Idea Of Diversity Research Articles

The problem of educational choice in senior secondary education: the ACT as a case study

AbstractHow students select subjects and pathways in senior secondary education and beyond has long been regarded as a significant social justice issue as a result of contention regarding the value of more or less academic and vocational options. This paper examines these issues through a discussion of the notion of educational choice and the history of senior secondary reform in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), an educational system established in the 1970s with the express purpose of enhancing educational equity through supporting student choice and flexibility through school-based curriculum and assessment. The paper highlights the complexity of questions subsumed under the umbrella of educational choice, which encompass not only the reproduction of inequality but also student agency and self-making and intersect with debates about equity and curriculum form. It shows how the intent of the ACT system to ensure equally valued subject choices in schooling has since its inception existed in constant tension with a parallel emphasis on university pathways and that the system has over time evolved from one dedicated to the idea of curriculum diversity and responding to individual and community needs to one in which centralisation and standardisation are beginning to take precedence. This history raises important questions about the equity implications of centralising and decentralising curriculum forms and what they enable and constrain in shaping young people’s futures.

The Equality Agenda: A Clear Case of Smoke and Mirrors

In his book “The madness of crowds: gender, race and identity,” the author Douglas Murray (2020) suggests that much of contemporary society is obsessed with a particular idea of diversity and equality that is all-encompassing and all-consuming. Embedded in current social policy, it is a view, he argues, that propagates the belief that ‘everybody is the same above the neck’ and that: ‘everybody is equal and […] given the right encouragement and opportunity, everybody can be whatever they want; that life is entirely about environment, opportunity, and privilege.’ In this work I trace the broad outline of the emerging equality agenda as it occurred in America and the UK with a particular emphasis on Northern Ireland and argue Murray (2020) is wrong in his assessment. The work highlights the differences between the two countries. It claims equality of opportunity, understood here as improved education, healthcare, childcare etc. and equality of outcome, are more rhetoric than reality.

Experience in developing carbonate formations with hydraulic fracturing at fields of Gazprom Neft Group

The development of carbonate formations with hydraulic fracturing is a very interesting and controversial process. In contrast to terrigenous formations, zonal stimulation can be performed by both acid and proppant fracturing methods, and the abundance of process variations expands the options even further. Although there is a general concept of choosing hydraulic fracturing technology depending on the geological and physical characteristics of the formation, the qualitative choice is complicated by the fact that effective solutions for one reservoir could not show the same efficiency in similar conditions at another one. For this reason, from the point of view of working with carbonates, to have as extensive experience as possible in various well conditions in order to minimize production risks and costs associated with the choice of approach and zonal stimulation technology. The study aims to provide a technological overview of effective fracturing solutions for carbonate formations, seeking to understand their features and applicability depending on well and geological conditions. An important place is given to the communication of experience in the application of stimulation technologies that have proven themselves at carbonate formations of Gazprom Neft and show the risks and limitations that can be encountered when choosing a particular solution. It describes experience in hydraulic and multistage fracturing, technologies, approaches and their features depending on geological conditions of carbonate formations. The study also outlines the actual experience of using hydraulic fracturing technologies at carbonate formations, their comparative effectiveness, and the most successful practices based on the actual experience of the work performed. Much attention is paid to comparing the effectiveness of acid fracturing, acid-proppant fracturing, and variations of fracturing on viscous acid compositions. The findings not only give an idea of the technological diversity of the types of zonal stimulation, but also highlights their comparative effectiveness in geological and physical conditions of the reservoir. The reflected experience can help to choose more effective solutions in the development of similar formations, reduce risks at early stages of preparation for fracturing and helps in deciding on the choice of stimulation technology, thereby improving the quality and efficiency of fields development.

