ICR-derived Glomerulonephritis Mice Research Articles

C1r/C1s deficiency is insufficient to induce murine systemic lupus erythematosus.

C1s deficiency is strongly associated with the development of human systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE); however, the mechanisms by which C1s deficiency contributes to the development of SLE have not yet been elucidated in detail. Using ICR-derived-glomerulonephritis (ICGN) mouse strain that develops SLE and very weakly expresses C1s in the liver, we investigated the protective roles of C1s against SLE. A genetic sequence analysis revealed complete deletion of the C1s1 gene, a mouse homolog of the human C1s gene, with partial deletion of the C1ra and C1rb genes in the ICGN strain. This deletion led to the absence of C1r/C1s and a low level of C1q in the circulation. In order to investigate whether the C1r/C1s deficiency induces SLE, we produced a congenic mouse strain by introducing the deletion region of ICGN into the C57BL/6 strain. Congenic mice exhibited no C1r/C1s and a low level of C1q in the circulation, but did not have any autoimmune defects. These results suggest that C1r/C1s deficiency is not sufficient to drive murine SLE and also that other predisposing genes exist in ICGN mice.

Quantitative trait Loci for resistance to the congenital nephropathy in tensin 2-deficient mice.

The ICR-derived glomerulonephritis (ICGN) mouse is a chronic kidney disease (CKD) model that is characterized histologically by glomerulosclerosis, vascular sclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis, and clinically by proteinuria and anemia, which are common symptoms and pathological changes associated with a variety of kidney diseases. Previously, we performed a quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis to identify the causative genes for proteinuria in ICGN mice, and found a deletion mutation of the tensin 2 gene (Tns2nph, MGI no: 2447990). Interestingly, the congenic strain carrying the Tns2nph mutation on a C57BL/6J (B6) genetic background exhibited milder phenotypes than did ICGN mice, indicating the presence of several modifier genes controlling the disease phenotype. In this study, to identify the modifier/resistant loci for CKD progression in Tns2-deficient mice, we performed QTL analysis using backcross progenies from susceptible ICGN and resistant B6 mice. We identified a significant locus on chromosome (Chr) 2 (LOD = 5.36; 31 cM) and two suggestive loci on Chrs 10 (LOD = 2.27; 64 cM) and X (LOD = 2.65; 67 cM) with linkage to the severity of tubulointerstitial injury. One significant locus on Chr 13 (LOD = 3.49; approximately 14 cM) and one suggestive locus on Chr 2 (LOD = 2.41; 51 cM) were identified as QTLs for the severity of glomerulosclerosis. Suggestive locus in BUN was also detected in the same Chr 2 region (LOD = 2.34; 51 cM). A locus on Chr 2 (36 cM) was significantly linked with HGB (LOD = 4.47) and HCT (LOD = 3.58). Four novel epistatic loci controlling either HGB or tubulointerstitial injury were discovered. Further genetic analysis should lead to identification of CKD modifier gene(s), aiding early diagnosis and providing novel approaches to the discovery of drugs for the treatment and possible prevention of kidney disease.

The Kidneys of Infant Mice are not Sensitive to the Food Mycotoxin Contaminant Nivalenol.

Nivalenol (NIV) is a trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium fungi that frequently contaminates agricultural commodities. Dietary administration of NIV to adult mice affects the renal glomeruli, but data about NIV toxicity in human infants are limited. To evaluate the effects of NIV on infant kidneys, 3-week-old male ICR-derived glomerulonephritis (ICGN) and ICR mice were administered 0, 4, 8 or 16 ppm NIV in diet for 4 weeks, and their renal status was compared with age-matched or adult ICR mice. In ICGN mice, the number of glomeruli showing mesangial expansion and α-smooth muscle actin (SMA)-positive mesangial cells was higher with 16 ppm NIV compared with controls. No other significant differences were observed in ICGN mice. In infant ICR mice, the IgA serum concentrations were significantly elevated without glomerular morphological changes in the 16 ppm NIV group. There was no difference in NIV sensitivity in the kidneys of infant ICGN and ICR mice. These data suggest that the kidneys in infant mice are not sensitive to nivalenol under the present conditions.

