Human Ideas Research Articles

Creating the “New Man”: From Enlightenment Ideals to Socialist Realities (review)

Reviewed by: Creating the “New Man”: From Enlightenment Ideals to Socialist Realities Aaron J. Cohen Creating the “New Man”: From Enlightenment Ideals to Socialist Realities. By Yinghong Cheng. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 2009. 280 pp. $60.00 (cloth). For a variety of reasons, the core of world history as a field has focused largely on the economic and political history of the world before 1900. The strength of Yinghong Cheng’s Creating the “New Man” lies in the author’s attempt to contribute to a world history of twentieth-century ideas. Like the concept of the New Man itself, this book is a bold experiment based on an old idea that never quite realizes its ambitious goals. Cheng’s main goal is to revive “world communism” as an object of comparative world historical study through the example of the idea of the New Man. He traces the concept (understood as “New Human,” he points out, in most languages except English) from its theoretical origins in the Enlightenment to its praxis in the Soviet Union, Maoist China, and Castro’s Cuba. The New Man, in Cheng’s definition, is the “idea of remaking people” combined “with a belief in human malleability facilitated by environmental determinism” (p. 46). Twentieth-century communists hoped to build a new society through the cultivation of a new human being whose consciousness would be oriented toward socialist values rather than old values of materialism and individuality. Cheng believes that this effort was a major aspect of communist ideology, culture, and policy across the globe. The main empirical conclusions of Cheng’s work are convincing. Communists in different countries interpreted the New Man idea slightly differently to achieve larger ideological and practical tasks. The Soviets weakened it in the narrow context of increasing efficiency in a technical and bureaucratic socialist economy, while the Maoists, mindful of the Soviet experience, sought to uphold the broader vision of remaking human nature to complete the revolution. The Cubans, tellingly, were attracted to the Maoist vision despite Cuba’s official alliance with the Soviet Union. In both countries, the goal of the New Man informed educational, ideological, and other government projects. The twentieth-century communist idea of the New Man, by implication, [End Page 423] was therefore most important in countries that still needed to develop socialism after a nationalist or nonsocialist revolution. China and Cuba viewed the idea as a way to revolutionize aspects of society that were still unrevolutionized, whereas the Soviets found the concept less useful in an already revolutionized and stable industrial economy. A section on its influence in the developing world drives this point home. In many ways, Creating the “New Man” is a traditional history of political ideas, and some will find that its approach has an anachronistic, old-fashioned feel. Although the book is a comparative history, Cheng appears to have no other language besides Chinese and relies upon translations and secondary sources for the non-Chinese material. The main sources are the published works of famous politicians or party functionaries in official publications, and no archival sources in any language appear to have been consulted. As might be expected, there are occasional errors or oversimplifications, most often in the non-Chinese areas where Cheng is not an expert. The discussions of the nineteenth-century background and the Soviet Union are scanty. Most expert readers will probably find the book’s broader conclusions less convincing than its discussion of the variations of the New Man in communist ideology. Cheng asserts that the New Man was critically important in the implementation of policies in China and Cuba, but the discussion of the concept as an idea located in the words of important thinkers makes it difficult, if not impossible, to bridge the gap between idea and reality. The author’s assertions about the importance of the New Man idea seem to be based mostly on the assertions of its importance by propagators of the idea, not an analysis that links the idea to praxis. Missing are detailed discussions of how intermediaries such as the news media, political parties, or other public institutions might have shaped the understanding or implementation of the New Man idea...