On the mathematical quantification of inequality in probability distributions

A fundamental challenge in the study of probability distributions is the quantification of inequality that is inherently present in them. Some parts of the distribution are more probable and some others are not, and we are interested in the quantification of this inequality through the lens of mathematical diversity, which is a new approach to studying inequality. We offer a theoretical advance, based on case-based entropy and slope of diversity, which addresses inequality for arbitrary probability distributions through the concept of mathematical diversity. Our approach is useful in three important ways: (1) it offers a universal way to measure inequality in arbitrary probability distributions based purely on the entropic uncertainty that is inherent in them and nothing else; (2) it allows us to compare the degree of inequality of arbitrary parts of any distribution (not just tails) and entire distributions alike; and (3) it can glean out empirical rules similar to the 80/20 rule, not just for the power law but for any given distribution or its parts thereof. The techniques shown in this paper demonstrate a more general machinery to quantify inequality, compare the degree of inequality of parts or whole of general distributions, and prove or glean out empirical rules for general distributions based on mathematical diversity. We demonstrate the utility of this new machinery by applying it to the power law, the exponential and the geometric distributions. The 60 − 40 rule of restricted diversity states that 60 percent or more of cases following a power law (or more generally a right skewed distribution) reside within 40 percent or less of the lower bound of Shannon equivalent equi-probable (SEE) types as measured by case-based entropy. In this paper, we prove the 60 − 40 rule for power law distributions analytically. We also show that in all power law distributions, the second half of the distribution is at least 4 times more uniformly distributed as the first. Lastly, we also show a scale-free way of comparing probability distributions based on the idea of mathematical diversity of parts of a distribution. We use this comparison technique to compare the exponential and power law distribution, and obtain the exponential distribution as an entropic limit of the power law distribution. We also demonstrate that the machinery is applicable to discrete distributions by proving a general result regarding the comparison of parts of the geometric distribution.

You can’t win with them all. The impact of organizational cultures of difference on the organizational quality of life

It is now widely recognised that a ‘good’ diversity management (DM) is crucial for promoting organisational innovation and well-being. However, recent evidence shows diversity management (DM) often doesn’t guarantee the desired results. We assumed DM could be hindered when the underlying organisational culture of difference (OCD) does not authentically legitimise diversity. Thus, OCD is the sediment of the organisational assumption about diversity that defines dynamics at a deep level and determines the everyday ‘field’ into which all DM proposals ‘land’. Assuming that only an OCD that authentically recognises diversity as an intrinsic worth can provide a positive impact through DM, we investigated the impact that different OCDs can have on the organisational quality of life. A total of 3.247 questionnaires were collected. Data were analysed in aggregate form using ANOVA and MANOVA through SPSS. Results supported our assumption: OCDs have a statistically significant impact on organisational quality of life; specifically, the ‘diversity-driven’ OCD has the most significant impact in promoting participation, innovation, commitment, and well-being. We conclude by discussing theoretical and practical implications, highlighting that when not adequately contextualised and supported by the OCD, DM may exacerbate the idea of diversity as an organisational disadvantage.

Об ойратских текстах из рукописного сборника БМ-574 из коллекции П. Б. Балданжапова

Introduction. The collection of Oirat manuscripts by the famous Buryat scientist P. B. Baldanzhapov presents samples of Oirat texts collected by him during expeditions to Mongolia in the 1960s–1970s. Among these texts, along with hymns, praises of the deities of the Buddhist pantheon, sutras, fortune-telling books, descriptions of incense rituals, dharani texts (tarni) and texts against slander are presented. The purpose of the article is to present a description of the handwritten collection BM 574 in the Oirat language from the collection of P. B. Baldanzhapov, stored in the collections of the Central Historical Research Center of the IMBT SB RAS. Materials. The collection in question includes two texts: Xutuqtu biligiyin cāna kürüqsen tabün yoümiyin xürāngγüyin züreken kemēkü (“Holy [dharani], called ‘The Heart (Essence) of the Assembly of Five Mothers Who Have Achieved Transcendent Wisdom‘”) and Xutuqtu xara ama kele amurli ülün üyiledüqči kemēkü yeke külgüni sudur (“The Holy Mahayana Sutra, called “Pacifying Slander”). Results. Based on the analysis of the texts of the collection under consideration, their transliteration and translation into Russian in comparison with a number of published texts similar in topic, it was concluded that these texts are evidence of the existence of the Buddhist tradition among the Mongolian peoples, allowing one to get an idea of the thematic diversity of texts that have been circulating among believers. The texts considered shed light on the ritual side of Buddhist practice, aimed at eliminating various types of disasters and negative phenomena in the daily life of believers.