Gene Expression Analysis Detected a Low Expression Level of C1s Gene in ICR-Derived Glomerulonephritis (ICGN) Mice

Background: ICR-derived glomerulonephritis (ICGN) strain is a novel inbred strain of mice with a hereditary nephrotic syndrome. Deletion mutation of tensin 2 (Tns2), a focal adhesion molecule, has been suggested to be responsible for nephrotic syndrome in ICGN mice; however, the existence of other associative factors has been suggested. Methods and Results: To identify additional associative factors and to better understand the onset mechanism of nephrotic syndrome in ICGN mice, we conducted a comprehensive gene expression analysis using DNA microarray. Immune-related pathways were markedly altered in ICGN mice kidney as compared with ICR mice. Furthermore, the gene expression level of complement component 1, s subcomponent (C1s), whose human homologue has been reported to associate with lupus nephritis, was markedly low in ICGN mouse kidney. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction confirmed a low expression level of C1s in ICGN mouse liver where the C1s protein is mainly synthesized. A high serum level of anti-dsDNA antibody and deposits of immune complexes were also detected in ICGN mice by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunohistochemical analyses, respectively. Conclusion: Our results suggest that the immune system, especially the complement system, is associated with nephrotic syndrome in ICGN mice. We identified a low expression level of C1s gene as an additional associative factor for nephrotic syndrome in ICGN mice. Further studies are needed to elucidate the role of the complement system in the onset of nephrotic syndrome in ICGN mice.

Fluoride in drinking water exacerbates glomerulonephritis and induces liver damage in ICR-derived glomerulonephritis mice

To evaluate the effects of fluoride on the kidney and the liver of ICR-derived glomerulonephritis (ICGN) mice by using laboratory tests and pathological examinations, fluoride was administered to the ICGN mice at 0, 25, 50, 100, and 150 ppm in drinking water for 4 weeks and to the ICR mice, which have normal kidney function at 0 and 150 ppm. The BUN, creatinine, GOT, and GPT in the serum of each mouse were determined. When a mouse died, the sample from the day closest to the death was assigned for the mean. Pathological changes in the kidney were examined after PAS (periodic acid-Schiff) staining. All of the ICGN mice in the 150 ppm group and one of seven in the 100 ppm group died before the end of week 4, but no ICR mice died. For ICGN mice, the mean value of body weight in the 150 ppm group was significantly lower than those in 0 ppm group and other fluoride-administered groups. The mean values of relative liver and kidney weights in the 100 and 150 ppm groups were significantly lower than those in the control. The mean values of BUN, creatinine, and GPT in the 150 ppm group were significantly higher than those in the control. The thickness of the glomerular capillary wall and the increased mesangial matrix in the kidney were prominent in the fluoride-administered ICGN mice. These results suggested that fluoride severely exacerbated glomerulonephritis and tublar-intestitial changes in ICGN mice.

Scratching Behavior of ICR-Derived Glomerulonephritis (ICGN) Mice

The ICR-derived glomerulonephritis (ICGN) mouse, an inbred strain with a hereditary nephrotic syndrome, is considered a good animal model of human idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. ICGN mice show proteinuria at a young age, developing hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, anemia and edema later on. However, their behavior associated with pruritus due to renal dysfunction has not been sufficiently investigated. In the present study, we examined whether ICGN mice exhibit the scratching behavior reflecting pruritus. Mice aged 21 or 27 weeks were found to scratch persistently or intermittently, particularly those with scars. Furthermore, the scratching may have reflected a pruritus associated with renal dysfunction because it was inhibited by an opioid antagonist, naltrexone (3 mg/kg), effective against pruritus in hemodialysis patients. The results suggest that the ICGN mouse is a useful model with which to examine pruritus due to renal dysfunction.

Localization of Tissue Transglutaminase (tTG) in Kidney of ICR-Derived Glomerulonephritis (ICGN) Mice

ICR-derived glomerulonephritis (ICGN) mice are a known inbred strain with hereditary nephrotic syndrome and are considered a good animal model of human idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. ICGN mice show proteinuria at a young age, and hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, anemia and edema accompanies their symptoms with aging. In addition, ICGN mice develop severe anemia with the progression of renal fibrosis similar to human chronic kidney disease (CKD). Recently, tissue transglutaminase (tTG) has been shown to be related to the renal fibrosis in several animal models and CKD patients. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between the progression of renal fibrosis and the localization of tTG in the kidneys using histochemistry and image analysis. Male ICGN mice aged 26-43 weeks were used. They were divided into two groups of early and terminal stages of renal fibrosis, based on plasma levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN). Normal ICR males aged 11 weeks were used as a control group. tTG was localized to the interstitium in the normal ICR mice. In the early stage of renal fibrosis, the localization of tTG increased in renal tubules showing luminal dilation, as well as in the interstitium; however, the amount of tubular and interstitial tTG decreased in the late stage. In the glomeruli, tTG-immunoreactivity decreased in the late stage of renal fibrosis, despite the progression of glomerular sclerosis. The results suggest that epsilon(gamma-glutamyl) lysine cross-linking is not directly related to the progression of renal fibrosis in ICGN mice.