The Inner Self in the Renaissance and Shakespeare's Tragic Characters

Despite postmodern literary critics’ anti-essential conception of man in the Renaissance, Renaissance thinkers and artists believed in the nature of man and embodied such a belief in their works. Staying away from our contemporary ideological polemics on the human nature, this paper examines the inner self in the Renaissance in relation to Shakespeare’s four tragic characters: Hamlet, Cordelia, Romeo, and Juliet. The inner self was not a new concept in the Renaissance period. What was new was the attitude and direction of the concept. As a political power became concentrated on the kings of the modem nations, prudence seemed to be the courtiers’ best policy for political survival. The Reformation also put extra pressure on the contemporaries, who sometimes had to conceal their religious convictions for the sake of personal safety. On the other hand, disillusioned by dissembling in the court and the Reformed world, people desired the virtue of sincerity, which was also strongly supported by the Reformers who believed in the human emotion overt reason. Keenly aware of the differences between inner and outer, Shakespeare’s tragic characters criticize dissembling, a strategy of prudence as a representation of the self. And they also give priority to ‘that within.’ Their sincerity as an inner power looks insignificant, but it eventually causes the corrupt society to fall down and helps the society to recover a healthy state thanks to their tragic sacrifice. Postmodernists’ idea of the self in the Renaissance is a projection of their own self-image. The completely autonomous self demystified by the postmodern literary critics was the idea of man espoused by liberal humanism, which was actually unknown to the Renaissance men. A study of the inner self in the Renaissance as related to Shakespeare allows us to discover truth in its own historical contexts and to reflect on our modem or postmodern life.

Research of medical students participating early in the clinical medical services

Medical students participating in chnieal medical early is one of the good ways to cultivate students'all-around qualities From freshman year medical students begin to enter chnical medical service system and make clinical practice in spare time,They are also trained to link theory with practice to caltivate clinical thinking ability,strengthen its humanistic care idea and doctor-patient communication ability so that medical students will know the sacred profession of being adatov and from the idea of sewing patients work of the sacred doctor,set up'professional service to patients'concept. Key words: Medical students; Early; Clinical medical care

Living in “The Sense of the Past”: Solipsistic Impulses in the Domesticscapes of Edmond de Goncourt and Mario Praz

ABSTRACTThe nineteenth century's private sequel to the earlier, more public Age of Enlightenment was lustrous, well-upholstered rooms packed with artworks and mnemonic traces. The de Goncourt brothers, both of them witty reporters on the Journal, celebrated the solipsistic impulses of the age at 53, Boulevard Montmorency in Auteil, the dwelling for which Edmond de Goncourt provided a detailed inventory in La Maison d'un Artiste (1881)–a catalogue raisonné of bibelots, fabrics, patterns and furnishings that claimed to be something of an interior decoration handbook. Edmond de Goncourt rated an “almost human affection for things” higher than a woman's love. Similar sentiments are to be found in Mario Praz's La Casa della Vita (1958) and in his own house in Rome. Though both were middle-class intellectuals, art lovers rather than true collectors and hoarders of stylistic souvenirs d'égotisme, they furnished and displayed their homes in different ways. Edmond's home was designed and furnished to convey a cultured man's artistic idea of himself, even though the collection was destined to be broken up and then reformed as a new ideal, the Académie Goncourt. By contrast, Praz's home was a flowingly embroidered account of past events in which the objects' formal and emotional referencing was paramount. As he wished, the apartment became a museum: a house for living in thus reverted to the original Egyptian meaning of a “Home of Eternal Life.” Though both liked lens-eye views of interiors, de Goncourt preferred a fixed descriptive focus whereas Praz favored narrative multivision. De Goncourt's vantage point was external to the objects themselves, but Praz's stance was that of the passionate self, lost in the objects and, ultimately, himself.

The International Ecumenical Peace Convocation: Towards an Ecumenical Theology of Just Peace?

The International Ecumenical Peace Convocation: Towards an Ecumenical Theology of Just Peace?

Brain-Computer Interaction and Medical Access to the Brain: Individual, Social and Ethical Implications

This paper discusses current clinical applications and possible future uses of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) as a means for communication, motor control and entertainment. After giving a brief account of the various approaches to direct brain-computer interaction, the paper will address individual, social and ethical implications of BCI technology to extract signals from the brain. These include reflections on medical and psychosocial benefits and risks, user control, informed consent, autonomy and privacy as well as ethical and social issues implicated in putative future developments with focus on human self-understanding and the idea of man. BCI use which involves direct interrelation and mutual interdependence between human brains and technical devices raises anthropological questions concerning self-perception and the technicalization of the human body.

Lyndan Warner. The Ideas of Man and Woman in Renaissance France: Print, Rhetoric, and Law. Women and Gender in the Early Modern World. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2011. xiv + 264 pp. index. illus. bibl. $119.95. ISBN: 978–1–4094–1246–5.

Lyndan Warner. The Ideas of Man and Woman in Renaissance France: Print, Rhetoric, and Law. Women and Gender in the Early Modern World. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2011. xiv + 264 pp. index. illus. bibl. $119.95. ISBN: 978–1–4094–1246–5.

