Ideal Wall Research Articles

Eco-friendly encapsulation: Investigating plant-based protein-alginate shells for efficient delivery and digestion of hemp seed oil encapsulated via supercritical CO2 dispersion

In this study, supercritical carbon dioxide solution-enhanced dispersion (SEDS) was used to encapsulate hemp seed oil (HSO) within matrices of hemp seed protein isolate (HPI), pea protein (PPI) and soy protein (SPI) (0.5 % w/v) in complex with alginate (AL) (0.01 % w/v). The effects of different pH levels (3–9), NaCl concentrations (0–200 mmol/L) and simulated gastrointestinal conditions on HSO release and digestion patterns were analyzed. The findings revealed that SPI/AL microcapsules effectively maintained structural integrity and controlled oil release across diverse pH levels and salt concentrations. During gastrointestinal phases, minimal oil release was observed during oral digestion (<25 % for all samples), while significant (P < 0.05) gastric release occurred in PPI/AL (55.4 %) and SPI/AL (78.1 %) microcapsules. Surprisingly, HPI/AL microcapsules exhibited delayed and sustained release (27.9 %), indicating their potential as ideal wall material for delivering sensitive food and pharmaceutical ingredients to the intestinal stage while minimizing damage in the harsh gastric environment.

Wall-applicable metamaterial: mitigating resonance dip for enhanced sound transmission loss

In recent years, there has been a significant advancement in thermal insulation technology, allowing for the implementation of energy-efficient solutions in existing buildings while preserving their architectural and cultural significance. This recognition has led to the widespread adoption of External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS). However, this brings the common challenge in acoustic engineering, the resonance dip, into the spotlight. When the frequency of an incident sound wave coincides with a mass-spring-mass resonance of the thermally insulated wall, the sound insulation drop occurs, possibly resulting in a reduction in transmission losses. This study introduces a wall-applicable design of Plate-type Acoustic Metamaterial (PAM) to effectively enhance sound transmission loss. We investigated in development a transfer matrix method combined with the effective mass density of PAM to model the ideal metamaterial wall and further compared it with the results based on mass-law methods. Design strategies to construct the ideal bandgap were developed by analyzing dispersion curves.

Preparation and characterization of oregano essential oil microcapsules by gelatin/polysaccharide composite coagulation method

Complex cohesions were formed through electrostatic interactions between gelatin (GE) and gum arabic, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, pectin, and sodium alginate (SA). Of them, GE and SA served as an ideal wall material for encapsulating oregano essential oil (OEO). Applying the composite coalescence method, we here generated unique encapsulated OEO microcapsules (EOMs) by using GE–SA as the microcapsule wall material and OEO as the core material. At a concentration of 1 % (w/v), a core-to-wall ratio of 1:2, a recoalescence reaction temperature of 45 °C, and an emulsifier concentration of 5 % (w/w), EOMs exhibited excellent performance. Under the optimal conditions, the prepared EOMs (average particle size: 78.389 μm) had a homogeneous and complete spherical structure. Freeze-dried EOMs had a high encapsulation efficiency (71.20 %) and payload (56.08 %). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy unveiled the presence of electrostatic interactions between GE and SA. The OEO in the EOMs had higher thermal stability and more stable antioxidant properties than the free OEO. Furthermore, in aqueous, acidic, oily, and alcoholic environments, EOMs exhibited some degree of slow-release ability. Additionally, EOMs exhibited strong antibacterial properties, with effective inhibition of Escherichia coli (E. coil), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and Curvularia lunata (C. lunata). Among them, the strongest inhibitory effect was on C. lunata. In summary, microcapsules prepared using GE–SA as a wall material had effectively improved OEO degradation-protecting, which enhanced the stability of OEO and controlled its antioxidant properties. Meanwhile, the microcapsules exhibited excellent antibacterial properties. This system exerted considerable potential in protecting the stability of essential oils and realizing slow release.