Amelioration of Anemia in the ICGN Mouse, a Renal Anemia Model, with a Subcutaneous Bolus Injection of Erythropoietin Adsorbed to Hydroxyapatite Matrix

The recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) is used for the treatment of patients with renal anemia. However, rhEPO should be administered subcutaneously or intravenously three times a week. The repetitive injections of rhEPO result in burdens to patients. To resolve this problem, we investigated the sustaining release methods using an rhEPO-hydroxyapatite (HAp) made by spray-drying technique as the drug delivery system. Two types of rhEPO-HAp formulations were prepared; zinc (Zn) formulation and Zn and poly-L-lactic acid (PLA) formulation. These formulations were examined in genetically anemic model, ICGN (ICR-derived glomerulonephritis) mice. According to in vivo release test of rhEPO from HAp in ICGN mice, elevated plasma concentration of rhEPO could be maintained for more than 7 days. These mice showed the amelioration of anemia for more than 3 weeks post-administration without causing any side effect. In conclusion, Zn or Zn/PLA formulation of HAp was considered to be one of the useful carriers of rhEPO for long-term improvement of anemia.

Amelioration of progressive renal injury by genetic manipulation of Klotho gene

Klotho, an antiaging gene with restricted organ distribution, is mainly expressed in the kidney tubules; the mutant mice have shortened life span, arteriosclerosis, anemia, and osteoporesis, features common to patients with chronic renal failure. Conceivably, the reduction of the Klotho gene expression may contribute to the development of kidney failure; alternatively, its overexpression may lead to the amelioration of renal injury in an ICR-derived glomerulonephritis (ICGN) mouse model with subtle immune complex-mediated disease. To address this issue, four different strains of mice were generated by cross-breeding: ICGN mice without the Klotho transgene (ICGN), ICGN mice with the Klotho transgene (ICGN/klTG), wild-type mice with the Klotho transgene (klTG), and wild-type mice without the Klotho transgene (control). At 40 weeks old, the survival rate was approximately 30% in ICGN mice, and approximately 70% in the ICGN/klTG group. This improvement was associated with dramatic improvement in renal functions, morphological lesions, and cytochrome c oxidase activity but a reduction in beta-galactosidase activity (a senescence-associated protein), mitochondrial DNA fragmentation, superoxide anion generation, lipid peroxidation, and Bax protein expression and apoptosis. Interestingly, improvement was seen in both the tubular and glomerular compartments of the kidney, although Klotho is exclusively confined to the tubules, suggesting that its gene product has a remarkable renoprotective effect by potentially serving as a circulating hormone while mitigating the mitochondrial oxidative stress.

Erythropoietin-Producing Cells in the Liver of ICR-Derived Glomerulonephritis (ICGN) Mice

The ICR-derived glomerulonephritis (ICGN) mouse is an appropriate model for anemia associated with chronic renal disorder (CRD). Insufficient renal production of erythropoietin (EPO) induces the anemia associated with CRD. EPO mRNA is expressed in both kidneys and liver of progressing-stage ICGN mice. Hypoxic stimulation induced the EPO mRNA expression in the liver as well as in the kidneys of ICGN mice. The localization of EPO-producing cells in the liver remains controversial. Present study using an amplified in situ hybridization technique identified that nonparenchymal cells were the source of hepatic EPO production in ICGN mice under both normoxia and hypoxia.