Przewaga idealizmu w życiu i twórczości Melecjusza Smotryckiego

Meletius Smotrytsky’s creative output is almost entirely of a polemical character, since this form and style of scholarly discourse was predominantly used in his times. This method of writing brought him both notoriety and fame. He is to be credited for permanently accommodating the developments of humanistic ideas in the early Baroque period. On the other hand, his changing ideological and religious attitudes, a phenomenon at that time widely regarded as completely natural, led to his recognition as a poet of historical-cultural idealism and religious self-awareness of the Russian people. For Smotrytsky, participation in the life of the Orthodox Church and the Kiev Catholic traditions was the basic principle of scholarly reflection. And owing to his influence this standard also defined the direction of polemical religious conceptions in the first half of the seventeenth century.

<i>Ett rum för sig: Subjektframställning vid 1900-talets slut: Ninni Holmqvist, Hanne Ørstavik, Jon Fosse, Magnus Dahlström och Kirsten Hammann</i> (review)

* Kristina Hermansson. Ett rum for sig: Subjektframztallning vid 1900-talets slut: Ninni Holmqvist, Hanne Orstavik, Jon Fosse, Magnus Dahlstrom och Kirsten Hammann. Goteborg, Stockholm: Makadam forlag, 2010. Pp. 287. am essentially myself? Or rather: I become, as a product of language? We live in a time characterized by a deep contradiction when it comes to our views on the topic called According to many scholars, a predominant transformation of the subject has taken place and the fluctuation between two distinct positions in literary and theoretical works is a fact: the humanistic idea of people as more or less autonomous individuals and the poststructuralist position which in a number of ways decentralizes and deconstructs the subjects. This observation, expressed in many late novels and theories, is central for the study of Kristina Hermansson. In her doctoral thesis Ett rum for sig: Subjektframstallning vid 1900-talets slut: Ninni Holmqvist, Hanne Orstavik, Jon Fosse, Magnus Dahlstrom och Kirsten Hammann Hermansson scrutinizes the establishment of the subject and the various aspects of identity that occupied five Scandinavian novels from the 1990s. The literary works studied are; Ninni Holmqvist's Nagot av bestaende karaktar (Something of Lasting Character 1999) and Magnus Dahlstrom's Hem (Home 1996), Hanne Orstavik's Kjorlighet (Love I997), Jon Fosse's Bly og vatn (Lead and Water 1992), and Vera Winkelvir by Kirsten Hammann (1993). The novels, two from Sweden, two from Norway and one from Denmark, are studied in relation to international theory on subject and identity, mainly to the ideas of such influential scholars as Judith Butler, Zygmunt Bauman, Anthony Giddens and Michel Foucault. Each novel gets a chapter of its own and is scrutinized in relation to one of the four major categories of importance, namely nomenclature, intimacy, spatiality, and corporeality. In her analyses, Hermansson centers on the ways the novel's figures are depicted in relation to theoretical discussion of subject establishment. The use of pseudonyms and names in Ninni Holmqvist's Nagot av bestaende karaktar is examined in relation to Judith Butler's discussion of nomenclature and Anthony Giddens's comments on the establishment of the self. Here Hermansson traces the linkages between the functions of the names and the problems of identity raised in the novel and in contemporaneous theory. The relationship between identity and intimacy is discussed in the chapter on Hanne Orstavik's Kjorlighet and spatiality is examined in Jon Fosse's Bly og vatn in relation to Michel Foucaults heterotopia, an achieved utopia in order to show how the novel stages a male fantasy. …