Boundary condition effects on runaway electron mitigation coil modeling for the SPARC and DIII-D tokamaks

Extended-MHD modeling of planned Runaway Electron Mitigation Coils (REMC) for SPARC and DIII-D is performed with the NIMROD code. A coil has been designed for each machine, with the two differing in shape and location, but both having n = 1 symmetry (with n the toroidal mode number). Compared to previous modeling efforts, three improvements are made to the simulations boundary conditions. First a resistive wall model is used in place of an ideal wall. Second, the ThinCurr code is used to compute the time-dependent 3D fields used as magnetic boundary conditions for the simulations. Third, the simulation boundary is moved from the first-wall location to the Vacuum Vessel (VV), which extends the boundary past the location of the internal REMC. To remove the 3D coil from the simulation domain, an equivalent set of 3D fields is calculated at the VV boundary that produce approximately the same field distribution at the last closed flux surface assuming vacuum between the two. Each of these three boundary condition improvements leads to an improvement in the predicted performance of the REMC for both machines. The resistive wall alone primarily effects the resonance of the coil with the plasma after the TQ, affecting the q-profile evolution in the SPARC modeling, and allowing the applied spectrum to be modified in response to the plasma in the DIII-D modeling. The movement of the simulation boundary has the most significant effect on the RE confinement overall, including in the early stages, particularly for a DIII-D inner wall limited equilibrium, where the RE loss fraction increases from 90% to > 99%, with SPARC RE losses also occurring much earlier when the boundary is placed at the VV.

Application of bridging mesh repair in giant ventral incisional hernia.

Achieving ideal abdominal wall reconstruction in giant ventral incisional hernia has been a challenging for surgeons. This study aimed to verify the safety and efficacy of bridging repair by comparing it with primary fascial closure (PFC) repair in the treatment of giant ventral incisional hernia. We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 92 patients with giant ventral incisional hernia who underwent mesh repair at our medical institution from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2020. Patients were divided into 2 groups: the bridging repair group with 40 patients in whom repair was completed using the bridging technique and the PFC group with 52 patients in whom primary fascial closure was achieved and all patients underwent mesh reinforcement during the operation. The main outcome measures were recurrence rate and morbidity, especially intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH). Follow-up time of both groups lasted at least 24months after surgery. After a median of 46months and 65months of follow-up, respectively, in the two groups, bridging repair did not increase the long-term recurrence rate (2.56%) in the larger defect area group compared to the PFC group (1.96%). There were no significant differences in perioperative morbidity, IAH, incidence of postoperative chronic pain, and sensory impairment of the abdominal wall between both groups. The application of bridging surgery in the treatment of complex giant ventral incisional hernias is safe and effective and does not significantly increase the postoperative recurrence rate.

Interplay of plasma resistivity and rotation on β limits in free boundary diverted tokamaks

A plasma resistivity-β driving mechanism aimed at explaining the appearance of long wavelength global instabilities in free boundary high-β tokamak plasmas with a divertor is presented. These perturbations resemble very closely the resistive wall mode phenomenon. Performing a proper toroidal analysis, we show that the magnetohydrodynamic stability is worsened by the interplay of plasma β and resistivity. By modelling the effect of a magnetic separatrix through a careful positioning of the resonant surfaces, we find that in an ideal plasma wall effects are effectively screened, so that the ideal β limit becomes independent of the wall position/physics. A lower wall dependent critical β is found if plasma resistivity is allowed. We find that global stability can be improved with a toroidal flow, small enough not to induce equilibrium modification. The rotation stabilisation effectiveness depends upon the proximity of the plasma equilibrium parameters to the resistive marginal boundary.

Models of resistive wall tearing mode disruptions

Disruptions are a serious issue in tokamaks. In a disruption, the thermal energy is lost by means of an instability which could be a resistive wall tearing mode (RWTM). During precursors to a disruption, the plasma edge region cools, causing the current to contract. Model sequences of contracted current equilibria are given, and their stability is calculated. A linear stability study shows that there is a maximum value of edge qa≈3 for RWTMs to occur. This also implies a minimum rational surface radius normalized to plasma radius from RWTMs to be unstable. Nonlinear simulations are performed using a similar model sequence derived from an equilibrium reconstruction. There is a striking difference in the results, depending on whether the wall is ideal or resistive. With an ideal wall, the perturbations saturate at moderate amplitude, causing a minor disruption without a thermal quench. With a resistive wall, there is a major disruption with a thermal quench, if the edge qa≤3. There is a sharp transition in nonlinear behavior at qa=3. This is consistent with the linear model and with experiments. If disruptions are caused by RWTMs, then devices with highly conducting walls, such as the International Tokamak Experimental Reactor will experience much milder, tolerable, disruptions than presently predicted.

