Idea Of Trust Research Articles

The Constitutional Concept of Solidarity in Eu Law: Some Reflections on The Interrelationship Between Solidarity, Constituent Power, and Non-Domination

The notion of solidarity is a key constitutional concept in EU law, but its exact meaning remains somewhat vague. What, if anything, is ‘constitutional’ about solidarity we may readily ask? It could be argued that solidarity is connected to the structure of EU law and linked to the very idea of trust, loyalty, and interdependence between the Member States. Moreover, solidarity appears to have many traits that are similar to the notions of fairness and justice, and values in the EU. In this article, I will trace and discuss the similarities between solidarity on the one hand and other constitutional concepts such as the idea of a ‘constituent power’ and non-domination on the other in order to further clarify their meaning and interdependence.

The Rise of the Talking Journalist: Human Voice, Engagement, and Trust in Live Journalism Performance

ABSTRACT Live journalism performances have become a rising trend in journalism to gain audiences’ trust and engagement. This article examines how live journalism shows bring talking journalists into the limelight. It illustrates how audience’s experiences regarding journalistic talk provide an understanding of how the idea of trust is negotiated during a performance. The empirical material includes audience surveys and interviews from the Finnish live journalism show Musta laatikko in 2019. By bringing together aspects from journalism studies, social psychology, and sound studies, the article demonstrates the nuanced ways audiences discuss the atmosphere of the show. Especially interesting is how audiences experienced journalist’s professional competence through talk. Notably, talk as a medium was seen to reduce, in positive ways, the distance between a journalist and audience but not the trust between them. Finally, the article demonstrates how live journalism and live talk can provide audiences with much-welcomed algorithm-free and full-concentration possibilities to consume journalism.

Symposium Introduction: Discourse Ethical Perspectives on Education in Polarized Political Cultures

Symposium Introduction: Discourse Ethical Perspectives on Education in Polarized Political Cultures

A Survey of the Interpretability Aspect of Deep Learning Models

Deep neural networks have attained near-human degree of quality in images, textual, audio, and video recording categorization and predictions tasks. The networks, on the other hand, are still typically thought of as black-box functional probabilistic models that transfer an input data to a trained classifier. Integrating these systems into mission-critical activities like clinical diagnosis, scheduling, and management is the next stage in this human-machine evolutionary change, and it necessitates a degree of confidence in the technology output. Statistical measures are often employed to estimate an output's volatility. The idea of trust, on the other hand, is dependent on a human's sight into a machine's inner workings. To put it another way, the neural networks must justify its outputs in a way that is intelligible to humans, leading to new insights into its internal workings. "Interpretable deep networks" is the name we give to such networks. The concept of interpretability is not one-dimensional. Indeed, the variability of an interpretation owing to varying degrees of human comprehension necessitates the existence of a plethora of characteristics that together define interpretability. Furthermore, the model's interpretations may be expressed in terms of low-level network variables or input properties. We describe several of the variables that are helpful for model interpretability in this study, as well as previous work on those dimensions. We do a gap analysis to determine what remains to be improved to increase models interpretability as step of the procedure.

Features of interethnic trust of various ethnic groups representatives of a multicultural region

The paper presents the results of a study conducted in 2021 of perceptions of trust in interethnic relations of representatives of various ethnic groups of a multicultural region. The purpose of the study was to examine the components of trust of ethnophores, to identify ideas about the factors affecting interethnic trust. The study used the authors methodology to assess the structure of ideas about interethnic trust, trust factors, as well as revealing the self-assessment of the ability to trust in interethnic relations. Respondents were offered a modification of the methodology Unfinished Sentences by Sachs Levy in the authors modification, reflecting the respondents understanding of the interethnic aspect of trust and the degree of trusting relationships to individual ethnic groups. When analyzing the features of the ideas of interethnic trust, the methodological development of the assessment of the structure of the ideas of trust was used by M.M. Borisova, S.D. Gurieva. The Students t-test was used in the study to determine the statistical significance of differences in average values. The sample consisted of 418 respondents, representatives of ethnic groups of Ossetians, Russians, Chechens, Kabardians, Georgians who live in the territory of the North Caucasus Federal District of the Russian Federation (Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, Chechen Republic and Kabardino-Balkarian Republic). The study involved two age groups: the first respondents from 16 to 25 years old; the second respondents over 25 years old. The results of our study showed that the cognitive component in the structure of perceptions of trust prevails throughout the sample of subjects, regardless of age and ethnicity. As factors influencing interethnic trust, respondents identified: personal qualities of ethnophores, behavioral characteristics, the history of relations between peoples, social environment, knowledge about other peoples, the state, as well as the media.

