Research Ideas Research Articles

The Mechanism and Progress of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Treating Ulcerative Colitis

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic non-specific inflammatory disease of the rectum and colon with unclear etiology, characterized by abdominal pain, diarrhea, and mucopurulent bloody stools. The majority of lesions in this disease involve the mucosa and submucosa of the rectum and sigmoid colon, which can extend to the distal end and even spread throughout the entire colon. The severity of this disease varies, and it often presents a chronic course of recurrent attacks. It is difficult to cure and has the possibility of cancer transformation. It has been listed as one of the modern difficult to treat diseases by the WHO. The incidence rate and prevalence of the disease have obvious regional and ethnic differences, with North American and Nordic whites the highest. However, in recent decades, the incidence rate of the disease in China has continued to increase. Traditional Chinese medicine has certain advantages in treating UC, and its therapeutic effect is not inferior to that of Western medicine. It has fewer adverse reactions and lower costs, and has good social and economic significance. This article provides an overview of the mechanism and clinical research status of traditional Chinese medicine in treating UC, in order to provide more ideas for the treatment research of this disease.

Faculty at an R2 University Show Varied Perceptions Toward Publishing and Using Open Access Scholarship

A Review of: Scott, R. E., Murphy, J. A., Thayer-Styes, C., Buckley, C. E., & Shelley, A. (2023). Exploring faculty perspectives on open access at a medium-sized, American doctoral university. Insights the UKSG Journal, 36(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1629/uksg.620 Objective – To examine faculty members’ preferences, experiences, and current practices for publishing and using Open Access (OA) content. Design – Qualitative interviews and inductive coding of participants’ responses. Setting – Illinois State University (ISU), a public R2 university. Subjects – Twenty-five faculty members, representing all of ISU’s colleges. Methods – Authors recruited participants via a faculty electronic mailing list, selecting 25 faculty members representing all of ISU’s colleges, as well as differing academic ranks and length of time since earning their terminal degrees. Interviews were conducted, recorded, and transcribed over Zoom. Authors used inductive coding to identify themes, while also seeking input from participants and external professionals to guarantee accurate and detailed representation of participants’ responses to the interview questions. Main Results – All participants placed themselves somewhere on the spectrum between being completely opposed to, and enthusiastically participating in, OA publishing, with many noting tension between a principled belief in OA scholarship and difficulties with carrying out those beliefs due to journal quality or article processing fees. Some scholars were able to make use of grants, transformative agreements, or departmental funds to cover the costs associated with OA publishing. Disciplinary norms governed the sharing or use of unpublished, publicly accessible scholarship, with scholars in the sciences being more likely to place works in disciplinary repositories, such as arXiv. Participants expressed hesitation to post preprints to repositories due to lack of peer-review, legal considerations, and having one’s research ideas “scooped.” Lack of peer-review also contributed to hesitancy to cite preprints, although arXiv emerged as a highly regarded repository in terms of article quality for relevant scientific disciplines. Conclusion – The authors conclude that perceptions of OA publishing are heavily determined by disciplinary norms, leading to a broad range of practices even within an R2 university. This necessitates multiple approaches by libraries to make OA publishing more possible and palatable for scholars including facilitating access to funds that alleviate or cover article processing fees, hosting OA journals, and providing quality education and support for publishing in reputable OA journals in one’s field. The authors see sustained shifts toward publishing in OA models as also likely to lead to scholars' increasing their use of others’ OA materials.

Development of a National Colorectal Cancer Screening Research Agenda: An Initiative of the Canadian Screening for Colorectal Cancer Research Network (CanSCCRN)

The Canadian Screening for Colorectal Cancer Research Network (CanSCCRN) recently set out to develop a national CRC screening research agenda and identify priority research areas. The specific objectives were to (1) identify evidence gaps relevant to CRC screening and the barriers and facilitators to evidence generation and uptake by CRC screening programs, (2) establish high-priority collaborative research ideas to inform best CRC screening practices, and (3) identify one to two research topics for grant development and submission within 12 to 18 months. Three focus groups were conducted with network members and relevant parties (n = 15) to identify evidence gaps, barriers, and facilitators to evidence generation and uptake. Three workshops were subsequently held to discuss focus group findings and develop an action plan for research. An electronic survey was used to prioritize the evidence gaps to be addressed. Overall, five categories of barriers and six categories of facilitators to evidence uptake and generation were identified, as well as 23 evidence gaps to be addressed. Screening participation, post-polypectomy surveillance, and screening age range were identified as research priority research areas. Adequate resourcing and infrastructure, as well as partnerships with knowledge end users, are integral to addressing these research areas and advancing CRC screening programs in Canada and beyond.