Anatomically-Guided Botulism Toxin Injections for Enhanced Abdominal Muscle Relaxation Prior to Massive Inguinal Hernia Repair: A Case Report

BACKGROUND: The use of botulism toxin A (BTA) to augment abdominal muscle relaxation for surgical hernia repair is well described. However, guidance on the anatomic considerations to facilitate safe and ideal abdominal wall BTA injection patterns is limited. CASE REPORT: A 37-year-old man presented with a 26-cm inguinal hernia and abdominal content loss of domain. Due to high risk of incomplete abdominal closure, abdominal compartment syndrome, and prolonged postoperative ventilatory support, a multidisciplinary approach to surgical closure was sought with therapeutic input from a comprehensive pain clinic. The patient was injected with BTA into the bilateral internal and external oblique muscles 2 weeks preoperatively. The injection pattern design employed anatomic considerations for points of maximum abdominal wall tension and anticipated BTA spread. Subsequent muscle paralysis facilitated successful surgery with minimal tension upon closure. CONCLUSION: This case supports the safe and effective use of BTA for enhanced abdominal wall relaxation prior to major inguinal hernia repair. When considering BTA therapy for abdominal muscle relaxation augmentation, the choice of injection pattern should include points of maximum tension and injections of close-enough proximity for BTA spread and overlap to maximize procedure benefit, regardless of the location or type of abdominal wall hernia repair. KEY WORDS: Botulism toxin, abdominal muscle relaxation, hernia repair, inguinal hernia, regional anesthesia, case report

Nonlinear verification of the resistive-wall boundary modules in the specyl and pixie3d magneto-hydrodynamic codes for fusion plasmas

A nonlinear verification benchmark is reported between the three-dimensional magneto-hydrodynamic (3D MHD) codes specyl [Cappello and Biskamp, Nucl. Fusion 36, 571 (1996)] and pixie3d [Chacón, Phys. Plasmas, 15, 056103 (2008)]. This work substantially extends a former successful verification study between the same two codes [Bonfiglio et al., Phys. Plasmas, 17, 082501 (2010)] and focuses on the verification of thin-shell resistive-wall boundary conditions, recently implemented in both codes. Such boundary conditions feature a thin resistive shell in contact with the plasma and an ideal wall placed at a finite distance, separated from the resistive shell by a vacuum region, along with a 3D boundary flow consistent with Ohm’s law. This setup allows the study of MHD modes that are influenced by the plasma magnetic boundary, such as external kink modes. The linear growth and nonlinear saturation of external kink modes are studied in both the tokamak and reversed-field pinch magnetic configurations, demonstrating excellent agreement between the two codes. For the tokamak, we present a comparison with analytical linear stability results for the external kink mode, demonstrating remarkable agreement between numerical and analytical growth rates.

Life Cycle Assessment of Internal Wall Panels: A Case Study of Sumerbank Kayseri Textile Factory Restoration Process

This study presents a case study that aims to select the ideal internal wall panel option causing less environmental impact for the Sumerbank Kayseri Textile Factory restoration process, which is now used as part of Abdullah Gul University’s main campus. Since the university has an environmental agenda, examining the environmental impacts of the materials used for the ongoing restoration process has the potential to contribute to these goals. For this purpose, the three most used interior wall panels in the Turkish building material industry, gypsum, reinforced gypsum, and cement-based panels, were selected within the scope of the case study. The life cycle assessment (LCA) method was used to compare these options, and analyses were conducted using SimaPro software. The data required for life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) were obtained based on market analyses and also from the EcoInvent Life Cycle Inventory Database. At the end of the study, damage assessment, weighting, and midpoint and endpoint data of the characterization results provided by the ReCiPe method were compared and interpreted. According to the overall results obtained for the described case conditions, reinforced gypsum panel causes the most adverse environmental impacts, followed by cement and gypsum panels, respectively.

