Ideal Social Order Research Articles

Utopias for Boomers: religion, psychology, and sovereignty in the long sixties

ABSTRACT This article discusses the intertwining of religion and politics in utopian imaginaries against the backdrop of Robert Yelle’s recent theoretical reflections on the relationship between the ‘sacred’ and Carl Schmitt’s idea of a ‘state of exception.’ It argues that in utopian imaginaries, the convergence of the religious and political domains becomes apparent in the postulation of an antinomian ‘Archimedean point of view’ that provides a foundation from which the new social reality can be represented and legitimized. To illustrate this thesis, the article compares the utopian imaginaries put forward in the Long Sixties by three academic psychologists – B.F. Skinner, Timothy Leary, and Abraham Maslow – who provided visions of the ideal future to the Baby Boomer generation. The article shows that despite their different understandings of both the nature of the human psyche and the ideal social order, all three authors base their projects on a form of antinomian sovereignty.

Fatima’s inheritance: Law, Islam, and gendered archive-making in India’s early modern global connections

Abstract Sometime around the first half of the seventeenth century, a Muslim woman known by the name Fatima brought her slaves to court over an inheritance dispute in the Indian port city of Surat. Tracing Fatima’s lawsuit and its many afterlives through the study of the transmission of its sole surviving record, this article charts the genealogies of the gendered (re)interpretations of the meaning of law and Islam from the courtroom of Surat to a Mughal official’s anthology and to a French Orientalist’s library. Along the way, Fatima’s invocation of divine legal authority in protecting her right of inheritance became abstracted by the Mughal official into a Persianate scribal articulation of ideal social order that saw the masculine as the default gender of law. This scribal vision of order then converged with the Orientalist’s universalist narrative of natural law that struggled to comprehend simultaneously the legal, economic and bodily agency of Muslim women. These layered processes of archive-making ultimately invite us to rethink not just Fatima’s story itself but also our current efforts to write gender into global history.

DRIVING OF STRUGGLE VALUES AS MORAL PRESSURE TO CONSTRUCT THE KHAYRA UMMAH SYSTEM

The drive of struggle values and moral pressure in social systems and organizations are interdependent. A good social system is strongly influenced by the values of struggle and moral pressure, so that everything contained in struggle and morality is reflected in social life. Thus, an ideal social order can be constructed through a patented moral approach in a blueprint. In this article, the blueprint of moral pressure refers to the struggle values of KH. Mahmud Zubaidi as a transformative figure in Indonesia in his struggle to construct a civil society, namely a community of the best society (khayra ummah). The study of khayra ummah is specific to the contextualization of KH. Mahmud Zubaidi's concept of prophetic da'wah as moral pressure. This research uses an ethnographic qualitative approach involving 14 key interfaith informants in Indonesia. The results of this study indicate that KH Mahmud Zubaidi's prophetic da'wah carries three pillars of khayra ummah that are constructed as strugle values and moral pressure, including: amar ma'ruf (humanization), nahi munkar (liberation), and iman billah (transcendence). The construction of these three pillars is coordinated by a university as a product of its struggle, which is then translated into various academic and non-academic activity programs. The contextualization of prophetic da'wah and its difference are also discussed.

Эффект колеи, культура и «критические моменты» в институциональной истории

In the article, the path dependence is considered, first of all, as a cultural phenomenon. Culture is understood as a stable, reproducible image of an ideal social order in historical time. It is identified with informal institutions that underlie formal institutions. Culture, on the one hand, is the binding material of historical epochs, and on the other hand, for this reason, it can also act as an institutional trap - an obstacle to modernization. Public opinion polls and toponymy can serve as indicators of national cultural characteristics. In Russia, these include the clear prevalence of positive assessments of the role of Stalin over similar assessments of Gorbachev and the preservation of toponymy of the communist era. The concept of critical junctures can be used both to explain the mechanism for getting on and off the historical track. In the article, it is illustrated by the diverging paths of Lithuania and Belarus in the 20th century. As a result, it is concluded that getting out of path dependence is possible, but requires a rare combination of key events, and therefore is the exception rather than the rule.

Gandhian Concept of Ramrajya to Mythology and Modernism

Throughout Hindu literature, but especially in the Ramayana, an ancient Indian epic, the word Ramrajya is used to represent a utopian society characterised by just and equitable rule. It's a metaphor for a perfect society where everyone is treated fairly and provided for. As a metaphor for a just and peaceful monarchy, Ramrajya is commonly used to refer to a system of government in which the monarch acts justly and fairly toward his people. Throughout history, this idea has served as motivation for a wide range of political and social groups whose leaders sought to create a more just and fair society. One of the most influential figures in India's fight for independence, Mahatma Gandhi, had an outlook that was consistent with the tenets of the Ramrajya theory. Truth, nonviolence, self-sufficiency, and social equality were all central to Gandhi's ideal social order. Every person, in his view, should strive for personal growth and give back to their community. Gandhi's approach to leadership and social relations stressed the significance of spirituality, simplicity, and moral ideals.