The Moral Orders of Matchmaking Work: Digitization of Matrimonial Services and the Future of Work

The digitization of matrimonial matchmaking has implications for work but also subjective notions of family, femininity, parent-child relations, community boundaries which this work relies on. This paper is based on qualitative, ethnographic fieldwork with matchmakers working with middle-class, upper-caste Hindu and Parsi communities in metropolitan India and offering services alongside, or as an alternative to the now widely used online matrimonial services. Through our fieldwork, we found all matchmakers engaged with digital technologies' involvement in the ongoing churn around modern choice. Matchmakers engaged with this wider social discourse through ideas of trust, autonomy and genealogy and in doing so they responded to and re/produced varying imaginations of the future of families, community, individuals. Our findings contribute to an understanding of the digitization of a service as well as make a case for widening the conceptual scope of the future of work debate currently dominated by economistic conceptions of work. By paying attention to the links between the productive and reproductive spheres of life, we follow labor and capital into the families and communities they reside in order to see the variety of moral projects capital can be invested in.

A New Mandate for the Revived UN Trusteeship Council1

Reviving the United Nations Trusteeship Council (UNTC) and the evolution of the idea of trust in the global domain underscores that there are places, territories, and areas known as ‘global commons’ that require special and careful nurturing. The TC under the UN Charter sought to continue the spirit and essence of the ‘sacred trust’ with a ‘new mandate,’ even as it now lies dormant since 1994. From a scholarly perspective, such a move eminently makes sense since it could bring to life an entity within the UN. It will essentially serve as a guardian of the global ‘common concerns’ and ‘common heritage of mankind’ as well as the global environment. It would serve as a trustee for the present and future generations of humankind. A revived TC with a new mandate (for the environment and the global commons) could strengthen the UN and vindicate one of the core purposes for which the ‘United Nations’ came together (in 1945) with a solemn resolve “to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained”

Book Review—At Our Best: Building Youth–Adult Partnerships in Out-of-School Time Settings

Gretchen Brion-Meilsels, Jessica Tseming Fei, and Deepa Sriya Vasduevan’s At Our Best: Building Youth–Adult Partnerships in Out-of-School Time Settings brings together the work of over 50 youth and adults to build a youth–adult partnership praxis centered around ideas of trust, problem-solving methodologies, democratic participation, and collective action. The book, focusing on youth–adult partnerships for the purpose of social change, explores a set of field-expanding questions such as, “What do youth–adult partnerships look like in practice?” and “What are the relational and organizational practices that enable youth–adult partnerships to exist?” In addition to youth workers and youth development organizations, other groups of adults would benefit from reading the chapters’ rich exploration of dilemmas and strategies, such as funders, K-12 educators, and evaluators. Ultimately, this book honors young people and youth workers as important actors in social change and elevates the importance of their joint efforts. The deep relationship between youth work and a strong democracy clearly emerges, challenging us all to be “at our best.”

Novas formas de performance social no contexto digital da “economia da partilha”

This article investigates how Airbnb and Blablacar use the concept of haring to impact the ways of production of digital capitalism and organize new forms of social dramatization. Through the analysis of the interfaces of these digital platforms, it is argued in the paper that such structures provide to the people using services of the organization of an idealized portrait of themselves, that is branded by social imaginaries about collaborative work, mutual trust and communitarian life. It was also found that the functioning of these platforms stimulates the construction of security spaces grounded on procedures of identity validation which are self-regulated through processes of two-sided review and mutual surveillance between both kind of participants. The aim of these processes is to ensure the reliable use of the services between consumers and providers. However, verifying that the success of the sharing economy is based on the idea of trust among peers, it was notice that such platforms can be spaces of reaffirmation and reproduction of social inequalities previously felt among social groups historically discriminated.

