Idea Of Universality Research Articles

Cleavages and identities in the changing landscape of world politics

The article advocates updating the research concerning divided societies and complexly organized states. It addresses the genesis and advancement of complex identities of social actors and political agency. The discussion focuses on the correlation between the structuration and content saturation of identities. The use of operational interfaces from fundamental distinctions to various kinds of divides, demarcations and polarizations leaves still unresolved the problem of qualitative parameters of identities, and ways to represent and analyze them. Innovative approaches developed by Russian political scientists take into account the relationship between the processes of world development and the identity of its development drivers and agency from individual political actors to complex social movements. The article shows that the effective deployment of the respective research program requires not only external accounting of the temporal parameters, but full integration of modern evolutionary approaches into their methodology. It is necessary to overcome the usual interpretations of identity in the singular as an abstract universal idea. Equally it is necessary to move to the study of the complex interaction of the acting forces of development and the formation of a dynamic flow of individual and mutual identifications in the plural. To this end, it is suggested not only to update the Rokkanian paradigm of demarcations by expanding the set of distinctions and making the whole structure more dynamic, but also to use the possibilities of extended evolutionary synthesis.

Rapacki Plan: Policy of Small States in Central and Eastern Europe in Second Half of 1950s

This article addresses the role of small states in addressing security issues in Central Europe. Through an examination of the development of the Rapacki Plan, the authors trace the distinctive features of the national interests of small states in both Western and Eastern Europe. These interests were oriented towards the advancement of European integration, the resolution of the German question, and the mitigation of political and economic dependence on the USSR. Special attention is given to the Federal Republic of Germany’s (FRG) membership in NATO and the roles played by the United States, the United Kingdom, and other alliance members in attempts to address European security issues at the level of small states. Although the Rapacki Plan was never fully realized, its objectives were partially achieved. First, the arming of the FRG with American nuclear weapons and the deployment of American intermediate-range missiles on its territory were prevented; second, economic cooperation expanded, initiating the erosion of the “Iron Curtain”; third, a “universal idea of nuclear-free zones” emerged; and fourth, concrete steps were taken to prevent nuclear war.

Mit uniwersalnej biblioteki i idea definitywnej książki: konteksty i kontrowersje

The article is aimed at describing two examples of man’s dream about totality. In the introduction, the author considers the concept of a universal library and definitive book. The first part includes an analysis of various existential conceptions of total library, and first of all, Borgesian, presented in his famous text “Library of Babel” as well as his concept of Aleph as a universal point with its access to the whole reality. Also, the catastrophic idea of a universal library created by Kurt Lasswitz is presented. The second part of the article is devoted to the concept of a definitive book. Here the famous text written by Borges “The Book of Sand” is considered. Besides the author presents the idea of universality included in the Enlightenment encyclopedias as well as the scientific Biblia project developed by Novalis. In the last part of the article, a comparison is made between the physical library and the virtual library.

Parmenides and the Origins of the Heavenly Sphere in Ancient Greek Cosmology

Abstract Aristotle presented an influential conception of the universe consisting of a sphere of fixed stars with a spherical Earth at its centre. A spherical conception of heaven and Earth appears also in Plato’s writings. In presocratic cosmology, the idea of a spherical universe appears provably first in the thoughts of the Pythagoreans and Parmenides. But while there is no surviving evidence for the cosmology of early Pythagoreans, various sources mention in relation to Parmenides a solid surrounding part and a spherical Earth at the centre of the universe. Being, which Parmenides had likened to a sphere, may have moreover in a cosmological sense referred to ‘heaven’. Furthermore, we can observe in presocratic cosmologies a development which shows that the cosmology of heavenly sphere appeared in the fifth century BCE. Although Parmenides is commonly thought to have influenced especially ontology, one can argue that it was he who introduced the concept of a heavenly sphere to cosmology, a notion which in Aristotle’s thought evolved into the notion of a sphere of fixed stars forming the boundary of the world.

