author starts from a post-sustainable framework of deep adaptation, according to which the collapse of industrial societies due to climate chaos and limits to growth is likely, inevitable or already underway in our lifetime. The essential question of the post-sustainable world is how to live on a planet, on which humankind has never set foot in its entire evolution. In order to conceptualise this situation and to create an action plan, it is necessary to abandon the dogma of progressivism, the narrative that everything is going to get better, that all stories have a happy ending, and that there is no ‘going back to childhood’ (to a ‘Golden Age’, ‘traditional society’, etc.). The author takes a brief look at empirical and theoretical analyses that are in sharp contrast to the basic narratives of progress. The author also points out that no scientific-technical, Enlightenment-based culture or cultural situation in history can be shown to have been sustainable for even a single moment. At the same time, history is littered with examples of former state subjects, who have fled civilisation and gone native. Consequently, the achievement of an ecologically sustainable culture that breaks away from the doctrines of the Enlightenment and progress is an opportunity that is within reach at any moment. Since the mid-19th century (at the latest), Estonian culture has consisted of attempts to create European-style culture in Estonian. In order to reach an ecologically sustainable way of life that can be lived from generation to generation, it is necessary to search for and invent the “modes of creation” of Estonians as a countryside people (before the 19th century, Estonians called themselves “people of the land”), i.e., a local epistemology and ecological sensitivity of the local culture, rebuilding a photosynthesis-based food system. The author calls for the abandonment of modernist business as usual and for the actual care of the land, generation after generation, a regenerative economy. The task of the regenerative economy is to bind water, carbon, nutrients into the Estonian soil. Agriculture – to the extent that it is possible on a hothouse Earth – must move towards forest gardening and grazing, because carbon is better safeguarded in the soil than in vegetation in the event of wildfires and superstorms. Also, it will be harder for colonisers to seize crops. Regenerative economy can be summed up in three words: food, wood, fibre. Finally, the author proposes an extensive list of ideas for regenerative entrepreneurship. A regenerative entrepreneur is a practical environmental radical, whose everyday challenge is to find business models that are based on human or animal labour and photosynthesis as a source of energy and to create soil. Keywords: limits to growth, climate chaos, deep adaptation, going native, regenerative economics

Design and evaluation of a serious game for teaching nanotechnologies in pharmacy education

Introduction: A serious game was implemented and evaluated to consolidate the knowledge of third-year pharmacy students about drug vectorisation systems. Methods: After a lecture on nanotechnology in health, students were immersed in a magical world for the one-and-a-half-hour tutorial: to complete their mission, they had to pick the right cards and solve puzzles within a limited time. Then, in debriefing, all the key concepts were recalled and explained according to their metaphorical counterparts, i.e. the puzzles. Feedback from the beta-test in 2021 (n=112) helped to optimise the pitch, the game, the rules and the debriefing. A formative evaluation was performed in 2022 (n=140) investigating students’ perception immediately after the session and immediate knowledge retention using a pre-test/post-test evaluation. The results of the final assessment were considered indirect indicators of student involvement. Results: Although the game itself did not immediately improve the students’ knowledge retention, it really was a great tool to motivate and engage participants, which might explain a significant improvement in the final assessment. Conclusion: A serious game can be an interesting tool to teach pharmaceutical technology. To help colleagues wishing to revitalise their pharmacy interventions, a non-exhaustive list of ideas to consider before starting the game conception is provided.

Shame in the Philosophical Narrative of the Pour-Soi: On Sartre’s Being and Nothingness

Abstract This paper discusses the relevance and the conceptual role, within Sartre’s Being and Nothingness, of a fleeting impression of shame that reverts the threat of solipsism looming over any project of transcendental philosophy. In reading Sartre’s masterpiece, I underscore two methodological points that tend to be bypassed in standard interpretations and lengthy discussions of the book. On the one hand, I safeguard the strictly descriptive core of Sartre’s presentation of the impression of shame and what it reveals about the formal structures of the (pre-reflective) cogito, as Sartre understands it. On the other hand, my analysis explores the different phases of the (conceptual) narrative of the For-Itself, which Sartre inherits from the Idealist tradition in modern philosophy and applies to the concreteness of a phenomenological description of the main stages of one’s experience of the outside world.

On making libraries and museums more accessible for autistic people

This article explores how libraries and museums can become more accessible, and in turn also more inclusive, for autistic users. Through a small survey, a literature review and a short case study, it evaluates what steps to take in order to make these places more accessible for this part of the population. The survey had 126 participants, where 12 were diagnosed as autistic and 28 self-diagnosed as autistic. The survey shows that over half of the participants struggled with sensory overload, social interactions and anxiety in these places. A list of ideas on how to make these spaces more suitable for autistic people is offered in the conclusion, including different types of sensory-friendly and social provisions.