Identifying anomalous patterns in ecological communities’ diversity: leveraging functional boxplots and clustering of normalized Hill’s numbers and their integral functions

AbstractDiversity is fundamental in many disciplines, such as ecology, business, biology, and medicine. From a statistical perspective, calculating a measure of diversity, whatever the context of reference, always poses the same methodological challenges. For example, in the ecological field, although biodiversity is widely recognised as a positive element of an ecosystem, and there are decades of studies in this regard, there is no consensus measure to evaluate it. The problem is that diversity is a complex, multidimensional, and multivariate concept. Limiting to the idea of diversity as variety, recent studies have presented functional data analysis to deal with diversity profiles and their inherently high-dimensional nature. A limitation of this recent research is that the identification of anomalies currently still focuses on univariate measures of biodiversity. This study proposes an original approach to identifying anomalous patterns in environmental communities’ biodiversity by leveraging functional boxplots and functional clustering. The latter approaches are implemented to standardised and normalised Hill’s numbers treating them as functional data and Hill’s numbers integral functions. Each of these functional transformations offers a peculiar and exciting point of view and interpretation. This research is valuable for identifying warning signs that precede pathological situations of biodiversity loss and the presence of possible pollutants.

Detection and enzymatic characterization of human saliva amylase.

As a rule, an experiment carried out at school or in undergraduate study courses is rather simple and not very informative. However, when the experiments are to be performed using modern methods, they are often abstract and difficult to understand. Here, we describe a quick and simple experiment, namely the enzymatic characterization of ptyalin (human salivary amylase) using a starch degradation assay. With the experimental setup presented here, enzyme parameters, such as pH optimum, temperature optimum, chloride dependence, and sensitivity to certain chemicals can be easily determined. This experiment can serve as a good model for enzyme characterization in general, as modern methods usually follow the same principle: determination of the activity of the enzyme under different conditions. As different alleles occur in humans, a random selection of test subjects will be quite different with regard to ptyalin activities. Therefore, when the students measure their own ptyalin activity, significant differences will emerge, and this will give them an idea of the genetic diversity in human populations. The evaluation has shown that the pupils have gained a solid understanding of the topic through this experiment.

Phraseological units with a numerical component hundred in Ukrainian and Chinese

Intermedial The article is devoted to a comparative analysis of Ukrainian and Chinese phraseological units with the numerical component hundred as a component of the concept “all”. A holistic and exhaustive linguoculturological study of the concept “all”on the basis of phraseological units of the Chinese and Ukrainian languages has not been carried out, that determines the relevance of the article. The purpose of the article is to clarify and detail some aspects of the language representation of the concept “all” on the material of two languages. The paper describes the role of numbers in traditional Chinese culture; certain structural and cultural features of phraseological units in the Chinese language are determined; identified, classified, analyzed and compared phraseological units with the component “hundred” in the Ukrainian and Chinese languages. The results of the study provide grounds for clarifying the content of the concept “all”. The numerative hundred is a productive component of Chinese phraseological units, in which it can be a temporal indicator, the embodiment of the idea of diversity. Structural features of Chinese phraseological units: PU with different semantics and connotative colouring have the same negative structure; within one unit, the numeratives 1–100 are contrasted, the numeral hundred is doubled, the numeratives hundred and thousand are used. The equivalents of Ukrainian phraseological units with the numerical component one hundred were found in Chinese. In Ukrainian and Chinese cultures some emotional and evaluative components are similar: negative (submission, sadness, indifference to life), positive (invincibility, value of a specialist). In Chinese most phraseological units with a numerical component hundred are used to characterize a certain state of a person, particular phenomena. The study of phraseological units in Ukrainian and Chinese will deepen the content of the concept “all” in the language picture of the world. The research results can be used in the process of compiling phraseological Ukrainian-Chinese dictionaries and in the practice of studying both languages.

Service innovation within public universities: implementing new service operations for social and racial inclusion