UNIVERSALISM TO CONTEXTUALISM: METAMORPHOSIS OF POST-INDEPENDENCE INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

India has an exceptionally rich architectural history. It has undergone various phases of architectural development with majority of them dictated by political influences rather than societal needs. It was only in the middle of 20th century, more precisely after independence that the architecture of India started its journey in the search of its own identity. That too led to the implantation of foreign ideas of Universalism in the shape of Modern Architecture under the political patronage of the then Prime minister Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru. It was an attempt to do away with historicism and revivalism in favour of rationalism with the idea of progress to project India as a progressive nation in front of the world. But, in search for this identity, the context and cultural continuity was lost to a greater extent. This paper delves into the architectural journey of Indian architecture in the Post-independence period

The Interrelationship of Moral Education and Human Rights: How are moral education and human rights related?

Purpose: ‘Moral Education’ is a major field in the study of education, characterized as a systematic process that provides a structure of meaningful activities for engaging young individuals to help them acquire a set of beliefs that guide their intentions and attitudes towards others and their environment / society in terms of outlook and morality. It focuses on the prevalent norms, values, and virtues which prompt individuals to reflect and act according to their axiological responsibilities. ‘Human Rights’ are those inherent moral claims of all human beings without which they cannot live as human beings. After the formation of the UN in 1945 and the proclamation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights on 10th December 1948, they revolved around the ideas of Freedom, Equality, Justice, Human Dignity, Inalienability, Indivisibility, and Universality. Now they hold prime consideration in Education as well. This study explores the interrelationship of Moral Education and Human Rights in Pakistan to facilitate scholars, activists, and educationists to identify the areas of their common interests and collaborate more meaningfully. Method: A qualitative study employing a systematic review, survey, and some structured interviews was undertaken in order to find some common parameters from which it may be tentatively concluded that Moral Education and Human Rights are interdependent. Results: The results largely indicate that the study will provide a strong foundation to make meaningful changes in the domain of Moral Values Education, with particular emphasis on the context of Human Rights and training educators to be the most important “vehicle” for impact. Conclusion: The study establishes the significance of Moral Education and its efficacy in institutions highlighting the interdependence of Moral Values Education and Human Rights. It also presents some state-of-the-art implementation measures to secure lifelong learning possibilities using integrative approaches to foster knowledge and competencies related to ethics and values education.

DIGITALIZATION OF POLITICS AND ELECTRONIC VOTING: FEATURES AND NATIONAL EXPERIENCE

Digitalization of politics is determined not only by the technological capabilities and accessibility of digital benefits for the general population, but also by the interests and goals of political actors, elites and states. The result of digitalization of politics is e-government. The Anglo-American e-government model is based on the idea of universality and serviceability of public service provision. The Asian model of e-government is associated with a multi-level structure of the state apparatus and meeting the information needs of citizens. The continental-European model of e-government is based on the principles of democracy, openness and protection of personal data. The Russian model of e-government seeks to improve the quality of relations between society and the state, as well as to improve the quality of public service provision. A key form of policy digitalization is electronic voting, which is based on blockchain technology. For the first time, e-voting was implemented in the United States and in European countries (Estonia). In 2000, electronic voting was first implemented in Russia, and currently two types of electronic voting are used: remote electronic voting and a ballot processing complex at polling stations. Digitalization of politics opens up new opportunities and horizons for interaction between public and state structures. Digital technologies in politics can make political participation more accessible, increase competition and reduce the level of political absenteeism.

Возможные миры художественного текста: когнитивно-семантический аспект репрезентации времени (на материале романа В.В. Орлова «Альтист Данилов»)