Humanizem Primoža Trubarja

In order to determine the role of (Renaissance) humanism in the life and work of the “father of standard Slovenian” Primož Trubar (ca. 1508–1586), this study raises the following questions: 1) Where did or could Trubar encounter humanist ideas and meet their propagators? 2) Are there elements in his thought and writings that can be associated with humanism? 3) Did he help spread humanist values and, if so, to what extent? Trubar first encountered humanism around age sixteen at the court of the bishop of Trieste, Peter Bonomo (1458–1546), one of the leading Viennese humanists under Emperor Maximilian I (d. 1519). The young Trubar belonged to a group of clerics that attended the bishop’s readings of Virgil and Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam. It was through Bonomo that Trubar must have come into contact with the Swiss humanist and Protestant reformer Heinrich Bullinger (1504–1575). Trubar’s writings, especially his letters and Bible translations, reveal the prevailing influence of Christian humanism. Criticizing clerical abuses and popular superstitions, Trubar presents himself as an advocate of Church reform and renewal. On the other hand, he often refers directly to Erasmus, “the crowning glory of the Christian humanists.” Moreover, Kozma Ahačič’s systematic analysis of Ta evangeli svetiga Matevža (The Gospel of Matthew, 1555) shows that Trubar’s translation was based on the Basel edition of Erasmus’s Novum Testamentum (1542). Apart from the written word, Trubar highly appreciated preaching; his sermons, aimed at promoting “the true Word of God,” could likewise transmit (Christian) humanist ideals. However, the historical sources provide insufficient information to enable a reliable assessment of Trubar’s contribution to the spread of humanism.

Humanizem Primoža Trubarja

In order to determine the role of (Renaissance) humanism in the life and work of the “father of standard Slovenian” Primož Trubar (ca. 1508–1586), this study raises the following questions: 1) Where did or could Trubar encounter humanist ideas and meet their propagators? 2) Are there elements in his thought and writings that can be associated with humanism? 3) Did he help spread humanist values and, if so, to what extent? Trubar first encountered humanism around age sixteen at the court of the bishop of Trieste, Peter Bonomo (1458–1546), one of the leading Viennese humanists under Emperor Maximilian I (d. 1519). The young Trubar belonged to a group of clerics that attended the bishop’s readings of Virgil and Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam. It was through Bonomo that Trubar must have come into contact with the Swiss humanist and Protestant reformer Heinrich Bullinger (1504–1575). Trubar’s writings, especially his letters and Bible translations, reveal the prevailing influence of Christian humanism. Criticizing clerical abuses and popular superstitions, Trubar presents himself as an advocate of Church reform and renewal. On the other hand, he often refers directly to Erasmus, “the crowning glory of the Christian humanists.” Moreover, Kozma Ahačič’s systematic analysis of Ta evangeli svetiga Matevža (The Gospel of Matthew, 1555) shows that Trubar’s translation was based on the Basel edition of Erasmus’s Novum Testamentum (1542). Apart from the written word, Trubar highly appreciated preaching; his sermons, aimed at promoting “the true Word of God,” could likewise transmit (Christian) humanist ideals. However, the historical sources provide insufficient information to enable a reliable assessment of Trubar’s contribution to the spread of humanism.

Karl Emil Franzos: um literato entre a Europa Central e a semi-Ásia

Karl Emil Franzos' (1848-1904) oeuvre represents a caesura within the literary tradition known as Ghettoliteratur and marks the establishment of clearly drawn borders separating the world of Eastern European Jewry from the so-called civilized Europe. Thegradual penetration of 19th. Century humanistic ideas - in particular, those of the philosopher Moses Mendelssohn- in the world of traditional Jews has led to a deep conflict within European Jewry in the 19th. Century, and Franzos is one of those litterati who voices this conflict, clearly defending the modern and emancipated part of the community, and setting it against the religious-traditional sector. It would be no exaggeration to say that this conflict is the main subject of his oeuvre, andthat it gives voice to some paradigms which have become increasingly important both for the way emancipated Jews saw themselves and for the anti-semitic discourse which has gained momentum in late 19th Century Germany and Austria.By identifying traditional Jews with Asian barbarians, Franzos applies the terms of the mind of Enlightenment and plays a crucial role in the establishment of two complementary Jewish-European identities: that of the Ostjude (Eastern Jew) and that of the Westjude (Western Jew).

"The Sweetness of Polish Liberty:" Sixteenth-Century British Jesuit Exiles to Poland-Lithuania

From the late 1550s until 1601, twenty-two men who fled Britain to join the Society of Jesus lived for a time as exiles in Poland-Lithuania. This number included eleven English Jesuits and eleven Scottish Jesuits. Of these men, the first to enter the Society was an English coadjutor brother, William Lambert, who joined in 1557. The last to join were Scotsmen David Leonard Kinard and James Lindsay, who both entered in 1601. Yet beyond a recitation of the bare statistics, the idea of men from the western reaches of Europe negotiating their lives so far east suggests three meaningful historiographic questions that this article explores: Who were these individuals and what can we uncover about their backgrounds? Why did the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth prove an amenable home for Catholic religious exiles, especially British Jesuits, in this period? And, most importantly, what does an examination of the lives of these Jesuits reveal about the nature of religious exile in Early Modern Europe?