The gender and age perspectives of allostatic load

The role of chronic stress in the development of chronic diseases, especially multimorbidity, through the pathways of increasing allostatic load, and finally, allostatic overload (the state when a compensatory mechanism is likely to fail) is being emphasized. However, allostatic load is a dynamic measure that changes depending on sex, gender, age, level and type of stress, experience of a stressful situation, and coping behaviors. Many other factors such as race, ethnicity, working environment, lifestyle, and circadian rhythm of sleep are also important. The aim of this paper was to synthesize the available information on allostatic load differences, especially those connected to sex/gender and age, and to provide a model for the future study of allostatic load, with a focus on these differences. By carefully studying allostatic load factors, we realized that many studies do not take this allostatic load difference into account in the analysis methods. In this paper, we also support the idea of further research to develop new allostatic load analysis strategies that will include all knowledge about sex/gender differences and that will, in more detail, explain numerous changeable social and educational factors that are currently accepted as biological ones. Furthermore, specific allostatic load biomarkers are expressed differently in different age groups, indicating that the discrepancies cannot be attributed solely to sex/gender disparities. This kind of approach can be valuable, not only for better explaining the differences in the frequency and age of onset of chronic diseases and multimorbidity, but also for the potential planning and development of preventive actions based on the aforementioned sex/gender and age disaparities, in order to prevent the most frequent diseases and to establish specific biomarker cut-off values for each sex/gender and age group.

Multi-objective optimization of building envelope of rural housing in the severely cold region of China based on energy consumption, thermal comfort and cost-effectiveness

The performance of rural residential buildings has a great energy-saving potential due to the great spontaneity and ignorance of the rural residential construction. To solve this problem, this paper provides a multi-objective optimization model based on Chebyshev inequality. The model takes energy consumption, indoor thermal comfort, project cost as optimization objectives and considers operating conditions in winter and summer. This study taking a rural residential house as an example and analysed the influence of its envelope parameters on building performance using EnergyPlus. The parameters of the building envelope were optimized, which verified the superiority of the method. Optimization results showed that the heating energy consumption was reduced by 29%, and the air conditioning energy consumption was reduced by 6%. This study analysed the relationship between the building energy consumption, indoor thermal comfort and the cost by multi-objective optimization method, to provide a new research idea for rural residential research. Optimal design solutions were generated under various weighting coefficients. The model aimed to meet the climatic and economic conditions of northern China and similar regions. Therefore, based on these optimization results, decision-makers can choose optimal design and construction solutions according to their own will.

Exercising a Process of Incorporated Self‐Reflexivity and Co‐Reflexivity: Conducting Research on Chinese Family Caregivers of End‐of‐Life Patients

ABSTRACTThere are considerable methodological and emotional challenges conducting research on family caregivers of end‐of‐life patients. In this article, we identified the major challenges encountered while studying a group of Chinese immigrant family caregivers of terminally ill patients. Drawing upon the concept of reflexivity and building on the previous literature, two types of reflexivity, self‐reflexivity and co‐reflexivity, were introduced and incorporated into a research process. It is argued that co‐reflexivity, where co‐researchers engaging in reflexive dialogues, can be an essential component to a process of reflexive activities, in addition to self‐reflexivity. During the journey of designing and applying this incorporated process, we were able to manage ethical, methodological and emotional challenges, to gain in‐depth and critical interpretations of the participant's narratives, to mitigate researcher biases, and to inspire new ideas for future research. We argue this process may serve as a working structure for exercising reflexivity within a small multidisciplinary/cross‐functional research team. It can be an unfinalized research method tool open for other researchers to adapt, revise and re‐create for their own implementation.

Analysis of the Profitability of Yunnan Baiyao Group Co., Ltd. under the DuPont analysis