PurposeThis study aims to explore the configuration of a public university service innovation: the phenotypic evaluation of self-declared black and brown applicants for access to college undergraduate courses through racial quota in a Brazilian federal higher education institution (HEI).Design/methodology/approachBy using qualitative methods and collecting data through semistructured interviews, this case study raises new explanatory aspects about service innovation in a noncommercial context.FindingsDiversity in team composition and users’ sense of belonging emerged as unprecedented aspects of service innovation. The present study also coined another concept not verified in the literature: service cross-coproduction.Research limitations/implicationsRegarding the limitations of the study, the technological dimension, despite having been shown to underlie the political–administrative process of innovations in services, given its importance reinforced by the literature and the current temporal context itself, did not emanate from the data collected. In addition, the fact that the service innovation investigated has occurred recently prevented longitudinal research that could detail the effects of phenotypic evaluation on institutional performance indicators.Practical implicationsThe ethical–methodological care used in the interaction and preservation of the psychological integrity of the users in the case study proved to be subject to systematization and has great potential to enhance the service experience of the users through the humanization of the service delivery process. The linkage of the user’s perception to the phenotypic diversity of people working in the new service provision highlights the importance of incorporating themes such as the diversity of teams’ composition and representative bureaucracy to the scientific production of service innovation and their role in coproduction. The findings suggest that the resource allocation supply of basic goods and services needed to provide the new service reduces the individual risk of academic community members involved with innovation. Further studies could explore this relation.Social implicationsAmong the internal factors that influenced the configuration of service innovation, the idea of diversity in the team’s composition stood out. It based the phenotypic evaluation commission’s diverse constitution on gender, race, occupation and even nationality. It conferred greater legitimacy on service innovation, increasing the representation of groups that may not feel represented in public service delivery processes.Originality/valueThe results of the phenotypic evaluation case point to a new coproduction form emanating from the constitutive diversity of the phenotypic evaluation board members. This new type of coproduction is directly related to the complex, integrated and interdependent nature of the services that complement each other to enable the achievement of the objectives of a public university.

Телесное в современных социальных театральных практиках: проекты 2020-х годов

The active turn of modern theatre towards democratization and social forms of existence took place in a foreign context in the early 1990s and was associated with the desire to change the usual ways of producing art, as well as with the cultural policy of neoliberal states aimed at supporting artists whose efforts make social problems visible. In Russia, similar processes began in the 2010s, when the documentary trend provoked the interest of theatre in the oppressed, and together with that, inclusion and the idea of diversity — cultural, social, and bodily — began to develop. At the same time, contemporary dance makes a turn from strong author’s choreography to practices that are more minimalistic and focused on a specific body in its vulnerability. In the field of theater as a whole, a performative turn is taking place — its influence affects the work with the categories of presence, everyday life, procedurality and multidisciplinarity. All this is accompanied by a trend towards the social in contemporary art. We understand the social as an umbrella term, which implies different types of work with citizens, the community, and representatives of excluded groups in the forms of theatre or produced with the help of theatre tools. The social is also a quality immanent to theatre and signifying the desire of artists to overcome the alienation project that dominates the world and poses a threat to the future. Though the practices described in the article encompass different things, they all converge in their interest in an engaging, that is social, way of communication. From this point of view, these works are performatives in the classical sense, when the gesture is real, the spoken word is equal to the action, and the participants’ co-creative work either directly affects their lives or changes the viewer’s lens.

A study of impact of inclusive leadership on innovative behaviors and diversity at workplace

This study focuses on the association of inclusive leadership on innovation and execution of the idea of diversity at the workplace, moreover, this research also assesses the contribution of diversity in the innovative work culture in the banking industry in the national capital region. A conceptual model was designed to assess the association of inclusive leadership on innovation and the idea of diversity and to test the conceptual model, the researcher utilized multi-wave and multi-source data acquired from 5 enterprises 40 respondents each. Inclusionary leadership has a strong good impact on diverse work cultures and innovation, according to the findings. Additionally, diversity was shown to be favorably associated with innovation in the workplace. The researcher has used various scales for Inclusive leadership, diversity at the workplace, and innovative culture. To show the association and impact of factors, confirmatory factor analysis and regression have been used by the researcher.

Cities and destroying ‘the other’

The aim of this article is to show that cities are very often attacked because of their characteristic of ‘otherness’. ‘The other’ may be understood as other religion, other ethnicity, other culture, other political views or other people which is closely related to the idea of diversity, heterogeneity, pluralism and density as essential features of contemporary cities. The author examines theories explaining motives for destroying cities like the latter being a part of genocide or a distinct theory of urbicide. Finally the author proposes looking at the destruction of cities through the lens of destroying ‘the other’ and the possibility of a community. The research methods used include desk research and formal-legal analysis. Formal-legal analysis focuses on the jurisprudence of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and the desk research on the relevant literature at the intersection of urban studies and international studies.

Exercise And Physical Activity Diversity.

