T tHE general idea of aid to the under-developed countries is simple enough to express. There are highly-developed countries which are rich and there are under-developed countries which are poor. Highly-developed countries have experts who know how to develophaving done it in their own countries-and they have surplus funds to invest or give. When technical knowledge plus capital are injected into the economy of a poor and under-developed country, it is on the way to becoming developed and rich. In brief terms this has been the main inspiration of Western aid to the under-developed countries so far. The whole ramification of international and national agencies is geared to the simple formula: technical experts to advise the under-developed peoples what to do, plus funds for them to do it with, add up to development. In point of fact, technical know-how plus capital is not enough. You also have to have administrative capacity, initiative, and enterprise among the people, and it is the comparative lack of these qualities which has caused some countries to remain 'undeveloped'. The highly-developed countries of the world-some of which are on the capitalist side and some of them on the Communist side-are, by definition, those where industrialization took root first and quickest. The industrial revolution started in these countries and so they prospered. They enriched themselves because their people as a whole were prosperityminded, inventive, full of enterprise and energy, wanting to do better for themselves, their families, their communities, and their countries. They adapted their ways of life step by step as science brought the new things along. The initiative did not come from government. There was no central dynamo, spurring the people on. It was only at an advanced stage, when the apparatus of finance, industry, and public services had become large in relation to the economy as a whole, that governments were obliged to step in with a regulating or directing hand. In the under-developed countries, on the other hand, the essential personal initiatives for technical and industrial development, the leaven in the dough, were absent. They had their ancient civilizations, ripe in their own theologies, philosophies, arts, and crafts of the hand. But they had not the urge to discover new scientific things and apply them to medicine, engineering, production, communications, and the comforts. So in the scientific, industrial sense they stayed under-developed. I5I