This article studies the temporal organization of a literary text from the standpoint of a cognitive semantic approach. Literary time is considered in close connection with the meanings that form the semantic space of a text. The correlation of events within which literary time is manifested shows the direction of literary time, which, in its turn, participates in the formation of thinkable worlds. The study aimed to determine and describe the features of the construction of thinkable worlds within the literary time semantically marked in a literary text. The practical significance of the research lies in identifying and describing the principles of structuring possible worlds by means of their temporal coordinates, representing a synthesis of a hero’s physical and psychological time, with the inclusion of markers of historical time in the semantic space of a literary text. The author studied V.V. Orlov’s novel Danilov, the Violist using the inductive-deductive and comparative methods, cognitive and semantic analysis, as well as philological interpretation. A conclusion is drawn that literary time in this novel is of great importance for the organization of thinkable worlds. Its most frequent markers are segodnya (‘today’) and teper’ (‘now’), lexicalizing the cognitive and semantic features of a world which reminds the reader of objective reality, albeit distant in historical time, as well as of a fantasy world, whose properties are unreal. Orlov creates a synthesis of the hero’s physical and psychological time, which can also include historical time (in that case, the reader’s background knowledge is involved, making it possible to correctly decode precedent phenomena). The semantics of literary time in the novel is hierarchical and systemic: textual representatives manifest both universal ideas about time and author’s individual variability in the perception of chronological intervals, which affects the emotional sphere of the reader.

ADVANCED LEARNING AS AN IMPLICIT MODEL OF CONTINUOUS EDUCATION

By modeling and analyzing the levels of knowledge of students in school disciplines, the great didactic significance of more general and universal ideas in the process of forming students’ thinking during learning has been revealed. Presenting particularly important aspects of the process of generalization of students' knowledge and existing interpretations of one model of advanced learning, ways to implement the ideas of continuous education within the framework of fundamentalization and strengthening of the methodological approach of the educational process are identified. The application of the presented model of advanced learning allows to generalize fundamental ideas, universal concepts and methods, which are the basis for the formation of thinking in the following discipline by using general logical methods of scientific knowledge (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, modeling, analogues, etc.). The subject of the study is to reveal the fundamental possibilities of advanced learning in the process of implicit transfer of students' knowledge. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the development and implementation of an advanced learning model aimed at improving the quality of learning in the context of continuous education, based on the implicit transfer of student knowledge. It is shown that in advanced learning, the objects of advance are such fundamental ideas, concepts, and methodological approaches which in their essence are core for the process of knowledge transfer. Consistent application of advanced learning is an effective tool for generalizing students' knowledge which contributes to the formation of students' thinking. As a result, the concept of “Advanced learning as an implicit model of continuous education” was has been put forward.

How did COVID-19 Social Security Measures Resemble Universal Basic Income? A Comparative Study of OECD Countries

When the COVID-19 pandemic hit, governments were mainly relaying on pre-pandemic policies when introducing changes to social policies. However, the crisis did lead to transformative action as well. In this article, we explored the novel direct payments, delivered beyond existing social risk categories such as unemployment or sickness. Our exploration demonstrates that most Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries did not introduce novel payments. Exceptions were Australia, Chile, Colombia, Denmark, Israel, Italy, Japan, Spain, South Korea, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Seven countries also continued and modified payments while the crisis continued. All the novel direct payments met some of the characteristics of universal basic income (UBI). The idea of universality was realised in Japan and South Korea. The key findings of this study suggest that the COVID-19-related novel direct payments were primarily emergency benefits for people affected by the pandemic and interpreted as quasi-basic income in times of crisis.

2D/3D structure engineering of dual-phase Mo2C/MoO2-decorated rGO aerogels for electromagnetic waves absorption

The rational design of structure and regulation of composition in micro/nano-scale is of great significance for broadband absorbing properties of lightweight aerogels. Herein, the controllable dual phase Mo2C/MoO2-decorated rGO aerogels are prepared by designing the Mo-rGO precursor, which possesses heterostructure interfaces and three-dimensional structures. The dual-phase of Mo2C/MoO2 was controlled and nanoparticles were dispersed on the surface of graphene. The interconnected rGO sheets construct continuous network for electron transport, which facilitates conduction loss and multiple reflections inside the aerogel. The Mo2C/MoO2 nanoparticles decorated on rGO sheets contribute sufficient interfacial and dipole polarization, and improve the impedance matching and strengthen the loss capacity of electromagnetic waves. The as-prepared Mo2C/MoO2/rGO aerogel exhibits considerable electromagnetic wave absorption performance with a minimum reflection loss of −42.1 dB at 12.5 GHz and an effective absorption bandwidth of 5.6 GHz (10.6–16.2 GHz) at a thin thickness of 2.2 mm with a low density of 9.8 mg·cm−3. This Mo2C/MoO2/rGO aerogel would be a promising material for electromagnetic wave absorption in wide application fields, and it also provides a universal idea for constructing low-density broadband microwave absorption material by structural and composition engineering.