Public Enforcement of EU Antitrust Law: A Circle of Trust?

The concept of trust is key to effectively enforcing the EU antitrust prohibitions in the ECN multi-level administration context. The manifestation of this concept is identified at different stages of the public enforcement system, where the Commission and the NCAs share the enforcement workload and assist each other's actions. Various EU legislative, soft-law and case-law landmarks have progressively contributed to developing this idea of trust, culminating with the adoption of Directive 2019/1, which aims to render NCAs as more effective enforcers of Articles 101 and 102 TFEU. In this paper, we intend to determine whether the Directive furthers the trust already established in the last fifteen years of enforcement experience. We first track the development of the trust in the NCAs' EU antitrust enforcement work and assesses the building-blocks on which trust is shaped. Next, we evaluate the Directive's core elements (dealing with institutional design, enforcement and sanctioning powers, leniency, mutual assistance, etc.), in order to gauge their trust-enhancing potential, and to test whether the Directive correctly follows through the EU hard-, soft-, and case-law. We also look into any remaining enforcement gaps, which may undermine the trust between the European antitrust enforcers, and consequently the Directive's core objectives.

Identifying top persuaders in mixed trust networks for electronic marketing based on word-of-mouth

The identification of top persuaders from social networking websites is increasingly attracting attention because they can significantly affect consumers’ purchasing decisions in electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) marketing. Existing studies on the identification of top persuaders have mainly focused on the idea of trust and have not considered distrust. However, this omission may lead to a high negative impact of the top persuaders identified from trust networks. To address this issue in the context of mixed trust networks, this study formulates the top persuader identification problem and develops a novel approach to identifying top persuaders. The structural properties of mixed trust networks are investigated through four measures: the degree of distribution, the correlation coefficient of trust and distrust, the cumulative distribution of the ratio between the degree of distrust and the degree of trust, and the mix pattern. To adapt to the context of mixed trust networks, a mixed trust PageRank (MTPR) index is conceived to evaluate the influential power of a top persuader. Reinforced by the dimensions of trust and distrust, the MTPR-based approach is proposed to identify top persuaders in mixed trust networks. The experimental results using real-world data collected from Epinions show that the proposed approach outperforms the degree centrality approach and the PageRank approach.

Trust and National Belonging: Welfare for Disabled Veterans in Bohemia (1914–1918)

Abstract This contribution examines the role of trust in disabled veteran welfare in Bohemia during the First World War. It places this concern for disabled veterans’ trust in a wider political context as trust emerged as a specific concern in Cisleithanian political discourses on administrative reform around 1900. In the context of welfare for disabled veterans in Cisleithania, trust gained novel importance. Medical and occupational experts deemed it imperative to gain disabled veterans’ trust to maintain their role as experts and developed specific strategies of emotionally engaging with disabled soldiers to gain their trust. Karl Eger, a military official, emerged as an influential actor in Bohemian welfare for disabled veterans. He propagated a welfare administration based on local welfare boards, which would supposedly possess disabled veterans’ trust. His idea of trust was, however, based on concepts of national communities and he implemented it to re-organize disabled veteran welfare based on nationality.

Trust and Society: Suggestions for Further Development of Niklas Luhmann's Theory of Trust.

This paper addresses an apparent gap in the work of Niklas Luhmann. While the issue of trust continues to receive widespread attention in the social sciences, Luhmann's interest in this topic declined following the development of his systems theory. It is argued that this decline does not reflect any diminished relevance of trust for systems theory, but rather that the architectural remodeling of theory cannot easily be applied to the issue of trust. Here, the issue of trust is reconceptualized as a connection medium. This entails a reconstruction of Luhmann's early theory of trust, especially with regard to function and social positioning. In this context, trust can in turn be linked to the concept of medium in Luhmann's late work. As a connection medium, trust mediates between the different levels of sociality-interaction, organization, and society. These theoretical considerations are employed to develop a more applied framework for empirical research, with a brief case study from southern Italy. From this perspective, the idea of trust as society's glue is seen to be overly simplistic. The common ethical understanding that more trust leads to a better society is also questioned on the grounds that social cooperation can also lead to social sclerosis. Finally, risk and trust are shown to accommodate the formation of different cultures of trust. The paper shows how Luhmann's updated version of trust can inspire current research and enhance our understanding of how trust operates in contemporary society.