Dysfunction of Erythropoietin-Producing Interstitial Cells in the Kidneys of ICR-derived Glomerulonephritis (ICGN) Mice

Anemia is a major secondary symptom in chronic renal disorder (CRD), but the precise cause of insufficient production of erythropoietin (EPO) remains unclear owing to the controversial localization of EPO-producing cells in the kidneys. The ICR-derived glomerulonephritis (ICGN) mouse, a new hereditary nephrotic mouse, is an appropriate model of anemia associated with CRD. By using an amplified in situ hybridization technique, we detected and counted the renal EPO-producing cells under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. The expression levels of renal EPO mRNA were quantified and oxygen gradients were also assessed immunohistochemically. Amplified in situ hybridization clarified that EPO-producing cells were peritubular interstitial cells in the middle region of renal cortex in both ICR and ICGN mice. Hypoxia (7% O2) induced low oxygen tension in proximal tubular epithelial cells of renal cortex, and increased the expression of EPO mRNA and the number of EPO-producing cells in both ICR and ICGN mice. However, hypoxia did not increase the serum EPO levels in ICGN mice. The ICGN mouse is a good model for anemia associated with CRD, and the suppression of EPO protein production in the renal EPO-producing cells is considered to be a potential cause of anemia associated with CRD.

Effect of Human Erythropoietin (hEPO) Treatment on Anemia in ICR-derived Glomerulonephritis (ICGN) Mice

ICR-derived glomerulonephritis (ICGN) mice are a novel inbred strain with hereditary nephrotic syndrome and are thus considered a good animal model of human idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. In the present study, we investigated the effect to erythrocyte production by human erythropoietin (hEPO) treatment in ICGN mice during the early nephrotic stage. Erythrocyte count, hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit value in hEPO-treated (5 U/body/day, for 5 days) ICGN mice were recovered to the levels found in normal ICR mice. In addition, there was no correlation between plasma creatinine level, a marker of renal function, and erythrocyte count after hEPO treatment. Therefore, anemia in ICGN mice may be caused by decreased production of EPO in the kidney following progressive parenchymal damage.

Increased Smad4‐Mediated Acceleration of TGF‐β1 Signaling and Myofibroblastic Differentiation in Tubulointerstitial Cells in Kidneys of Hereditary Nephrotic Mice

ICR‐derived glomerulonephritis (ICGN) mouse is a hereditary model animal for nephrotic syndrome with chronic renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis. In fibrotic disorder, myofibroblastic differentiation plays crucial roles in pathogenesis and is dominantly regulated by the transforming growth factor‐beta1 (TGF‐β1) signaling system. To reveal the relationships between the pathogenic mechanism of the renal fibrosis and TGF‐β1 signaling in ICGN mice, we examined the expression and localization of TGF‐β1 signal transducer proteins, TGF‐β receptor (TGFR)‐I, TGFR‐II, Smad2/3 and Smad4, in kidney sections and in primarily cultured renal tubulointerstitial fibroblasts (TIFs). In kidneys of ICGN mice, many TIFs were differentiated to myofibroblastic cells, confirmed as alpha‐smooth muscle actin (αSMA)‐positive cells, and though no significant increase in production and activation of TGF‐β1 were observed in ICGN‐TIFs as compared with control ICR‐TIFs. The rate of αSMA positive cells in ICGN‐TIFs increased during cell culture but not in those of ICR‐TIFs. In vitro transcriptional reporter assay for TGF‐β1 and Western blotting for TGF‐β1 signal transducers revealed that no notable differences in the expression levels of TGFR‐I, TGFR‐II or Smad2/3 were seen between ICR‐ and ICGN‐TIFs. However, augmented cytoplasmic Smad4 in ICGN‐TIFs was observed, and it may cause hypersensitivity against TGF‐β1. These results indicate that abnormal cytoplasmic augmentation of Smad4 induces acceleration of TGF‐β1 signaling and fibrogenic myofibroblastic differentiation in the renal tubulointerstitial cells of ICGN mice.

Improvement of anemia associated with chronic renal failure by recombinant human erythropoietin treatment in ICR-derived glomerulonephritis (ICGN) mice.

The ICR-derived glomerulonephritis (ICGN) mouse, a novel inbred mouse strain with a hereditary nephrotic syndrome, develops severe anemia associated with chronic renal failure. To reveal the pathogenic mechanism of anemia in ICGN mice, we subcutaneously administered recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO; 5 IU/mouse/day) or saline for 5 days to ICGN mice. In terminal-stage ICGN mice with severe anemia, rhEPO significantly increased hematocrit (Ht), red blood cells (RBC) and hemoglobin levels. Endogenous EPO levels in peripheral blood were reduced by rhEPO injection. No histopathological changes in bone marrow and kidneys were induced by rhEPO injection. Insufficiency of EPO may cause anemia in ICGN mice.