Universality of human rights: theoretical dimension

The article is sanctified to theoretical research of the concept of the universality of human rights as a process of establishment of corresponding norms and mechanisms of universal character with the aim of defence and providing of human rights, and also concept of universality - as an achievement of certain perfection in the protection of human rights. This universality shows up as a transcendent aspect. Universal rights are rights everybody has that as personality, regardless of legal space or historical time. Consideration of this aspect is very important for the ground of absoluteness of human rights. The idea of universality of human rights is based on position that human rights have exterritorial character and that their realization and defence are not business only of the separate states, but is the article of general interest. Universality of human rights arises out of universality of human nature. Quality of practical changes in development of the modern states largely depends on ideas about universality of human rights and reasons of optimization of human rights.
 Problem of the general understanding of concept of universality of human rights, causes much violation of human rights and freedoms, and her it costs to decide through the search of ways of understanding of universality of rights and freedoms, through description of basic elements that determine maintenance of the modes of human rights, by finding out of all totality of descriptions each of elements - right and moral, social and other terms that can come forward as a stimulant or vice versa, their realization prevent. The most frequent misunderstanding in relation to understanding of universality of human rights arises up when speech йдеться about countries that develop, that not only feel different difficulties of economic, social and cultural character in realization of that or other convention on human rights but also in relation to different reasons does not welcome omnifying of human rights or, at least up to a point, behave to her with a carefulness. It is in-process carried out research of theoretical analysis of different conceptions of understanding of universality of human rights, discussion and discussion of opinions of supporters of cultural relativism and universalism.
 Today by a reference-point in the difficult and contradictory situations of the modern world, there must be universal human rights, that would express the clear limits of his freedom, place in society, to intercommunication with the state or with other individuals. Must yield to no doubt in the modern world, judgement, that human rights are an inalienable, inalienable achievement of all humanity.

Communication in Unbidden Flow

The world has always been greatly shaped by communication. Globalization through communication is at its peak in all fields. In technology, education, medicine, the economy, etc., globalization and communication have already made unbreakable achievements through universal ideas. Ideas cannot be built without proper communication.

Stenger, Gerhardt. Le Triomphe des lumières. Perrin, 2024

Résumé: Published in 2024, this book is one among a series of current reappraisals concerning the Enlightenment (Antoine Lilti or Robert Darnton, for instance) to question the impact of the philosophers and authors of the Encyclopédie, their ideas of universalism and how much their novel ideas contributed to the advent of the 1789 French revolution. Gerhardt Stenger offers an elegant and lively portrait of the encyclopedists, their personal and financial situations, and their motives for their participating in the translation of Chambers. He addresses the questions of universalism (and perhaps tenets of decolonization) from the historical frame of the advent of the Enlightenment, as centered on the epic developments and battles of l’Encyclopédie. As well, through Diderot’s alliances, his mails to his mistress, his strategies, we gain an intimate portrait of the man and his emotions regarding his engagement in the encyclopedic project. Stenger’s book is at once intensely scholarly and eminently accessible, in fact a great teaching tool for graduates and undergraduate students alike. Rousseau’s interferences will be at once more shocking, and yet intelligent and reasonable. Stenger discusses carefully selected encyclopedic articles representative of nodal disputes, such as the respective and conception of “citizen” (Diderot versus Rousseau), leading to a citizenship of rights (human rights eventually) as well as duties. For sure you will also laugh at the depiction of Diderot and d’Alembert occasional disputes. Stenger tells us about this adventure in such a way that we perceive what life possibly entailed in terms of writing and publishing, the compulsory homage to religion and power, and as well, how ministers, playwriters, powerful encyclopedic allies and enemies shaped the volumes or simply protected and championed them or failed one way or the other.