Ideal conductive wall and magnetohydrodynamic instability in Tokamak

In order to explore the conductive wall effect of plasma magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) instability and the wall designing idea, the various forms of ideal conductive walls based on divertor equilibrium configurations in the HL-2A Tokamak and their role in suppressing kink modes are studied. The MHD instabilities and the ideal MHD operational &lt;i&gt;β&lt;/i&gt; limits under free boundary or ideal wall conditions are compared. In the stability calculation, &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 1 kink mode is considered, which has a decisive influence on the MHD instability of Tokamak plasma. The research focuses on verifying the effectiveness of various shapes of conductive walls in suppressing internal and external kink modes, and observing the operational &lt;i&gt;β&lt;/i&gt; limit changes, and discussing and analyzing related physics. It is found that an ideal conducting wall placed at a suitable distance from the plasma can effectively suppress the external kink modes. Under the condition that the average distance between the wall and the plasma surface is the same and small enough, the circular cross-section wall is not necessarily the best option. Setting an optimized polygonal conductive wall can more effectively suppress the MHD instability. It makes the ideal MHD operational &lt;i&gt;β&lt;/i&gt; limit of the device, &lt;i&gt;β&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;i&gt;N&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;, increase to 2.73, which is about 6.5% higher than that for the device with a wall assumed to be set at infinity (&lt;inline-formula&gt;&lt;tex-math id="Z-20230129122243-1"&gt;\begin{document}$ \sim $\end{document}&lt;/tex-math&gt;&lt;alternatives&gt;&lt;graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="3-20222043_Z-20230129122243-1.jpg"/&gt;&lt;graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="3-20222043_Z-20230129122243-1.png"/&gt;&lt;/alternatives&gt;&lt;/inline-formula&gt;2.56). This implies that it is necessary to optimize and make a polygonal conductive wall as close as possible to the average distance from the plasma surface according to the poloidal-section shape of the elongated and shaped plasma, so as to achieve the suppression of external kink mode and increase the operational &lt;i&gt;β&lt;/i&gt; limits. The physical mechanism of the stabilizing effect of the ideal wall on external kink modes is analyzed. With the development of the kink mode, when the plasma column is twisted closely to the wall, the plasma column will squeeze the magnetic field in the vacuum area, making the magnetic field line compressed and bent. At this time, the magnetic pressure and the component force of the magnetic tension in the opposite direction of the radial direction push the plasma back, thus stabilizing the kink mode. Finally, a conclusion is given.

Effect of Ionic and Non-Ionic Surfactants on the Pasting Characteristics and Digestive Properties of Regular and Frozen Starch for Oral Delivery.

Starch is an ideal wall material for controlled release in oral delivery systems due to its non-allergic properties, availability, and cheap price. However, because of its poor mechanical behavior and high water permeability, it is necessary to modify the amphiphilic nature of starch. Surfactants are essential components to emulsify the lyophobic food ingredients. However, the interaction of starch with emulsifiers and how they affect the pasting behavior and digestion of starch are not well understood. In this paper, surfactants, such as non-ionic Tween (TW) and ionic sodium fatty acid (NaFA), with varying hydrophobic carbon chain lengths, were selected as model amphiphiles to investigate the structural, pasting, rheological properties and in vitro digestibility of regular and frozen starch samples. The results showed that, in most cases, the addition of TW reduced the viscosity of starch. However, saturated medium-chain NaFA increased the starch viscosity and rheological modulus greatly. Both surfactants inhibited starch digestion. This paper presents a comparative investigation on the effect of ionic and non-ionic surfactant on the structure and properties of corn starch, and therefore the information is useful for structural-based formulation with starch for developing colloidal delivery systems. It is also helpful for developing functional food with controllable digestion properties.

Consistent and conservative phase-field-based lattice Boltzmann method for incompressible two-phase flows.

In this work, we consider a general consistent and conservative phase-field model for the incompressible two-phase flows. In this model, not only the Cahn-Hilliard or Allen-Cahn equationcan be adopted, but also the mass and the momentum fluxes in the Navier-Stokes equationsare reformulated such that the consistency of reduction, consistency of mass and momentum transport, and the consistency of mass conservation are satisfied. We further develop a lattice Boltzmann (LB) method, and show that through the direct Taylor expansion, the present LB method can correctly recover the consistent and conservative phase-field model. Additionally, if the divergence of the extra momentum flux is seen as a force term, the extra force in the present LB method would include another term which has not been considered in the previous LB methods. To quantitatively evaluate the incompressibility and the consistency of the mass conservation, two statistical variables are introduced in the study of the deformation of a square droplet, and the results show that the present LB method is more accurate. The layered Poiseuille flow and a droplet spreading on an ideal wall are further investigated, and the numerical results are in good agreement with the analytical solutions. Finally, the problems of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability, a single rising bubble, and the dam break with the high Reynolds numbers and/or large density ratios are studied, and it is found that the present consistent and conservative LB method is robust for such complex two-phase flows.