ЖІНОЧЕ ПІДПРИЄМНИЦТВО: РИЗИКИ, ІНСТРУМЕНТИ ПІДТРИМКИ, МЕХАНІЗМИ РЕАЛІЗАЦІЇ

Features of the formation of womenʼs entrepreneurship and support mechanisms in the conditions of global challenges and martial law are presented. It is noted that virtual and augmented reality, martial law in Ukraine is forming a new Ukrainian woman-leader, a woman-entrepreneur of a new generation, namely a business person who is oriented and focused on success in business achieved by her own efforts. The characteristic features of female entrepreneurs opening their own businesses in Ukraine were revealed and the number of female directors and male managers of companies in Ukraine from 2016 to 2022 was analyzed, which made it possible to talk about the following trend: in 5 months of 2023, almost half of new small businesses are female in Ukraine; mostly Ukrainian women entrepreneurs are sole owners of one enterprise; according to the form of management, womenʼs entrepreneurship is a private enterprise, micro and small business.
 Stereotypical and traditional features of men and women that determine their ability to conduct business are presented. The tools and mechanisms that will allow to speed up the formation of womenʼs business in Ukraine have been identified. A list of all existing state authorities and organizations supporting women and womenʼs entrepreneurship in Ukraine under martial law is given. The content of womenʼs entrepreneurship is revealed. The fact that this enterprise expects support from local and interstate organizations interested in the prosperity of womenʼs businesses and increased tax revenues for budgets of all levels was noted. It is small business that makes it possible to overcome unemployment, creates new jobs, and forms the solvency of the population. A list of business ideas for women that are interesting and promising in terms of implementation in crisis conditions is indicated, including the confectionery business, coaching, the field of childrenʼs goods and providing services to educational children, the establishment of marketing agencies. Sites and resources are highlighted where you can find the necessary information with the help of which there is an opportunity to develop womenʼs businesses.
 The authors of the article defend the scientific position that Ukrainian women are the most progressive group, because it is they who most likely receive higher education, create public organizations and start successful businesses. Ukrainian women are creative, innovative and efficient business owners and, as a rule, run a fairly profitable business. They are not afraid of hard work, persistent, smart, intelligent, balanced, purposeful, overcome obstacles with optimism regardless of their level of complexity. Creatively and creatively solve urgent problems of their business and immediately find several options for their solution. It is expected that the popularization of womenʼs entrepreneurship will help to slow down the impoverishment of the population as a result of the war, help to overcome poverty, and improve the well-being of the family.

Identity Matters: Foetuses, Gametes, and Futures like Ours

AbstractRecently, a number of philosophers have argued that, despite appearances, the success of Don Marquis's well-known future-like-ours argument against abortion does not turn, in an important way, on the metaphysics of identity. I argue that this is false. The success of Marquis's argument turns on precisely two issues: first, whether it is prima facie seriously wrong to deprive something of a future like ours; second, whether, in a counterfactual circumstance in which an abortion does not occur, the foetus is numerically identical with something that, later on, experiences a life like ours. Since the former claim is plausible (albeit disputable), the success of Marquis's argument does turn on the metaphysics of identity in an important way. Before defending a positive argument for this position, I consider what I take to be the most promising way of challenging it. This involves a recent objection to Marquis by Tim Burkhardt (2021). Burkhardt claims that his objection floats free of the metaphysics of identity. I argue that it fails to do so, and that in fact it fails outright. I end by considering the relationship between my arguments and the question of what matters in survival.

Cultural studies in science education: A philosophical appraisal

The emergence of cultural studies as a scholarly programme and its adoption in science education are outlined; problems flowing from its commitment to Thomas Kuhn's epistemological relativism and ontological idealism are detailed; the gulf between the citing and the reading of Kuhn is noted; the malaise of obscurantist writing is documented; finally, problems of pursuing cultural studies research without philosophical input are indicated.

Non-adaequatio: Negative Dialectics in-between Kant and Hegel

The aim of this article is to frame Adorno’s concept of ‘nonidentity’ in the context of German idealism, namely, the philosophies of Kant and Hegel. The thesis to be defended is that “Secularization of Metaphysics” entails relinquishing, as well as prolongation of the German idealist tradition. The argument is developed in the following steps: 1) the constitution of an autonomous transcendental subject is shown to be rooted in the idea of Enlightenment; 2) by reconstructing Adorno’s conception of truth as non-adaequatio, I claim that Adorno’s philosophy is conducted from the perspective of the end of philosophy; 3) the sociohistorical character of the concept of ‘nonidentity’ is discussed in relation to Adorno’s understanding of history; 4) the concept of ‘nonidentity’ is discussed as implying a continuation of the Kantian project on a metacritical level; 5) Adorno’s critique of Kant is reconstructed in the context of Hegel’s Faith and Knowledge.

In the flow of sociems

The article reveals the creative spirit of modern sociality, transforming it into a flow of sociemsas the contin-uous formation of social singularities. Modernist worldview guidelines with faith in holistic, metaphysical ideals are being persistently replaced by fundamentally new cognitive attitudes that represent the latest civili-zational challenges. The current course of social development has changed the usual rational social schemes, opposing, destroying, and deconstructing them. In social processes, increasing factors of pan-mythologization of all areas of social activity, the relativity of spiritual values, subjectivism, irrationalism, randomness, unpre-dictability, and uncertainty have been revealed. The image of contemporary society is one of flows of inde-pendent processes and human manifestations of will, fracturing, splitting, multifarious, varied, ludicrous, and individualistic. Modern cognitive thinking and a radically new epistemology are needed since the social envi-ronment has changed. Post-classical socio-philosophical discourse is a result of the metaphysical project's cri-ses of conventionalsystematicity, reductionist scientific explanation of reality, and classical spiritual pre-cepts. Instead of contemplating the clash between social paradigms, we must consider their coexistence poly-paradigmality, and how they mutually complement each otherin examining different facets of social reality and addressing specific problematics across different scales.