Основной вопрос философии образования

The article postulates the fundamental importance of the educational ideal in the socio-philosophical discussion on the topic of education and in the disciplinary discourse of the philosophy of education. The key milestones in the evolution of the concept of "educational ideal" are described, capturing the ideas that had a strong influence on changing its configuration. The theoretical origins of the study of the phenomenon of the educational ideal can be traced back to the times of antiquity, when the ideas of anthropocentricity and universality of the educational ideal and the duality of its form (meaning and purpose) arose. In subsequent eras, the educational ideal is discussed along these same substantive lines, with some adjustments to the spirit of the times. The ideas of the Enlightenment era became a turning point: the possibility of a universal educational ideal was called into question, and the contradictory idea of its sociocultural and historical-political conditionality was strengthened. The institutional substantive line of the educational ideal is developing. The attitude, rooted in the ideas of the utopians, to think of the ideal through its counter-ideal, which most often was the current state of the system, is being consolidated. The term "educational ideal" appeared in the writings of social thinkers of the 18th and 19th centuries. And it became the object of scientific analysis only in the second half of the 20th century, with the strengthening of the autonomous status of the philosophy of education. In the article, the educational ideal is considered a concatenation of meanings crystallized in the course of the historical development of social thought, reflection on the processes and content of education. The educational ideal is understood as an image of perfection that regulates ways of knowing and acting in the field of education, embodying in all its manifestations the idea of education and objectified in its purpose. The study of historical transformations of the concept "educational ideal" made it possible to determine its characteristics: ontology, invariance of the value core, simultaneous historicity and ahistoricality, conceptuality of content, and ideality of form.

An Application of Syntactic Semantic Analysis in English and Arabic Translation

This paper aims at studying certain syntactic and semantic aspects in English and Arabic. It specifically applies the syntactic method of Transformational Generative Grammar (TGG) and the semantic model thematic roles in certain English sentences and their Arabic translation from a linguistic point of view. It provides a theoretical background of TGG and thematic roles as the basic framework of the analysis applied in this study. The data includes selected English sentences from three different short stories along with their Arabic equivalents. The co-analysis of the English sentences and their Arabic translations is based syntactically on Chomsky's TGG (1965) and semantically on Fillmore's thematic roles (1977). The results of the study shows that syntax and semantics within these two languages make some kind of interface. This emphasizes the idea of linguistic universals advocated by Chomsky. The application of co-analysis indicates that the syntactic and semantic aspects can be relatively similar in English and Arabic particularly in terms of the type of the noun phrases in the deep and surface structures and semantic roles. The study concludes that translation is a practical field where the feasibility and utility of linguistic theories and ideas can be tested, and that integration and application of more than one approach in translation such as TGG analysis and semantic roles can help in producing more appropriate translations. However, it should be stated that syntax semantics interface and its overlapping can't be solely used in translation studies.

Corvids in the Buryat Traditional Worldview

Using a structural-semiotic approach together with a comparative historical one, and based on ethnographic, lexical, and folklore sources, this study focuses on the raven and the crow as characters in Buryat mythology. Buryat terms for these birds are of Mongolian origin. Folk beliefs concerning the raven are more elaborate than those concerning the crow. The image of the raven is ambiguous, whereas the crow is an unambiguously negative character. The analysis of vocabulary and of the minor genres of folklore shows that Buryats paid attention to the various zoological features of these birds: plumage color and voice in the crow; plumage color, size, beak, flight duration, collectivism, emotionality in expressing joy and greed in the raven. The essence of both birds of prey was believed to be impure. The raven symbolized heaven, spring, vigilance, war, masculinity, and rancor. Being intelligent and independent, the raven was the Buddhist deity’s aide. Unlike the crow, the raven was patronized by evil spirits and other demonic characters. The crow was a feminine character, a symbol of sky, winter, water, bloodlust, and rumor. Both birds were associated with shape-shifting. The Buryat views, then, combined specifically ethnic and universal ideas about corvids.

