Indocyanine Green Angiography Research Articles

Management of Delayed Vascular Occlusion in Free Flap Breast Reconstruction: A Systematic Review of Literature and Case Report.

Free flap surgery is a reliable and safe procedure for breast reconstruction. The survival of free flaps depends on their vascular pedicle initially, but neovascularization can sustain their blood supply after a while. Management of late pedicle occlusion in free flap breast reconstruction and potential implications of late pedicle occlusion on the transferred tissue are controversial. We systematically reviewed current literature focusing on articles that reported on late pedicle occlusion in free flaps for breast reconstruction. We aimed to analyze incidences of late pedicle occlusion, the existing evidence for the most appropriate management strategy for late pedicle occlusion, and its implications on overall outcomes. In support of the review, we present a clinical case of a salvage of a deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flap following late arterial thrombosis 12 days postoperatively. The literature is limited to a few case reports on pedicle occlusion in free flap breast reconstruction and a few heterogeneous retrospective reviews reporting on late pedicle occlusion in general. Despite the heterogeneity of articles and approaches to salvage flaps with late pedicle occlusion, we found no convincing evidence that surgery is the best choice to salvage flaps in breast reconstruction that appear to have late pedicle occlusion. Our case demonstrates that a conservative approach may be justified more than initially deemed necessary. Late pedicle occlusion is a rare but serious event in free flap breast reconstruction. Surgery does not seem to be the most appropriate approach in every case. Decisions should be based on clinical dynamics and imaging findings such as indocyanine-green angiography. A carefully carried out conservative approach may lead to flap salvage.

Indocyanine Green Angiography–Assisted Marsupialization of a Petrous Apex Cholesterol Granuloma: 2-Dimensional Operative Video

Indocyanine Green Angiography–Assisted Marsupialization of a Petrous Apex Cholesterol Granuloma: 2-Dimensional Operative Video

Clinical evaluation of real-time artificial intelligence provision of expert representation in indocyanine green fluorescence angiography during colorectal resections

Clinical evaluation of real-time artificial intelligence provision of expert representation in indocyanine green fluorescence angiography during colorectal resections

Distribution and Morphologic Characteristics of Choroidal Vortex Veins in Pachychoroid Disease.

This study aimed to elucidate the distribution and morphological features of choroidal vortex veins in pachychoroid disease (PCD). Retrospective observational study. Patients with PCD included from January 2022 to June 2023. We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional analysis using wide-field indocyanine green angiography (WF-ICGA) to assess choroidal vortex veins in PCD patients, categorizing them based on location (equatorial/posterior) and morphology (absent, incomplete, complete, complete with ampulla). The incidence of different location and morphology of vortex veins in PCD. A total of 190 eyes from 99 PCD patients were examined. Notably, only 8.9% (17/190) of eyes had posterior vortex veins. We identified 1620 vortex veins, predominantly equatorial (99%, 1603/1620). Morphologically, the most common type was incomplete (61.9%), followed by complete (19.5%), absent (11.1%), and complete with ampulla (7.5%). The distribution of these veins varied, with the inferotemporal quadrant showing the highest prevalence at 26.9%, followed by the superonasal (26.1%), superotemporal (24.3%), and inferonasal (22.7%) quadrants. The median number of vortex veins per eye was 8, with a range from 5 to 15. This study highlights that posterior vortex veins are less frequent in PCD eyes, with incomplete veins being the most prevalent. These findings provide important clinical evidence for understanding the distribution and morphologic characteristics of choroidal vortex veins in PCD, contributing to our knowledge of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this condition.

A clinical study on the therapeutic effects of 577nm micropulse laser photocoagulation treatment in early-stage CSCR patients.