In this reflective opinion piece, we introduce the concepts of exercise diversity and physical activity diversity. Similar to dietary diversity and dietary variety, exercise/physical activity diversity represents part of a comprehensive target of ideal health, an objective parameter to audit one's progress towards such a goal, and a means of accomplishing this aim. We define this concept as the number of types of exercise, the number of limbs and body parts exercised or muscle groups involved, the variety of intensity, or the number of variations in methods of exercise used. A non-weighted score may be allocated to each exercise, limb, and muscle group to get a raw idea of diversity.

“Español Moderno” for Chinese: The Influence of Colonial Thought on Spanish-American Cultural Discourse

During two years of analysis of thesis projects for the graduation of bachelor’s degree in spanish language, deficiencies have been found in the students of the Spanish faculty of Hebei International Studies University, China, to assume and reproduce the idea of Spanish America as a heterogeneous conglomerate, therefore it was determined to study the idea of cultural diversity disseminated by the books for the teaching of Spanish as a foreign language in China. In this case, the Español Moderno 1 Student's Book and the Español Moderno 1 Reading Books were selected because they are the most widely used in universities and constitute the first learning section. Software-assisted qualitative analysis was used, establishing a coding system for the cultural information that made it possible to identify the cultural information with which the idea of the Hispanic American subject and society is constructed. Together with the ethnographic work with the students, it was concluded that the cultural information is dispersed, incoherent and superficial. It offers a vision of Hispanic America equated to Spain, understanding this as a region of Christian society, Spanish-speaking population and Latin culture with peculiar details and touristic landscapes. The book offers an inconsistent cultural education environment, which puts students at risk of making cultural mistakes during immersion in any Spanish-speaking cultural context. The Hispanic American cultural reality needs to be presented in a respectful and accurate manner. This implies decolonizing the perception and understanding Hispanic America from Hispanic America and not through colonial filters that seek to perpetuate a constricted vision, fertilized by ethnocentric analysis and denial of reality.

How Far Does the Diverse Economies Approach Take Us?

How Far Does the Diverse Economies Approach Take Us?

Analysis of Regional Scenarios of New Epidemic Waves of SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus Based on Equations with a Deviating Argument and Damping Functions

The methods we develop within the framework of transient technical process modeling are adaptable to the tasks of biophysics—both to the prediction of invasions of aggressive species and to the analysis of the dynamics of epidemics. The practical application of modeling results to predict the development of the modern pandemic in 2020 has shown the fundamental limitations of the basic methods of model building. Based on an analysis of the properties of the deterministic SIRS model, it has not been possible to present the variety of forms that the regional dynamics of coronavirus spread has taken. The characteristics of the epidemic process do not remain constant, as a variable pathogen evolves competitively. The phenomena since the outbreak of COVID-19 have proven to be much more complex than the naturally fading waves of pandemic influenza strains as immunity accumulates. The development of a scenario approach to the analysis of individual epidemic situations is promising, taking into account the logic of the evolution of the pathogen and adaptation to the peculiarities of its spread in local populations. We performed an analysis of the available data in terms of oscillation forms to get an idea of the real qualitative diversity of local wavelike dynamics of the epidemic of coronavirus strains and identify some special development scenarios described as a catastrophic cycle breakdown on the basis of the known phase-portrait transformations. Applying a bifurcation approach to the epidemic data, we were able to identify features of local forms of oscillatory epidemic processes. We classified the observed phenomena of outbreaks and attenuation of coronavirus infection waves by correlating the dynamics of epidemics with nonlinear effects. We derived scenarios for a number of epidemic situations (in Brazil, New York, and Japan) using lagged equations. It is shown on the basis of comparison of specific situations that the dynamics of epidemics evolve diversely and variably at the current stage according to the internal unpredictable logic of the confrontation process, which is determined by the rate of change in the joint evolution of the virus and population immunity, including the previously formed T-cell immunity. We were able to analyze variants of COVID-wave transformations in lagged equations using the idea of distinguishing bifurcation-inducing parameters. It is substantiated that all nonlinear effects and transformations of oscillatory modes, isolated by epidemic plots, cannot in principle be obtained within a single model. Comparative scenario analysis supports the hypothesis that epidemic processes are primarily influenced by population immunity and contact density. Vaccination has failed to complete the emergence of new waves of infections, but clearly affects the properties of local oscillatory regimes of disease incidence. Experience with new outbreaks of COVID-19 in 2023 in Sweden, New Zealand, Japan, and South India with fundamentally different coping strategies showed that sustained population immunity blocking coronavirus transmission could not be achieved over the long term. Our assumed scenario for the end of the pandemic is the formation of four stable strains whose sporadic circulation in the regions is controlled by CD8+ T-cell immunity.