Public health policies in Chile: seeking to regain trust

Healthcare represents a key area in the public agenda. In the case of Chile, this central part of citizen demands has emerged with an increasing criticism of the health system, its actors and institutions, while a major democratic and legitimacy crisis in Chilean society unfolds. The starting point of this analysis is the link between the critical and widespread societal dissatisfaction with the legitimacy crisis in the health sector. There is an interdependence and parallelism between these two different aspects of the crisis. The analysis is built around the dimensions of trust and legitimacy as a potential driver of the conflict, taking as an analytical framework the socio-political matrix. Conceptual elements around the ideas of trust and legitimacy in public policies are reviewed. This article focuses on recent situations surrounding the dynamics of the Chilean health system such as the rise of the Instituciones de Salud Previsional (ISAPRE) and the market-driven health system, the failed health care reform of the last decade, conflicts of interest in the formulation of public policies, loss of legitimacy of healthcare authorities, and the role of the health professionals in this process. Finally, a discussion arises seeking to regain public trust as a central issue for the future development and sustainability of health policies.

Trust and Public Companies: Beginning to Reconceptualise Corporate Law in a Networked World

The rise of the information age has led to what some have referred to as the network society. The rise to prominence of the network society is likely to change the nature of corporate organisation and activity. It is also likely to have huge implications for how we think of corporations- ideas that the corporation is a ‘nexus of contracts’ or a means of reducing ‘transaction costs’ will no longer accurately describe the true nature of the modern ‘network enterprise’ which the corporation has become. Arguably, the idea of trust can be more closely associated with this new form of network enterprise. It is also likely that many of the previously dominant ideas in corporate governance, such as agency theory and shareholder primacy, will no longer be adequate for articulating how best to govern the modern network enterprise. This is largely because they conflict with a wider trust-oriented approach. Such an approach facilitates greater stakeholder engagement in corporate governance. This article suggests that, going forward, trust and embedded stakeholder ideas will play a greater role in the organisation and governance of corporations.

Relationship type, condom use and HIV/AIDS risks among men who have sex with men in six Chinese cities

This study is the first to examine the role of partner type in sexual practices of men who have sex with men (MSM) in China. Using cross-sectional self-administered questionnaires (N=692) with MSM in six Chinese cities (Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Xi'an, Dalian and Beijing) in 2008, this paper examines MSM's sexual practices, particularly condom use with different male and female partner types. We categorise sexual partner relationships into five types: partner/spouse, boyfriend/girlfriend, acquaintance, stranger and sex worker and hypothesise that the greater the affective distance between the partners, the greater the likelihood of engaging with intimate act and the lesser likelihood condom use. Results show that respondents had more MSM than heterosexual experiences. Relationships tended to be short-term, multiple (more than two) and concurrent (simultaneously two or more) principally with other men and to a lesser degree with women. Findings reveal that affective distance varied with partner types. Respondents performed more intimate acts (e.g., kissing, caressing) with intimate or stable partners (partner/spouse, boyfriend/girlfriend) than casual or unknown partners (acquaintance, stranger, sex worker). Condom use decreased when the affective distance with a partner increased. We conclude that partner type is a key factor of HIV infection among MSM in China; short-term, multiple and concurrent relationships are clear risk factors. Future research should focus on the subjective varied meanings of relationships, the idea of trust and the dynamics with different relationships to understand HIV infection of MSM in China.