The Comprehensive Research of Feminism in Edith Wharton's Novels

Chinese literature and foreign literature constitute the world literature system, reflecting the wisdom of human literature and art. The two promote each other and progress together, facing the development of Chinese literature against the background of foreign literature. Based on the theory of literary criticism and comparative literature, this thesis comprehensively uses the literature research method, the psychology research method, the close reading of texts, the comparative research method and the "three theories" research method to evaluate and analyze the feminism often shown in Wharton's novels. This paper deeply understands Wharton's exploration of the ideal social order and ideal new women, and displays from more perspectives the features of this outstanding writer and the social culture at that time, as well as the lasting charm and the value of The Times of her works, so as to provide reference for the creation of Chinese feminist literature.

Christian Social Activism and Rule of Law in Chinese Societies, edited by Fenggang Yang and Chris White.

<i>Christian Social Activism and Rule of Law in Chinese Societies</i>, edited by Fenggang Yang and Chris White.

YENİ BİR SİYASET BİÇİMİ OLARAK DATAİZM

Today, when big data technology has made great progress, it is discussed whether digital technologies can be used as a mechanism for social benefit that exceeds human will. The development that forms the basis of these discussions is algorithms and artificial intelligence technologies. The fact that our entire lives are connected to the internet reveals the possibility that algorithms that know us better than ourselves can make better predictions for both individuals and the benefit of society. On the other hand, there are also hesitations that the existence of technology as a technical infrastructure will encompass the whole society as a social benefit. The purpose of this study is to discuss whether algorithms will further marginalize existing unequal social relations at the point of social benefit or will they build an ideal social order as the philosophy of dataism advocates. For this purpose, in the first part of the study, the new power technique that neoliberalism emerged with the developing technology and the effect of this technique on people's consciousness were emphasized. The first part provides a basis for the purpose of the study, as the power techniques also give a clue about the way politics is implemented. In the second part of the study, it is questioned how the philosophy of dataism, which approaches the sovereignty of algorithms from a cyber-utopian perspective, will change the way of doing politics. In the conclusion and discussion part, algorithms are evaluated in the context of politics, human will and social benefit. The study is an evaluation article and is based on theoretical analysis.

The Amir's Homily of Rudyard Kipling: A Binary of Colonial Attitude Towards Afghans

This article deals with the analysis of the short story, ‘The Amir’s Homily’ of Rudyard Kipling’. It questions the colonial attitude of the very prominent British poet, short story writer and novelist of 20th century whose depiction of the natives is based on stereotyping. Kipling penned down number of poems, short stories, and novels from the last decade of the 19th century to the third decade of 20th century. The story “Amir’s Homily” mirrors the character of Afghan nations and a subsequent coercion of the iron ruler, Amir Abdul Rahman Khan. Analysis of the contents shows that throughout the story, the author sticks to the binary construct of ‘Self and Other’. His commentary and dialogues in the story show a narrative that determine Afghans the most unruly people under the stars and they deserved to be ruled and subjected to consistent oppression. On one hand, the story conditions Afghans and their Iron Amir (ruler) as dialectical opponents while on the other hand, he discards both parties and compares English Queen and people who are entwined in a human relationship. It reflects how English Queen is praised and honored and presented as a demi-god to be worshiped and idealized. On the other hand, his word choice and vocabulary for Afghan king and natives are completely harsh and dehumanizing. His ideal social and political order is only English order while others are crooked and uncivilized and do not deserve to be respected and valued.

Nisā` Diction as the Concept of Women's Domestic Social Piety in al-Qur’an

This library research analyzes the word Nisā` in al-Qur'an, which describes the women’s domestic roles and standards of social piety in Islamic view. It uses the philosophical-hermeneutical approach and social piety theory to analyze the data. This research results in three main findings: First, social piety in Islam manifests responsibility as God's caliphs on earth. Second, one of social piety description in Islam is by the use of word Nisā` repeatedly in different verses and surahs of al-Qur'an. The last, Nisā` diction to describe the social piety concept, according to al-Qur'an, places women in the domestic dimension to show women's participation as God's caliphs on earth in building the ideal social order. This research contributes to the gender studies overlooked by previous researchers, as the concept of Nisā` in al-Qur'an was ignored.