Runaway electron deconfinement in SPARC and DIII-D by a passive 3D coil

The operation of a 3D coil—passively driven by the current quench (CQ) loop voltage—for the deconfinement of runaway electrons (REs) is modeled for disruption scenarios in the SPARC and DIII-D tokamaks. Nonlinear magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) modeling is carried out with the NIMROD code including time-dependent magnetic field boundary conditions to simulate the effect of the coil. Further modeling in some cases uses the ASCOT5 code to calculate advection and diffusion coefficients for REs based on the NIMROD-calculated fields, and the DREAM code to compute the runaway evolution in the presence of these transport coefficients. Compared with similar modeling in Tinguely et al (2021 Nucl. Fusion 61 124003), considerably more conservative assumptions are made with the ASCOT5 results, zeroing low levels of transport, particularly in regions in which closed flux surfaces have reformed. Of three coil geometries considered in SPARC, only the n = 1 coil is found to have sufficient resonant components to suppress the runaway current growth. Without the new conservative transport assumptions, full suppression of the RE current is maintained when the thermal quench MHD is included in the simulation or when the RE current is limited to 250kA, but when transport in closed flux regions is fully suppressed, these scenarios allow RE beams on the order of 1–2 MA to appear. Additional modeling is performed to consider the effects of the close ideal wall. In DIII-D, the CQ is modeled for both limited and diverted equilibrium shapes. In the limited shape, the onset of stochasticity is found to be insensitive to the coil current amplitude and governed largely by the evolution of the safety-factor profile. In both devices, prediction of the q-profile evolution is seen to be critical to predicting the later time effects of the coil.

Probing the chemical reactivity of the B2O3 -I (1 0 1) Surface: Interaction with H2O and H2S

Diboron trioxide is of interest because of its unique unreactive functionality properties. In this work we have studied – via computational first-principle techniques - the adsorption and dissociation mechanisms of two hydrogen chalcogenides, namely water (H2O) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) molecules, over the B2O3 -I (101) surface. We show that the water molecules undergo dissociative adsorption over diboron via an activation energy of 39 kJ/mol. Furthermore, desorption of both molecularly adsorbed and dissociated structures of water molecules from the B2O3 -I (101) surface requires activation energies of 124–127 kJ/mol. Our investigation on the other hydrogen-chalcogenide compound, i.e. H2S, reveals that diboron trioxide attracts H2S molecules and forms molecular adsorption via sp3 hybridisation between the lone pair electron of the H2S and the empty p orbital of the Bsurf atom without encountering an activation barrier. However, the energy barrier required to dissociate H2S over the B2O3 -I (101) surface appears exceedingly high at 310 kJ/mol. The present insight resolves the two different behaviours of B2O3 concerning hydrogen chalcogenides reported in the literature. While acting as a water scavenger to generate dissociated radicals, it exhibits an inhibitor characteristic towards the dissociation of H2S molecules, representing an ideal reactor wall coating for desired pure gas phase reactions.

Bifurcation-driven vertical plasma displacement

This paper considers vertical plasma motion resulting from plasma current decay during the disruption event. The presented filament-based model describes the motion in the ideal wall limit as an adiabatically slow evolution of the plasma equilibrium. The equilibrium exhibits a pitchfork bifurcation when the decaying plasma current passes a critical value determined by the external magnetic field. This bifurcation affects the disruption-induced mechanical loads on the first wall.

Physical and oxidative stability of astaxanthin microcapsules prepared with liposomes.