Localization of extracellular matrix receptors in ICGN mice, a strain of mice with hereditary nephrotic syndrome.

Fibrotic degeneration was examined in the kidneys of ICR-derived glomerulonephritis (ICGN) mice, a novel inbred mouse line with a hereditary nephrotic syndrome of unknown etiology considered to be a good model of human idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. In the present study, we histochemically revealed changes in accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components and in localization of integrins, cellular receptors for ECM, in the kidneys of ICGN mice with the progression of renal failure. Excessive accumulation of basement membrane (laminin and collagen IV) and interstitial (type III collagen) ECM components were demonstrated in the glomeruli and tubulointerstitum of ICGN mice. Marked deposition of type I collagen and tenascin was seen only in the glomeruli of ICGN mice but not in those of ICR mice as normal controls. Increased expression of integrin alpha1-, alpha2-, alpha5- and beta1-subunits in glomeruli with fibrotic degeneration and abnormal distribution of alpha6-subunit were noted in the kidneys of ICGN mice. Excessive laminin, a ligand of alpha6beta1-integrin, was demonstrated on the tubular basement membrane, but alpha6-subunit diffusely disappeared on the basal side of the tubular epithelial cells. We presumed that abnormal integrin expression in renal tubules causes epithelial cell detachment, and consequently tubular nephropathy, and results in disorder of ECM metabolism causing excessive accumulation of ECM components in the kidneys of ICGN mice.

Localization of proliferative and apoptotic cells in the kidneys of ICR-derived glomerulonephritis (ICGN) mice.

The ICR-derived glomerulonephritis (ICGN) mouse is a novel inbred mouse strain with a hereditary nephrotic syndrome, considered to be a good model of human idiopathic nephrotic syndrome and develops proteinuria, hypoproteinemia and anemia. In the present study, we compared the cell kinetics in the kidneys of ICGN mice with age-matched ICR mice as normal controls. The proliferating cells were visualized by 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine labeling, and apoptotic cells were determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end-labeling. Many proliferating epithelial cells of renal tubules, glomerular mesangial cells and tublointerstitial fibroblast-like cells were observed in the kidneys of ICGN mice, but no proliferating cells were seen in the kidneys of ICR mice. Apoptotic cells had round nuclei, and were observed only in the tubulointerstitium in the kidneys of ICGN mice but not in that of controls. The proliferation of renal tubular epithelial cells may represent a compensatory response, and that of mesangial and fibroblast-like cells may play a pathogenic role in nephrotic syndrome. Apoptosis in tubulointerstitial cells with round nuclei may have been erythropoietin-producing cells, and probably caused anemia.

Characteristic changes in carbohydrate profile in the kidneys of hereditary nephrotic mice (ICGN strain).

The ICR-derived glomerulonephritis (ICGN) mice consist of heterozygous and homozygous groups and are considered to be a good model for human idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. To reveal changes in cell-surface carbohydrate construction, 24 lectins were applied to kidney sections of 10-, 30- and 50-week-old male heterozygous and homozygous ICGN mice and age-matched male ICR mice. Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin-I (BSL-I), which specifically binds to alpha-D-galactopyranosyl groups, showed positive staining in the glomeruli of ICGN mice, but not in those of ICR mice. Positive BSL-I staining was observed only in distal tubules of homozygous ICGN mice. Lectin blotting for BSL-I demonstrated characteristic glycoproteins (45, 58 and 64 kD) in ICGN but not in ICR mice, and the levels of these molecules augmented in homozygous ICGN mice with the progression of renal failure. Moreover, succinylated wheat germ agglutinin, Dolichos biflorus agglutinin, Aleuria aurantia lectin and Ulex europaeus agglutinin-I showed positive staining only in the glomeruli of homozygous ICGN mice, but not in those of heterozygous ICGN or ICR mice. The staining intensities of Ricinus communis agglutinin-I, Phaseolus vulgaris agglutinin-E and -L, Lens culinaris agglutinin and Erythrina cristagalli agglutinin (ECL) in the glomeruli of homozygous ICGN mice were stronger than those of heterozygous ICGN and ICR mice. In conclusion, lectin histochemistry provided useful information for the diagnosis and prognosis of nephrotic lesions. Characteristic BSL-I binding glycoproteins may be pathogenic factors which cause renal disease in ICGN mice and are good tools to investigate the molecular mechanism of renal disorders in ICGN mice.