İletişim Biliminin Oluşumunda Pozitivist Epistemolojinin Rolü

İletişim bilimi, teknik ve teorik bilginin yakınlaşmasını sağlayan pozitivist epistemolojinin bir sonucudur. Bu yakınlaşma eğiliminin temel motivasyonunu ideal bir toplumsal düzene ulaşma isteği oluşturmaktadır. Fizik biliminde devrim yaratan buluşların etkisi ile 17. yüzyıldan beri insan düşünce ve davranışlarını kontrol etmenin yasalarını oluşturmaya çalışan düşünürlerin teorileri, 20. yüzyılda kitle iletişim araçlarında gerçekleşen gelişme sayesinde uygulamaya yönelik bir hal almıştır. 17. yüzyıldan beri pozitivist epistemolojinin en güvenilir bilgisi olan fizik biliminin, teorinin pratiğe geçmesinde önemli katkıları vardır. Fizik bilimi birçok sosyal bilimler disiplinin oluşumuna etki ettiği gibi, iletişim biliminin oluşumuna da etki etmiştir. 20. yüzyılın başlarında sosyal bilimler disiplinlerini ilişkisel bir şekilde ele alan iletişim bilimi, toplumsal değişimi açıklamaktan ziyade gerçekleştirmek sorunsalına odaklanan bir bilim dalıdır. İletişim bilimine bilimsel meşruluk konusunda getirilen en temel eleştiri, temel bir epistemolojiye sahip olmadığıdır. İlginçtir ki iletişim biliminin oluşumuna etkisi olan pozitivist epistemoloji, bilimsel meşruluk tartışmalarının da konusudur. Bu tartışmanın oluşmasını sağlayan iki temel konu vardır: 1) İletişim disiplinini sosyal bilimler içerisinde pozitivist bir temele oturtma çabası, 2) doğa bilimlerinin felsefi yorumunu yaparken düşülen hatadır. Çalışmada, doğa bilimleri ve sosyal bilimler arasındaki etkileşimi gerçekleştiren pozitivist epistemolojinin, iletişim biliminin oluşumundaki rolü literatür taraması yöntemi ile araştırılacaktır. Bu bağlamda iletişimin biliminin bilimsel meşruiyeti konusundaki tartışmalara yanıt aranacaktır.

Doctrinal analysis of legal compromise and its role in human rights

Doctrinal analysis of legal compromise and its role in human rights

The Confucius’ Traces in Current Chinese University Teaching

The study in-depth of The Analects gives us an idea of how the Confucius’ ideas for society were. The Master always advocated bringing social reforms through the education of individuals in society. He wanted to develop an ideal social order through the cultivation of ideal lifestyles and the full development of the personality of the individuals. Through years of experience and the thorough analysis of the behaviour of Chinese teachers and students when teaching and learning it has been shown that the main principles of Confucian teachings are still present in crucial figures such as the teacher, the class monitor and the students; as well as in several factors that determine the teaching such as motivation, the teacher's reprimand, the students’ shyness and the memorization of concepts.Furthermore, it is particularly important to compare the European teacher with the Chinese one, sincethe former is mainly influenced by the Greco-Roman philosophy and the thinkers of the Enlightenment;the latter is tremendously influenced by the ideas of Confucius despite the fact that they were bornmore than 2,500 years ago.

1946년『인기학소론(人紀學素論)』의 출간과 그 의의

This study examines the authorship of the book《The basic discourse of Sinhomismo study》 published in 1946 by Sinhomismo study society and its contents and implications.BR This book was written by a co-work of the Minjok-kunyang-hoe(民族建揚會) including Park Jin, Cho Yoon-je, Kim Chang-Sook under the leadership of Lee Jong-Ryul.BR The philosophical basis of Lee Jong-Ryul`s national revolutionary theory had come from the contents of this book. Marx thought that the kingdom of nature would only be possible if the post-socialist productive forces were highly developed. In this book, however, Marx`s view is right in the advanced region, but in the backward region like Korea, it starts with the national revolution and can be accomplished as the completion of the national revolution. Based on Marx`s theory, he focused on the relative uniqueness and importance of human consciousness and tried to present a new human philosophy called Sinhomismo study.BR The publishment of this book aimed to establish ideal social order and ethics necessary for new country.

DIALOG DAN KERUKUNAN UMAT BERAGAMA DI INDONESIA DALAM PEMIKIRAN A. MUKTI ALI

Indonesia as a pluralistic country inherited the spirit of tolerance, peace and recognize religious pluralism and unity of truth as a form tantularisme, the religious fervor that has a religious typology, non-doctrinaire, tolerant, accommodating and optimistic. To achieve harmony among religious believers in Indonesia, every religious followers should understand and respect the religious beliefs of different shapes. There are five concepts of thought offered by Mukti Ali to respect religious diversity and creating a harmonious: syncretism, reconception, Synthesis, replacement, and agree in disagreement. The fifth concept is realized in the form of dialogue as a means of forming harmony. Inter-religious dialogue is the means used Mukti Ali in his efforts to form unity. Dialogue and harmony among religious believers is a bridge that can not be separated, both will be interrelated because in the quest for harmony be required also inter-religious dialogue as a means of dialogue, friendship and cooperation in creating an ideal social order.