The pharmaceutical industry is closely related to human life, which not only determines life and health, but also affects people's quality of life. With the acceleration of population aging and the growth of medical demand, the pharmaceutical industry has developed rapidly, but the competition in the pharmaceutical industry has also become increasingly fierce. In this context, improving profitability has become the key to the sustainable survival and development of pharmaceutical industry enterprises. In order to discover the deficiency of enterprise management and promote the rapid development of enterprise, enterprise managers must study a set of evaluation system which can accurately, comprehensively and scientifically reflect the current situation of company activities and management. This study takes Yunnan Baiyao Group Co., Ltd. as the object of study, and tests the profitability of the company by using the improved Du Pont analysis system. The report points out the current problems facing the company's profitability and proposes corresponding measures. This paper is divided into four parts: Summarizing the research background and significance of this topic, introducing research ideas and research methods, is the theme of the first part. The introduction of the improved DuPont analysis system and the theoretical framework for this study are the main topics of Part II, and the related concepts and theoretical foundations of the study are discussed. The third part introduces the basic situation and profitability of Yunnan Baiyao, establishes a preliminary understanding of it, and then analyzes the profitability of Yunnan Baiyao by using the improved Du Pont analysis method. The fourth part looks for the possible problems of its profitability through the process of analysis: one is the increase of cost pressure; the other is the lack of growth of main business; the third is the decline of accounts receivable turnover rate. The company can consider the following measures: first, improve production efficiency and control labor cost; second, focus on the research and development of main business and innovative drugs, strengthen brand differentiation; third, strengthen accounts receivable management and optimize sales strategy.

The ghosts of research past, present and future: understanding the past to inform a future of models-based practice research

ABSTRACT Background Each year, at the Invisible College – a one-day physical education and sport pedagogy (PESP) special interest group conference hosted prior to the main British Educational Research Association’s annual conference – a scholar is honoured with the Scholar Lecture in recognition of their significant contribution to the PESP field. This paper represents the 2024 Scholar Lecture. Purpose The purpose of this Scholar Lecture is to reflect on my contributions to the field of PESP, offering a modest overview of the development, current state, and future possibilities of Models-based Practice as seen through my research. Key concepts This paper draws inspiration from Charles Dickens’ novel, A Christmas Carol. In this work, the miserly protagonist is visited by three spirits – the Ghosts of Christmas Past, Present, and Future – to warn him of the consequences of leading a parsimonious life. In the paper, the metaphor of research ghosts is used to explore the past, present, and a possible future of Models-based Practice (MbP) research. I argue that, over a research career, ideas and concepts not only evolve and mature but also go in and out of vogue. Despite this, ideas are often grasped and used by other researchers to ‘make a point’ without regard to the evolution of the same idea. As a result, researchers with a significant ‘back catalogue’ are left to live with the echoes of their past research. Consequently, I argue that both the genesis and the evolution of ideas need to be considered if we are to give due recognition to the work in the field of physical education and sport pedagogy. Discussion and conclusion Moving from the past to the present and a possible future of MbP research, I explore the ideas of model fidelity and hybrid pedagogical models, consider the dissonance that exists between my ghosts of research past and present and acknowledge that the fault for any (mis)interpretation of my ideas lies with me. Finally, I consider what I believe is missing from MbP research and reflect on the Whiteness, able-bodied-ness, lack of social justice-ness and Eurocentric nature of MbP. I note that there are, for example, few, if any, people of colour in models’ scholarship, and argue that we need to better understand the unique experiences of different groups in this space. Fundamentally, we need to consider the different bodies that might be impacted by our research and better acknowledge that the global crisis of school physical education is far more nuanced and far less global than we might imagine. Finally, we must ensure that we are not haunted by our own ghosts but instead see them as reminders of our oversights and assumptions, and ultimately as a vehicle through which to understand the ways in which our thinking quite rightly evolves over time.

Editor's view: Is the brain's perception of ideas an underappreciated human sense?

Humans have developed sensory organs for their 'major' senses and specific neuronal receptors for a number of additional senses. Although information from sensors is integrated and processed in the brain, the brain itself has not been proposed as a sensory organ associated with a particular sense - at least not in Western culture or scientific literature. Perception of ideas has many elements of a separate sense, with the brain being a primary sensory organ. I support this notion based on 17 years of experience in the application of the Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative (CHNRI) method for setting research priorities, which resulted in more than 150 publications involving thousands of experts who prioritised more than 20 000 research ideas. This body of work allows for the generalisation of the following key concepts: defining an idea in the context of the brain's sensory perception; defining the point of origin, sensory qualities, and common types of ideas; considering responses of the body to the brain's sensory exposure to ideas; and defining the key criteria that the brain uses to discriminate between and prioritise ideas. The human brain is continuously being exposed to ideas, which can be self-generated, triggered by information from other sensors, or introduced from the external world. From the brain's sensory perspective, ideas are competing possibilities of purposeful activities that, if followed, would be expected to result in an alternative version of the future. Pursuing ideas tends to drive most of human activity. It requires prioritising between short-, mid-, and long-term investment of energy and time. The brain's sensory role is to continuously assess many competing ideas and prioritise between them based on motivational/emotional ('attractiveness'), operational/rational ('feasibility') and outcome-related perspective ('impact'). Exposure to new ideas may instigate physiological and psychological responses, ranging from enthusiasm and excitement to feeling a threat or fear. Ideas can be used to mobilise large groups of people whose brains respond with excessive enthusiasm that can sometimes be fanatical. The judgment on the attractiveness, feasibility, and potential impact of ideas is affected by education, experience, and cognitive abilities. This sense may be sharpened through an increased level of expert knowledge and experience. Misinformation and disinformation are dangerous because they affect the brain's perception of ideas. Impairment of this inherent sense may perhaps contribute to some mental health issues. The proposed view of the brain as the sensor of ideas could lead to many qualitative or quantitative experiments to further explore the properties of this sense in both individuals and populations, establishing 'the science of ideas'.