Civilisation and its disconnects

PurposeThis paper aims to explore some initial and necessarily broad ideas about the effects of the world wide web on our methods of understanding and trusting, online and off.Design/methodology/approachThe paper considers the idea of trust via some of the revolutionary meanings inherent in the world wide web at its public conception in 1994, and some of its different meanings now. It does so in the context of the collaborative reader‐writer Web2.0 (of today), and also through a brief exploration of our relationship to the grand narratives (and some histories) of the post‐war West. It uses a variety of formal approaches taken from information science, literary criticism, philosophy, history, and journalism studies – together with some practical analysis based on 15 years as a web practitioner and content creator. It is a starting point.FindingsThis paper suggests that a pronounced effect of the world wide web is the further atomising of many once‐shared Western post‐war narratives, and the global democratising of doubt as a powerful though not necessarily helpful epistemological tool. The world wide web is the place that most actively demonstrates contemporary doubt.Research limitations/implicationsThis is the starting place for a piece of larger cross‐faculty (and cross‐platform) research into the arena of trust and doubt. In particular, the relationship of concepts such as news, event, history and myth with the myriad content platforms of new media, the idea of the digital consumer, and the impact of geography on knowledge that is enshrined in the virtual. This paper attempts to frame a few of the initial issues inherent in the idea of “trust” in the digital age and argues that without some kind of shared aesthetics of narrative judgment brought about through a far broader public understanding of (rather than an interpretation of) oral, visual, literary and multi‐media narratives, stories and plots, we cannot be said to trust many types of knowledge – not just in philosophical terms but also in our daily actions and behaviours.Originality/valueThis paper initiates debate about whether the creation of a new academic “space” in which cross‐faculty collaborations into the nature of modern narrative (in terms of production and consumption; producers and consumers) might be able to help us to understand more of the social implications of the collaborative content produced for consumption on the world wide web.

Habitual Trust in Encountering Violence at Work

• Summary: This article analyses attitudes towards client-perpetrated violence among Finnish social workers and nurses. The research material consists of 25 theme interviews and 20 thematic writings which are examined by means of content analysis.• Findings: Although statistics show that among all the professional groups in Finland, people working in social welfare and health care are most likely to encounter violence, the risk of violence is underestimated by these professionals. In addition, violence that has taken place is not recognized as `real' violence, but as an excusable expression of clients' distress, or as a justified reaction to the employees' conduct. By using Niklas Luhmann's idea of trust as a way of ignoring risks in spite of being aware of them, the present study shows how trust is at the core of professional activity for caring professions such as those of social workers or nurses. Pierre Bourdieu's concept `habitus', in its part, explains the way in which trusting has became part of a professional orientation which works automatically and seems natural. The study shows that trust orientation is deeply embedded in professional practices, and therefore slow to change.• Applications : These findings have implications for the prevention of violence: the structural level of the social formation of the habitual trust orientation should be taken into account while the formal policies of prevention are planned.

Confiança nos Contratos Eletrônicos: uma Observação Sistêmica

The present paper aims at making an observation of the obligatory relations in a complex society and demonstrates how the juridical dogma has been reacting in face of the current aspects of such relations. The contract, accepted as a legal institution that emerges from an obligatory relation, presents itself different in relation to its traditional conception. Due to the advent of the Internet, emerged something that is called ‘electronic contract’. The methodology to be used is the Niklas Luhmann’s Theory of Social Systems. The law, seen as a structure of generalization of normative expectations and from an idea of trust, can build alternatives in making decisions on the law’s field of obligation.

What's Wrong with Torture?

Why is torture morally wrong? This question has been neglected or avoided by recent moral philosophy, in part because torture is by its nature especially difficult to discuss. Torture involves degrees of pain and fear that are often said to be utterly indescribable; indeed, these experiences are sometimes said to destroy in their victims the very hope of any sort of communication or shared experience whatsoever. Torture has proved surprisingly difficult to define. There is no clear agreement on the distinction between torture, coercion, and manipulation, or whether such techniques as sleep and sensory deprivation, isolation, or prolonged questioning should count as forms of torture. In addition, we may be fearful of deriving some sort of perverse titillation from the subject, or of being able to dispassionately contemplate the agonies of real victims of torture. Those who have not suffered torture may well feel What’s Wrong with Torture? DAVID SUSSMAN