FIGURATIVE POLITICS: HOW ACTIVISTS LEAD BY EXAMPLE TO CREATE CHANGE*

Scholars and activists have recently taken particular interest in prefigurative politics, a type of action where activists embody their ideal social order in the present, pushing for change through leading by example. However, the prefigurative politics concept has had limited use in broader understandings of protest. This is because: (1) prefigurative politics became associated with leftist and antihierarchical positions; (2) prefigurative politics are conceptually limited to future-oriented movements. I propose a more encompassing understanding of this type of collective action: figurative politics. Figurative politics has two key dimensions: value-rational action and prolepsis. A sociohistorical analysis of a Depression-era agrarian organization called the Farmers' Holiday Association illustrates how this broadened concept provides unique insights into movement strategies and actions. Motivated by a catastrophic wave of farm foreclosures across the Midwest, the Holiday created pockets of an older societal form to delay or fix public foreclosure auctions.

THREE CONCEPTS OF POLITICAL STABILITY: AN AGENT-BASED MODEL

Abstract:Public reason liberalism includes an ideal of political stability where justified institutions reach a kind of self-enforcing equilibrium. Such an order must be stable for the right reasons — where persons comply with the rules of the order for moral reasons, rather than out of fear or self-interest. John Rawls called a society stable in this way well-ordered.In this essay, I contend that a more sophisticated model of a well-ordered society, specifically an agent-based model, yields a richer and more attractive understanding of political stability. An agent-based model helps us to distinguish between three concepts of political stability — durability, balance, and immunity. A well-ordered society is one that possesses a high degree of social trust and cooperative behavior among its citizens (durability) with low short-run variability (balance). A well-ordered society also resists destabilization caused by noncompliant agents in or entering the system (immunity).Distinguishing between these three concepts complicates the necessary reformulation of the idea of a well-ordered society. Going forward, public reason theorists must now distinguish between types of assurance, specify heretofore unknown aspects of reasonable behavior, and reconceive of the nonideal preconditions for forming a stable, ideal social order.

Curriculum History in Europe: A Historiographic Added Value

This article advocates for a particular understanding of curriculum history that enables educational research to emancipate itself from national idiosyncrasies. It suggests focusing, in the frame of a cultural history, on the interrelation between the constitutions, which define the ideal social order and the envisaged ideal citizens, and the curriculum, which provides “educational opportunities” – that is, pre-organised or preconfigured pathways of educational careers. The article thereby stresses that the fundamental notions of this research program – nation, society, and citizen – need to be handled as floating signifiers that are materialised differently in the various individual nation-states. The article argues that against this background, a European education history that respects national or cultural distinctions without getting trapped by national idiosyncrasies is possible.

No Safe Heaven

Adopted from the Greenwich bombing which had taken place in 1890, The Secret Agent is a dramatic portrayal of the sociological concept of “anomie” – radical disorder in the social structure and consequent personal dislocation. Despite its ironic scepticism, the novel carries with it certain implications for conduct. It does not amount to a political program, any more than it provides to a moral code, but it suggests an ideal social order through its representation of a world with order. This paper thus seeks to explore Conrad’s version of a modern world in a state of fragmentation.

The fateful phoenix: the revival of Al-Qa’ida in Iraq

Although the Islamic State in Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS) is seen as a novel manifestation of Islamic extremism, it is in fact the latest, albeit perhaps the most effective, of a long line of revivalist movements in the Islamic and the Arab worlds. Its motivations – hisba and jihad – differ little from its predecessors and its ambitions – to create a state organised in accordance with the precepts of the Islamic caliphate – reflect a long-standing Islamic ambition. It differs, of course, in terms of the sophistication of its political and military strategies, which mirror the contemporary complexities of the world in which it operates, but its objectives recall long-standing Islamic ideals, even if articulated in radically brutal and extremist ways. More importantly, perhaps, ISIS or Da’ish, to give it its Arabic sobriquet, reflects the enormous degree of resentment inside the Middle East at the ways in which Western powers have intervened in regional affairs over recent years, particularly their support for regimes and economic systems there that have betrayed, in the popular imaginary, the essential principles of social justice that lie at the root of Islamic vision of ideal social order. Indeed, in many respects, its analysis of the world in which it operates and of the objectives it seeks differ little in essence from those any other resistance and rejectionist movement, whether religious or sectarian. More specifically, it has been the sectarian conflict that resulted from the reversal of political order in Iraq as a result of the 2003 American-led invasion that has driven the success of the movement in capturing widespread Sunni support. Whether it can manage the complexities of the administration of a state remains open to question.