Analysis and research progress on the anticancer effects of Scutellaria barbata

The most common anti-cancer therapy is to use chemotherapy drugs, but this drug has huge side effects on the patient's body, so some doctors want to study whether there are other natural drugs that can fight cancer and have fewer side effects. And Scutellaria barbata is one of the natural drugs studied by doctors. Scutellaria barbata is often used in traditional Chinese medicine to assist in inhibiting the growth of cancer cells, hoping to reduce the harm of cancer cells to patients. In the database, current doctors have "dissected" the effective ingredients of Scutellaria barbata into five categories. This article analyzes three of them, including flavonoids, polysaccharides and alkaloids. This article analyzes the research on Scutellaria barbata in anti-cancer, and obtained many clinically effective case results and some proven effective ingredients. This article can provide some useful references for future research ideas, but there is still a research gap on how to extract the effective anti-cancer ingredients of Scutellaria barbata and study drugs that can effectively inhibit cancer. Future research can focus on the direction of chemical components of Scutellaria barbata.

State-owned equity participation and greenwashing behavior: evidence from Chinese private enterprises

PurposeCan state-owned equity participation inhibit private enterprises’ greenwashing behavior? If so, what are the mechanisms involved? Is there any difference in the impact of state-owned equity participation on private enterprises’ greenwashing behavior in different contexts? The answers to the above questions not only fill the existing research gaps but also provide new research ideas for greenwashing governance in developing countries.Design/methodology/approachUsing a sample of Chinese A-share listed private enterprises from 2011 to 2022, we examine the impact of state-owned equity participation on private enterprises’ greenwashing behavior.FindingsThe results suggest that state-owned equity participation can significantly inhibit private enterprises’ greenwashing behavior. Mechanism analysis shows that state-owned equity participation suppresses private enterprises’ greenwashing behavior by alleviating financing constraints through the resource effect and reducing managerial myopia through the governance effect. Moderating effect analysis indicates that media attention can strengthen the inhibitory effect of state-owned equity participation on private enterprises’ greenwashing behavior. Heterogeneity analysis shows that the inhibitory effect of state-owned equity participation on private enterprises’ greenwashing behavior is more significant in areas with a low degree of marketization and non-heavy-polluting industries.Originality/valueThe findings enrich the governance factors of private enterprises’ greenwashing conduct from the standpoint of diverse shareholders, assist developing countries in formulating more specific policy goals and provide important insights into global environmental governance practices.

Vol 1 Issue 1 – Welcome to the issue

Welcome to this, the inaugural edition of the Northumbria Psychology Bulletin where we showcase some of the outstanding research conducted by our undergraduate and postgraduate students, both campus based and distance learning. Our goal is to provide a platform for innovative research that might help launch the careers of the next generation of professional and academic psychologists. I have always been impressed by the diversity and quality of research that our students carry out in the completion of their programmes of study under the exceptional supervision of our academic team. The continuing approach adopted by the department of psychology to support and facilitate the research ideas generated by the students is something that delivers an excellent opportunity for their development of research skills and steps towards independence. The continued student engagement with the process of writing for publication and the ongoing guidance of their supervisors is particularly impressive given that it extends beyond the completion of their degree programmes and is purely voluntary. I think it demonstrates the commitment of both parties to success beyond the classroom as well as the potential contribution our graduates can make to academic research. This issue features articles reporting applied experimental research in the area of healthcare and a qualitative investigation of the impact of Covid on the experience of higher education. I invite readers to engage with these thought-provoking studies and look forward to the future success of this journal.

Transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis reveal the role of 5-aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride in suppressing postharvest decay development in sweet cherry

The development of fungal rots is one of the main limitations of the storage and marketing of sweet cherry fruit. Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) var ‘Xiangquan No.1’ fruit were treated with 1 g L−1 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) hydrochloride and stored at 20 °C for 12 d. Results showed that fruit treated with 5-ALA hydrochloride had significantly lowered postharvest decay. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis indicated that 1031 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) and 6903 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected between 5-ALA hydrochloride treatment and the control at 6 d. A weighted gene co-correlation network analysis was employed to evaluate the gene regulatory network of DEGs. The DEGs and DAMs were co-enriched in the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways. Moreover, the 5-ALA hydrochloride treatment improved disease resistance of the fruit by activating genes related to salicylic acid signal transduction and down-regulation of the metabolite gibberellin in sweet cherry fruit. The multiple transcription factors, including NAC50, MYB62, LEP and WRKY40 were also activated by 5-ALA hydrochloride treatment. These results provided new ideas for research on the postharvest management and maintenance of sweet cherry fruit during storage.

Software Requirement Smells and Detection Techniques: A Systematic Literature Review

Abstract One of the major reasons for software project failure is poor requirements, so numerous requirement smells detection solutions are proposed. Critical appraisal of the proposed requirement fault detection methods is crucial for refining knowledge of requirement smells and developing new research ideas. The objective of this paper was to systematically review studies that focused on detecting requirement discrepancies in textual requirements. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria and forward and backward snowball sampling techniques using database-specific search queries, 19 primary studies were selected. A deep analysis of the studies shows that classical NLP-based requirement smells detection techniques are the most commonly used ones and ambiguity is the requirement smell that has the utmost attention. Further investigation depicts the scarcity of open-access datasets, and tools employed to detect requirement faults. The review has also revealed there is no comprehensive definition and classification of requirement smells.

Artificial Intelligence-Based Pathological Application to predict regional lymph node metastasis in Papillary Thyroid Cancer

In this study, a model for predicting lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid cancer was trained using pathology images from the TCGA(The Cancer Genome Atlas) public dataset of papillary thyroid cancer, and a front-end inference model was trained using our center's dataset based on the concept of probabilistic propagation of nodes in graph neural networks. Effectively predicting whether a tumor will spread to regional lymph nodes using a single pathological image is the capacity of the model described above. This study demonstrates that regional lymph nodes in papillary thyroid cancer are a common and predictable occurrence, providing valuable ideas for future research. Now we publish the above research process and code for further study by other researchers, and we also make the above inference algorithm public at the URL: http:// thyroid-diseases-research.com/, with the hope that other researchers will validate it and provide us with ideas or datasets for further study.

Studies on the free vibrations of tether of submerged floating tunnel involving tube motion by using different mechanical models

To accurately acquire the frequency/mode of the tethers of the tether-type submerged floating tunnel (SFT), which is an innovative underwater traffic structure with great potential, the dynamic frequency (DF) and wet mode (WM) of the tether involving the tube motion are studied. The novelty lies on the proposed novel method where the analytical relation of the tether’s DF and WM with the moving boundaries and the structural parameters is directly built. The gap that the unreported premise of quasi-static treatment for the global vibratory SFT and the unmentioned principle of the top tension of the tether equaling the net buoyancy within its supporting range is filled. Firstly, four mechanical models named M1∼M4 are respectively established by equating the tether as a beam or string with moving boundaries, taking into accounts the bending stiffness, wet-weight and other geometrical/material factors. Secondly, the relationships between the band-width, upper/lower limits of the DF and the inclination angle, vertical height, buoyancy-weight-ratio (BWR), motion amplitude are founded. Thirdly, the distribution laws of the DF during the vertical periodic motion of tube, as well as the parameter sensitivity range of the WM to the span-wise effect of wet-weight and the vertical height, are studied. The results show that the tether exhibits DF under the tube motion. The band-width of DF is sensitive to the BWR, inclination angle, vertical height and motion amplitude, and its upper/lower limits exhibit varying degrees of variation patterns with the changing of these parameters. The wet-weight and the vertical height are two main influencing factors of the WM. The proposed method provides a new treatment idea for further in-depth research on the locking zone of the vortex-induced vibration (VIV) and parametric vibration for the tether of SFT.