„DUBLjE DNO DUŠI NO STRADANjU“

The novel Nebo, tako duboko by Vesna Kapor belongs to a type of lit- erature that in a certain way resists the contemporary novelistic tendencies to deal with external traits of the characters and their relationships with the world ‒ the novel deals with internal character traits, i.e. human soul, as well as with the concept of the meaning of life. After losing their only child, the parents’ souls are torn between maintaining a kind of illu- sion that physical death is not final, and, on the other hand, questions about the shortness of human existence on Earth. It seems that two main features or two dimensions of this poetic novel ‒ lyrical and metaphysical ‒ arise from these two directions. The character (a lament) and the theme of the novel (the death of a young, close person and the absence of time distance) are delicate and require the mastery of narration and stylistic expression, which gives the novel a lyrical dimension. It is also possible to analyse the novel from the point of view of metaphysics, which is manifested through at least three phenomena: the phenomenon of time (given to man on Earth), the phenomenon of the secrets of the other world (can a man change the course of his destiny?) and the phenomenon of storytelling (as a way of resisting the transience of life and inevitability of death). These phenomena are deeply rooted in Christian idea of Love for another, as well as in a universal idea of the power of the story which can overcome even death itself, that is, to preserve the memory of life through storytelling.

The Interrelationship of Moral Education and Human Rights: How are moral education and human rights related?

Purpose: ‘Moral Education’ is a major field in the study of education, characterized as a systematic process that provides a structure of meaningful activities for engaging young individuals to help them acquire a set of beliefs that guide their intentions and attitudes towards others and their environment / society in terms of outlook and morality. It focuses on the prevalent norms, values, and virtues which prompt individuals to reflect and act according to their axiological responsibilities. ‘Human Rights’ are those inherent moral claims of all human beings without which they cannot live as human beings. After the formation of the UN in 1945 and the proclamation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights on 10th December 1948, they revolved around the ideas of Freedom, Equality, Justice, Human Dignity, Inalienability, Indivisibility, and Universality. Now they hold prime consideration in Education as well. This study explores the interrelationship of Moral Education and Human Rights in Pakistan to facilitate scholars, activists, and educationists to identify the areas of their common interests and collaborate more meaningfully.
 Method: A qualitative study employing a systematic review, survey, and some structured interviews was undertaken in order to find some common parameters from which it may be tentatively concluded that Moral Education and Human Rights are interdependent.
 Results: The results largely indicate that the study will provide a strong foundation to make meaningful changes in the domain of Moral Values Education, with particular emphasis on the context of Human Rights and training educators to be the most important “vehicle” for impact.
 Conclusion: The study establishes the significance of Moral Education and its efficacy in institutions highlighting the interdependence of Moral Values Education and Human Rights. It also presents some state-of-the-art implementation measures to secure lifelong learning possibilities using integrative approaches to foster knowledge and competencies related to ethics and values education.

Deciphering the Boundaries of Ottoman Armenian Female Identity in Zabel Yesayan’s My Soul in Exile

Deciphering the boundaries of female identity in the history of thoughts has been a deep-seated problematic issue since the mainstream, throughout the centuries, put strong emphasis on non-feminist discourses. When specifically focused on the Ottoman Empire, the circumstances, and obstacles that women encounter had no difference than their European counterparts. Ottoman Empire which was a land of different cultures, religions, and ethnic groups, witnessed a fundamental shift in terms of women rights in the 19th century. As a pattern of the Empire, the Ottoman Armenian women writers shed light on some postcolonial issues as well as feminist ones almost a century ago before it is theorized. The concepts of unhomeliness and hybridity as universal ideas are proven to be also timeless in the works of Zabel Yesayan, an Ottoman Armenian women writer, particularly in My Soul in Exile. This study aims to analyze the cultural richness of the women’s rights movements in the Ottoman Empire fed by different shareholders, such as Ottoman Armenian women writers in this particular paper. To have a better and deeper understanding of cultural and historical roots of women’s rights movements consolidates the construction of a stronger female identity since it will prove where we started and how we proceeded. Consequently, this paper intends that hearing multiple voices raised from the same geographic location, as well as being aware of and informed about different challenges, would be a watershed moment in the history of women, consolidating our steps and enriching our cultural heritage.