To research the therapeutic effects of 577nm micropulse laser photocoagulation (MLP) treatment in early-stage central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) patients. Twenty-two CSCR patients with 24 CSCR eyes were examined prior to MLP treatment. The examinations included best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), fluorescein fundus angiography (FFA), indocyanine green angiography (ICGA), optical coherence tomography (OCT), optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and microperimetry. After MLP treatment, all the subjects were reviewed at 30 days. The BCVA, macular function on microperimetry, subretinal fluid (SRF) height of the macula on OCT, and choroid vascular density (VD) of the macular area on OCTA were compared before and after MLP treatment. The correlations between SRF height and visual function, choroid VD was analyzed separately. BCVA and macular function significantly increased and the SRF height of the macula significantly decreased after MLP treatment. BCVA and macular function were significantly negatively correlated with SRF height. The choroid VD was significantly increased after MLP treatment, and choroid VD in the leakage site part of the macula were significantly negatively correlated with the height of the SRF. A recurrent patient who received two MLP treatments also had a negative correlation between SRF and choroid VD during the course of disease. 577nm MLP is safe and effective for early-stage CSCR patients, and treatment can restore macular structure and function. The increase in choroid VD of leakage site part after treatment is one of the key effects of MLP treatment for early-stage CSCR patients.

Using Indocyanine Green Fluorescence Angiography to Evaluate the Impact of Surgical and Patient Factors on Posterior Septal Artery Perfusion in Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery

Abstract Background Nasoseptal flaps (NSF), perfused by the posterior septal artery (PSA), are heavily utilized in endonasal skull base surgery (ESBS). We use indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence angiography to assess PSA perfusion. Methods A prospective study of adult ESBS patients assessed PSA perfusion using intraoperative ICG. PSA ICG fluorescence intensities (FIs) were quantified. Factors analyzed included demographics, comorbidities, prior sinonasal surgery, surgical approach, concurrent septoplasty, NSF harvest timing, and flap-related complications. t-Tests compared significant ICG baseline differences and changes from baseline. ICG enhancement was compared with postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Results A total of 54 patients were studied. Of these, 35 NSFs were harvested, while the remaining 19 underwent cuts for rescue flaps. Mean PSA FI changed from baseline 118.1 ± 28.6 to 114.4 ± 32.3 following reconstruction. Tobacco users had lower baseline FI compared with non-tobacco users (78.3 ± 62.8 vs. 118.4 ± 29.1, p = 0.003). Transpterygoid approaches showed greater decrease from baseline (−25.8 ± 58.9 vs. −3.8 ± 32.1, p = 0.035) than transsphenoidal. No other studied factors, including revision case, timing of flap harvest, flap side, division of palatosphenoidal artery, or concurrent septoplasty, had a significant influence on ICG intensity. In total, 34 of 35 NSFs were viable. ICG fluorescence had a 100% sensitivity, 0% specificity, and 96.6% positive predictive value (PPV) for NSF viability, while MRI enhancement had a 100% sensitivity, 100% specificity, and 100% PPV for NSF viability. Conclusion ICG angiography may provide an intraoperative assessment of flap viability with comparable PPV as postoperative MRI. Tobacco use and transpterygoid approaches may be associated with decreased PSA perfusion.

Role of Indocyanine Green Angiography to Assess Intra-operative Bowel Vascularity and its Association with Post-operative Outcome in Robot-assisted Rectal Resection: a Prospective Indian Cohort Study

Role of Indocyanine Green Angiography to Assess Intra-operative Bowel Vascularity and its Association with Post-operative Outcome in Robot-assisted Rectal Resection: a Prospective Indian Cohort Study

L-Shaped Scapular and Parascapular Combined Flap forReconstruction of a Large Surface Defect After SarcomaResection Using ICG Angiography: A Case Seriesof6 Patients.

Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) pose challenges in management due to large defects following wide resection. Reconstructive options are often limited, especially in patients with large circular defects below the gluteal region. This article addresses the question of how to effectively reconstruct such defects while minimizing donor-site morbidity. We present our experience with using an L-shaped combined scapular and parascapular flap after STS resection, highlighting the novelty of employing indocyanine green (ICG) angiography to ensure optimal blood flow and surgical safety. We retrospectively reviewed patients who underwent STS resection and immediate reconstruction using an L-shaped scapular and parascapular combined flap between October 2022 and April 2024. The feasibility of the procedure was assessed by analyzing the patient demographics, tumor characteristics, defect and flap sizes, operative time, and postoperative outcomes, including donor-site complications and shoulder function. Six patients underwent reconstruction using an L-shaped combined flap with no donor-site complications or significant shoulder dysfunction. The average sizes were 15.7 × 13.7 cm for the defect, 20 × 7 cm for the scapular flap, and 23 × 7.3 cm for the parascapular flap. The average operative time was 7 h and 9 min. The average follow-up period was 10.2 months. Except for one case of partial flap necrosis, all flaps survived completely, highlighting the reliability of the procedure. L-shaped combined scapular and parascapular flaps are promising reconstructive techniques for large surface defects after STS resection with low donor-site morbidity and preservation of shoulder function. The novel application of these flaps for large circular defects below the gluteal region, combined with the use of ICG angiography to ensure flap viability and enhance surgical safety, are key contributions of this study.

Ocular manifestations of West Nile virus.

Over the past two decades, the ophthalmic manifestations of West Nile virus have been more clearly established in the literature. This review aims to summarize its diagnosis and pathogenesis, with a focus on its clinical appearance, characteristic imaging features, and management. Ocular manifestations of West Nile virus present early in the disease course and are more common in cases with severe neurological involvement. The use of optical coherence tomography (OCT), optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A), fundus autofluorescence (FAF), fluorescein angiogram (FA), and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) can aid in its diagnosis and management. West Nile virus infection may present with ocular findings that include anterior uveitis, vitritis, retinitis, chorioretinitis, and optic neuropathy; visual prognosis can range from excellent to poor depending on severity of involvement and the presence of secondary complications, such as occlusive vasculitis and macular ischemia. Diagnosis may be aided by multimodal imaging assessment. The ophthalmologist should have a high clinical suspicion for ocular involvement in cases of severe systemic disease.

Diluted Indocyanine Green Angiography: A Novel Approach to Free Flap Perfusion Evaluation in Reconstructive Microsurgery.

Assessing perfusion in free flaps is crucial in clinical practice. Indocyanine green (ICG) angiography offers a more objective and reproducible method, utilizing near-infrared imaging to monitor flap vascularization. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of diluted ICG as a tool for assessing free flap perfusion. This pilot randomized clinical trial compares the fluorescence concentrations of ICG at 3 different dilutions: 5 mg/mL (standard concentration), 2.5 mg/mL (half the standard concentration), and 0.5 mg/mL (one-tenth of the standard concentration). Inclusion criteria required participants to have serum albumin levels above 3 g/dL, hemoglobin levels over 10 g/dL, and no comorbidities. Participants were randomized into 3 groups based on ICG concentration. Fluorescence analysis was performed using ImageJ software to determine mean gray values. Both surgeons and data analysts were blinded to the ICG concentrations administered, ensuring unbiased evaluation. Forty-five patients undergoing free flap surgery, predominantly male (60%) with a mean age of 37.76 ± 19.79 years and a mean body mass index of 21.23 ± 4.49 kg/m², primarily received osteoseptocutaneous fibular free flaps (46.67%), with an average skin flap area of 66.07 ± 46.94 cm². The primary etiology was underlying tumors (84.4%), with the head and neck as the most common reconstruction site (82.2%). The superior thyroid artery was the most frequently used recipient vessel (37.78%). Analysis revealed mean gray values of 64.10 ± 8.27 (5 mg/mL), 79.03 ± 2.7 (2.5 mg/mL), and 33.56 ± 3.47 (0.5 mg/mL), with 2.5 mg/mL yielding the highest value (P < 0.001). Findings suggest using 2.5 mg/mL concentration enhances fluorescence emission, offering a dosage alternative in clinical practice.

Persistent visual field deficit after half-fluence photodynamic therapy for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy.