Neuro-enhanced fractional hysteresis modeling and identification by modified Newton-Raphson optimizer

The modeling and parameter identification of a system with hysteresis remains a difficult task. This paper aims to develop a hysteretic model by combining with a fractional Backlash-like model and cascade forward neural network, and proposed a modified Newton-Raphson-based optimizer parameter identification method to precisely capture the nonlinear behavior of piezoelectric platform. There are three contributions in this paper. Firstly, leveraging the definition of fractional calculus, a fractional Backlash-like model is proposed, whose rate dependence is proved theoretically. Secondly, a hybrid fractional Backlash-like model is established by combining fractional Backlash-like model with cascade forward neural network to enhance the fitting and generalization ability of the model. Thirdly, a modified Newton-Raphson-based optimizer enhances the original Newton-Raphson-based optimizer by incorporating a dynamic reverse learning strategy, a Q-learning strategy, a new adaptive coefficient, and local exploitation based on Levy flight, with theoretical analysis demonstrating improvements in convergence, diversity, and accuracy. The ablation test results show that the accuracy of the proposed modeling method is more than 40% less than that of the root mean square error obtained by the classic Backlash-like model. In addition, compared with the traditional Newton-Raphson-based optimizer, dandelion optimizer, particle swarm optimization and african vultures optimization algorithm, the modified algorithm shows significant advantages in accuracy, convergence speed and robustness under all test frequencies. The root mean square error obtained was reduced by more than 20%. These results show that the proposed method provides a powerful research idea for efficient and accurate hysteresis system modeling and parameter identification.

A Mesoporous Silica-Based Nano-Drug Co-Delivery System with Gemcitabine for Targeted Therapy of Pancreatic Cancer.

To investigate the efficacy and safety of the mesoporous silica-based nano-drug co-delivery system with gemcitabine (GEM) in the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Experimental study. Place and Duration of the Study: Wenzhou Central Hospital, Zhejiang Province, China, between July 2022 and November 2023. Ce6@MSN-Fe3O4/GEM@DPM nanoparticles were prepared and structurally characterised, then their drug loading and entrapment efficiency were calculated, and in vitro drug release and cytotoxicity assays were performed. In addition to that, mesoporous silica nanorods were prepared and structurally characterised for cellular uptake, cytotoxicity, and reactive oxygen species detection. The mesoporous silica nanoparticles were spherical in shape and possessed a unique core-shell structure. The prepared nanoparticles had good entrapment efficiency and drug loading, and exibited pharmacotoxic and phototoxic effects on cells. The mesoporous silica nanorods were taken up by pancreatic cancer cells and exbitied cytotoxicity. Mesoporous silica-based nano-drug co-delivery system, which carries GEM, is an effective targeted drug delivery system to provide new research ideas for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Pancreatic cancer, Gemcitabine, Magnetic nanocomposites, Photodynamic therapy, Targeted drug delivery.

Effect of Flame Retardant R134a on the Flammability Characteristics of R1234yf

The potential alternative 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R1234yf) has excellent environmental property but carries a risk of combustion. Therefore, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R134a) was chosen as the matching flame retardant. In this research, the oxidation process of R134a/R1234yf was studied by synchrotron vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometry (SVUV-PIMS). the oxidation products were identified for the first time, which included CO, CO2, H2O, C2H2, CH2F2 and CH2O. Then, a new kinetic model for the inhibition of R134a on R1234yf combustion was built, which well reproduced the experimental results. The inhibitory effect of R134a on the flammability of R1234yf was evidenced from the microscopic (the molar distributions of typical species and reactions) and macroscopic (adiabatic combustion temperature and laminar burning velocity) properties between pure R1234yf and R134a/R1234yf mixture. The comparative Rates of Production (ROP) analysis for key species (H2O, CO2, C2H2 and CH2F2) and radicals (H, O, OH and F), alongside sensitivity analysis were performed, which elucidated the underlying microscopic mechanism in the flame retarding process. The results also showed that the laminar burning velocity and adiabatic temperature of pure R1234yf were larger than R134a/R1234yf mixture. This paper can provide a new research idea for the safe application of environmentally friendly refrigerants.

Scientific Evolution of Analytical Methods in Western Economics

Through the review of Schumpeter's research ideas on the history of economic analysis, this paper defines the theories and methods in the historical evolution of scientific economics, as well as the ideological bias infiltrated into the "scientific model" of economics, and puts forward that in addition to the basic historical methods and comparative methods, the research methods of the history of science should also be fully used for reference. This paper also summarizes Schumpeter's 'influence' and 'prejudice' on Marx's ideology and makes a discussion. This paper makes a systematic analysis of Schumpeter's basic views on the relationship between economic science and ideology.