Introduce Diversity and Inclusive Management to organizational culture building and a combination with Chinese scenarios

This paper is developed under the background of globalization and the development of the concept of workplace diversity. It is shown that workplace diversity has been beneficial for organizations’ development however it is a challenge for managers. For solving this problem, people started to focus on the issue of Diversity and Inclusion management. The management of diversity is a business technique used by firms to attract, maintain, and develop personnel from diverse backgrounds, and inclusion is a concept focused on employees‘ engagement. This article introduced organizational culture building, an invisible management method, which can create an invisible atmosphere that simulates the emergence of the developing goal, direction, and guiding concept, into the Diversity and Inclusion management process. It also brought up the opinion that the influencing mechanism between Diversity and Inclusion management and Organizational culture building is mutual, and especially focused on why and how to bring the idea of Diversity and Inclusion management into organizational culture development. It also provided several suggestions for companies to make the better implementation of this policy.

One’s trash is someone else’s treasure: sequence read archives from Lepidoptera genomes provide material for genome reconstruction of their endosymbionts

BackgroundMaternally inherited bacterial symbionts are extremely widespread in insects. They owe their success to their ability to promote their own transmission through various manipulations of their hosts’ life-histories. Many symbionts however very often go undetected. Consequently, we have only a restricted idea of the true symbiont diversity in insects, which may hinder our understanding of even bigger questions in the field such as the evolution or establishment of symbiosis.ResultsIn this study, we screened publicly available Lepidoptera genomic material for two of the most common insect endosymbionts, namely Wolbachia and Spiroplasma, in 1904 entries, encompassing 106 distinct species. We compared the performance of two screening software, Kraken2 and MetaPhlAn2, to identify the bacterial infections and using a baiting approach we reconstruct endosymbiont genome assemblies. Of the 106 species screened, 20 (19%) and nine (8.5%) were found to be infected with either Wolbachia or Spiroplasma, respectively. Construction of partial symbiotic genomes and phylogenetic analyses suggested the Wolbachia strains from the supergroup B were the most prevalent type of symbionts, while Spiroplasma infections were scarce in the Lepidoptera species screened here.ConclusionsOur results indicate that many of the host-symbiont associations remain largely unexplored, with the majority of associations we identify never being recorded before. This highlights the usefulness of public databases to explore the hidden diversity of symbiotic entities, allowing the development of hypotheses regarding host-symbiont associations. The ever-expanding genomic databases provide a diverse databank from which one can characterize and explore the true diversity of symbiotic entities.

Do Pure Liberals Both Endorse Immigration and Reject Muslims? Examining the Inconsistency Hypothesis

Some people have consistently positive attitudes toward ethnic minority members in every respect. Sniderman and Hagendoorn (2007) characterize these individuals as “pure liberals.” Because of limited empirical evidence on the characteristics of this category of majority members, the consistency thesis, claiming that pure liberals have no negative reactions toward Muslims, remains contentious. Accordingly, we introduce a new idea – the inconsistency hypothesis – claiming that pure liberals’ commitment to greater ethnic diversity may not convert into unprejudiced reactions toward Muslim minority members. To test our inconsistency hypothesis, we fielded a survey in 2018 that also included a so-called list experiment among 716 Danish university students. The list experiment was designed to measure prejudice toward Muslims. Our analyses of the survey’s observational data revealed that pure liberals supported the general idea of greater diversity and remained positive toward ethnic minorities. However, and unlike previous research, the list experiment showed that around 34 percent of pure liberals in the survey were prejudiced toward Muslims. When we combine the observational and experimental evidence, it appears that many pure liberals had inconsistent attitudes: around a third of pure liberals combined support for the general idea of a multiethnic society with prejudice toward Muslims. Our inconsistency hypothesis contributes to literatures on liberal orientations and prejudice toward Muslims: Many liberals are not liberals, and prejudice is surprisingly powerful. The conclusion emphasizes the role of self-interest and distinct values as drivers of prejudice among the strongest advocates of a multiethnic society.