Oil bodies (OBs) are a kind of natural and stable oil nucleate microcapsule in which the triglyceride matrix can be used as an appropriate carrier of hydrophobic molecules. Astaxanthin has high antioxidant properties but is extremely sensitive to oxidation, causing the loss of its bioactive properties. The purpose of this study was to clarify the effects of environmental factors (light, oxygen, temperature, and pH) on the physical and oxidative stability of astaxanthin microcapsules prepared with peanut oil bodies (POBs). After 14 days of storage, the retention rate of astaxanthin in peanut oil microcapsules (POMs) was significantly increased. The astaxanthin retention rate of POMs stored under light conditions was higher than under dark conditions. Similarly, the retention rate of astaxanthin in POMs was significantly increased during vacuum storage. The astaxanthin retention rate was also the highest when POMs were stored at 4°C, whereas it was the lowest at pH3.0. The experiment demonstrated that microcapsulation could improve the astaxanthin retention rate and storage stability, and recombinant OBs were potential ideal wall materials for astaxanthin embedding. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Predicted optimization of β N limit for steady-state scenario with double transport barriers in HL-2M tokamak

The equilibria of the HL-2M tokamak, designed for steady-state operation with reversed magnetic shear and double transport barriers, are calculated using TOQ code, and the linear ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) stability of the equilibria is investigated using GATO code. To improve the beta () limit, the MHD stability of the equilibria with different heights of internal transport barrier (ITB) and edge transport barrier (ETB) is simulated. The simulation results indicate that the ITB drives low globalized modes while the ETB drives high edge localized modes, and thus a moderate barrier height ratio is beneficial to MHD stability. By adjusting the heights of both barriers with different plasma shapes, as well as different locations and widths of ITBs, optimal equilibria with improved MHD stability are achieved, which always have a moderate barrier height ratio unless the ITB is extremely wide or very close to the edge. In ideal-wall conditions, when the ITB is wide enough or very close to the edge, limits could exceed six, or even reach seven in some special cases. Increasing elongation and triangularity, broadening the ITB, as well as moving the ITB to a large minor radius, can contribute to the optimization of the limit, especially when combined with the stabilizing effect from an ideal wall.

Release behaviour of a high-pressure vapor vessel with condensation: Test and modeling study

• The vapor release test with condensation is conducted with three micro-cracks. • The ideal dropwise condensation and wall heat conduction are considered. • A six-equation vapor leakage model is presented with a bubbly flow assumption. • A blowdown model coupling with a leakage model is employed to simulate vapor release. A phenomenon of accidental release from a high-pressure containment into a low-pressure environment is significant in several industrial systems such as chemical reactors and pipeline transportation and storage. The paper aims to investigate the vapor release with condensation, and to develop a vapor release model coupling a blowdown model with a critical flow model. Vapor release tests of the pressurized vessel are performed with micro-cracks, and the fluid pressure and temperature evolutions are recorded. The theory of ideal dropwise condensation is used to describe the interfacial heat transfer, and the wall heat transfer is regarded as the heat conduction in a blowdown model. A six-equation model allowing the vapor leakage simulation with condensation is presented with a bubbly flow regime assumption. The vapor release model is composed of a critical flow model in conjunction with a vessel blowdown model, including the treatment of the vapor condensation, interfacial heat transfer, and interfacial force during the depressurization. The proposed model predictions exhibit strong similarities with the measured evolutions of the fluid pressure, temperature, and the total weight of the released fluid. Finally, the qualitative analysis of the vapor release with a heat transfer/adiabatic process is conducted. The vapor condensation occurs during the release process when the initial pressure is increased, while the condensation is reduced for a heat transfer process. The release time and vapor condensation of the pressurized vessel are significantly affected by the vessel volume and break area.

Reduction in Noise Pollution of a Gas Power Plant under Construction Using Synthesis of Copper and Nickel Alloy Foam in a Simulated Setting

Noise pollution is one of the challenges of installing equipment and developing industries. The control of noise generated by small power plants is a necessity for its use development. Designing the synthesis of copper and nickel alloy foam and using this foam to reduce noise pollution in the exhaust is one of the effective methods to control and reduce noise pollution from power plants. The purpose of this study was to synthesize copper and nickel alloy foam and compare the effect of results of spl changes in software ANSYS for three ductless, ideal wall and multilayer wall modes at different frequencies. In this regard, the adjunct duct is modeled as 3D by software ANSYS, and the output sound intensity of the duct in the acoustic setting is analyzed in several different modes. The results show that three different modes in the exhaust output indicate that the multilayer wall at most frequencies reduces the sound pressure level relative to the ductless or ideal wall modes.