On the affiliation of phenomenology and ordoliberalism: Links between Edmund Husserl, Rudolf and Walter Eucken

This paper explores the various personal and intellectual links between Edmund Husserl, Rudolf and Walter Eucken. Our interdisciplinary approach gives an insight into Husserl's transcendental phenomenology, Walter Eucken's Ordoliberalism as well as in the interdependency between phenomenology and economics for which Rudolf Eucken's philosophy of intellectual life plays an important role. Particular affiliations between phenomenology and economics can be found in the following topics: epistemology, the idea of man, the comprehension of liberty and the importance of legal or social orders, institutional rules and frameworks of regulations.

Corporate Culture and Employee Mentality Capital Agree with Influencing Factor Analysis

In the enterprise development process, many companies put on the corporate culture and employee knowledge of psychological capital to stay in their respective functional areas, and can not really establish a humanistic ideas, nor will it recognize employees of psychological capital in the building of enterprise culture in the transmission and amendments to the role of corporate culture has led to the actual out of touch with employees, corporate culture can not achieve the desired results. Based on the corporate culture factors, staff factors affecting the psychological capital, define and analyze the introduction of corporate culture and employee fit the psychological factors of capital as an intermediary variable, and then study its outcome variables to explore the corporate culture and employee fit the relationship between psychological capital, build corporate culture and employee fit model of psychological capital. In this thesis, 10000 employees survey, empirical study found that employees in the corporate culture and fit the psychological capital, intermediate variables and outcome variables was significant positive correlation, based on empirical analysis of comments and suggestions.

Acupuntura y dolor: una historia en tres partes: Primera parte: Historia del dolor y de la acupuntura desde la Antigüedad hasta el siglo xix

Background The issue ‘pain’ has preoccupied mankind from the very beginning. Still, this individual phenomenon, which depends on physical, emotional, spiritual, and cultural factors, has yet to be fully understood, but is of vital interest. Acupuncture is one of the oldest and most effective means of pain therapy. In its theory, it provides an interface for body, emotion, mind, and culture. Aim By portraying and analyzing the historical evolution it will be shown that a modern understanding of both pain and acupuncture can lead to an integrative therapeutic approach, and that acupuncture –due to its physiological concepts and its idea of man– can lead to an all-encompassing approach in pain therapy. Methods In-depth study of literature, long-time practical experience in the therapy of acute and chronic pain, intensive study of acupuncture in historical context, as well as practical, own clinical and basic research, and knowledge in medical history as well as sinology, thereby joining the competences of two university institutes. Results The first part analyzes the history from ancient times up to the 19th century. It is found that within the course of history, the interpretation of pain has always been a synthesis of individual sensation and cultural, philosophical concepts in both the Eastern and Western world, and that by the time of the 16th century, both worlds had come to influence each other. In the 18th and 19th centuries, acupuncture experienced is first heyday in Europe, which came to an abrupt ending due to the pharmacological breakthrough discoveries of potent analgesics, both in Europe and in China. Discussion The rationalization of the concepts of pain in the historical course from ancient times until the 19th century, and its dissociation from the individual lead to an increase in reputation of modern pharmacological pain therapy over acupuncture, both in Europe and the East. It may be postulated that still today, the results of this historical process stand in the way of the evolution of a much needed, all-encompassing approach including biological, psychological, and sociological factors. It would be necessary to establish an effective theoretical system integrating scientific findings while at the same time paying tribute to the subjectivity of pain. The following parts trace the development of the understanding of pain, modern pain therapy, and various approaches by acupuncture in the 20th and 21st centuries in order to finally, using a model, show a way out of this dilemma.

The Bed and the Book: J.-K. Huysmans's Crucibles of Suffering

In J.-K. Huysmans's later novels, the bed and the book are crucibles in which suffering effects an alchemical transmutation: of bodily degradation into spiritual enlightenment, of existential nonsense into order, style, and beauty. A gendered topos, a woman's bed corresponds to the page on which male intelligence is displayed. As the alchemy of language transforms a man's ideas into poetry, "cette divine Alchimie qu'est la douleur" ( Sainte Lydwine de Schiedam ) gives a purpose to women's torments, refining an abject body into an instrument of redemption. While men sit writing at their desks, "la femme se tord en silence sur un lit" ( Sainte Lydwine ). This essay examines these two symbolic sites: the bed and book as retorts in which the alchemical processes of art and religion take place.

The ‘uncanny sense of self’, Solution Focused Practice and a theoretical re-thinking of ‘the self’ in psychotherapy1

In an age where the proliferation of progressive Westernised medicine, philosophy and outcome-orientated psychotherapy march into all of our media-saturated lives, it is difficult to believe that a counter-argument could challenge the seemingly reasonable and core concept of ‘the self’. Yet, there is an alternative philosophy called Social Constructionism with an emerging associated therapy approach called Solution Focused Therapy that views ‘the self’ very differently from the mainstream humanistic essentialism ideas about selfhood. Solution Focused Therapy shares a pedigree with narrative and systems approaches to counselling, with a primary consideration being the fluid nature of identity and the possibility of re-authoring alternative stories. This article aims to re-think some of the primary issues associated with the perceived centrality of selfhood in psychotherapy and to consider a ‘different ending’ and choose ‘different characters’ in a story which allows for a ‘rethinking of possibilities’. Employing the sentiment of Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) and his ‘uncanny sense of self’, the authors use some ideas from Hong Kong residents to help pick their way through the most poignant concepts to conclude that there is still a lot of re-thinking to do.

Akupunktur und Schmerz – eine Historie in 3 Teilen: Teil 1: Geschichte des Schmerzes und der Akupunktur vom Altertum bis ins lange 19. Jahrhundert

Background The issue ‘pain’ has preoccupied mankind from the very beginning. Still, this individual phenomenon, which depends on physical, emotional, spiritual, and cultural factors, has yet to be fully understood, but is of vital interest. Acupuncture is one of the oldest and most effective means of pain therapy. In its theory, it provides an interface for body, emotion, mind, and culture. Aim By portraying and analyzing the historical evolution it will be shown that a modern understanding of both pain and acupuncture can lead to an integrative therapeutic approach, and that acupuncture – due to its physiological concepts and its idea of man – can lead to an all-encompassing approach in pain therapy. Methods In-depth study of literature, long-time practical experience in the therapy of acute and chronic pain, intensive study of acupuncture in historical context, as well as practical, own clinical and basic research, and knowledge in medical history as well as sinology, thereby joining the competences of two university institutes. Results The first part analyzes the history from ancient times up to the 19 th century. It is found that within the course of history, the interpretation of pain has always been a synthesis of individual sensation and cultural, philosophical concepts in both the Eastern and Western world, and that by the time of the 16 th century, both worlds had come to influence each other. In the 18 th and 19 th centuries, acupuncture experienced its first heyday in Europe, which came to an abrupt ending due to the pharmacological breakthrough discoveries of potent analgesics, both in Europe and in China. Discussion The rationalization of the concepts of pain in the historical course from ancient times until the 19 th century, and its dissociation from the individual lead to an increase in reputation of modern pharmacological pain therapy over acupuncture, both in Europe and the East. It may be postulated that still today, the results of this historical process stand in the way of the evolution of a much needed, all-encompassing approach including biological, psychological, and sociological factors. It would be necessary to establish an effective theoretical system integrating scientific findings while at the same time paying tribute to the subjectivity of pain. The following parts trace the development of the understanding of pain, modern pain therapy, and various approaches by acupuncture in the 20 th and 21 st centuries in order to finally, using a model, show a way out of this dilemma.

On the Affiliation of Phenomenology and Ordoliberalism: Links between Edmund Husserl, Rudolf and Walter Eucken

This paper explores the various personal and intellectual links between Edmund Husserl, Rudolf and Walter Eucken. Our interdisciplinary approach gives an insight into Husserl’s transcendental phenomenology, Walter Eucken’s Ordoliberalism as well as in the interdependency between phenomenology and economics for which Rudolf Eucken’s philosophy of intellectual life plays an important role. Particular affiliations between phenomenology and economics can be found in the following topics: epistemology, the idea of man, the comprehension of liberty and the importance of legal or social orders, institutional rules and frameworks of regulations.