To report a rare case of a persistent paracentral scotoma after half-fluence photodynamic therapy for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. A 65-year-old man with a history of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy presented with a temporal paracentral visual distortion one week after undergoing repeat off-label treatment with half-fluence verteporfin photodynamic therapy for recurrent intraretinal fluid exudation in the right eye. Fundus photography, fundus autofluorescence, optical coherence tomography, fluorescein angiography, indocyanine green angiography, and automatic visual field testing were obtained. Humphrey visual field 10-2 demonstrated a focal temporal paracentral area of reduced sensitivity, which remained persistent on repeat testing up to 9 months. OCT macula and fluorescein angiography demonstrated subtle corresponding changes in the nasal macula, while indocyanine green angiography demonstrated no visible alteration in choroidal perfusion. Symptomatic scotoma in the location of laser treatment may be a rare complication of verteporfin photodynamic therapy even at reduced fluence, in the setting of repeat treatment in the same location, and may be identified and monitored with automated 10-2 visual field testing.

Real world treatment outcomes in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in a Caucasian population of British ethnicity.

To assess treatment response of Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) in a Caucasian population of British ethnicity with intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) injections alone and with a combination of anti-VEGF injections and photodynamic therapy (PDT). Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom. Retrospective review of 95 Caucasian patients in a single centre with diagnosis of PCV between 2013 and 2018 were included. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central retinal thickness (CRT), indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) characteristics, numbers and type of treatment were analysed at baseline and at 1 year. One hundred and one eyes included from 95 patients received either anti-VEGF injections (n = 79, 78.2%) alone or combination therapy with anti-VEGF and PDT (n = 6, 6%). A third untreated group was also observed (n = 16, 15.8%). Five eyes were excluded from the study due to structural retinal damage. Mean number of injections was 7.3 in the monotherapy group and 6.5 in the combination group. Both treatment groups showed improvement in BCVA at 1 year and this was statistically significant in the monotherapy group with a mean gain of 8.3 letters (p < 0.001). Mean CRT decreased in all treatment groups at twelve months and this change was significant (p < 0.01). In the observation group, vision and CRT remained stable. This study demonstrates significant improvements in BCVA at one year in our Caucasian cohort of British ethnicity with PCV in the treatment group.

Multimodal Retinal Imaging Findings in Hardikar Syndrome.

To describe the syndromic, clinical, and retinal findings of a patient with an extremely-rare genetic condition known as Hardikar Syndrome (HS) with presentation of optical coherence tomography (OCT), fundus autofluorescence (FAF), fluorescein angiographic (FA), and indocyanine green angiographic (ICG) findings. Clinical course was detailed and followed over time with examinations and multimodal imaging. A 17-year-old patient with HS was referred for possible retinitis pigmentosa. Dilated fundoscopic examination revealed large, multifocal cauliform patches of chorioretinal retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) changes with RPE drop-out involving the macula and periphery in both eyes. Additionally, an inactive choroidal neovascular membrane (CNVM) was present in the left eye. Multimodal imaging with OCT, FAF, FA and ICG correlated with the clinical findings of focal patches of chorioretinal degeneration in both eyes. Additionally, an anomalous finding of the superior retinal arterial vessels filling in tandem with the choroidal was present in the left eye. The patient's clinical findings were consistent with HS, and genetic testing with whole exome sequencing revealed a pathogenic mutation in the MED12 gene, confirming diagnosis. HS is associated with RPE degeneration, creating focal patches of pigmentary chorioretinal atrophic lesions. Vision loss can occur due to the development of CNVMs. We recommend close evaluation and follow-up for HS patients with multimodal retinal imaging.

Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y cystojejunostomy with indocyanine green angiography for a recurrent large pancreatic pseudocyst: a case report

Symptomatic pseudocyst of pancreas can present as abdominal pain or back pain, early satiety, unexplained weight loss, jaundice, steatorrhea, or a palpable mass. This case involves a 31-year-old male with a large, recurrent pseudocyst, initially managed by endoscopic drainage, then complicated by recurrence. Despite failed attempts at a repeat endoscopic cystogastrostomy, surgical intervention was successful, albeit challenging due to the patient's physique and cyst size. Roux-en-Y cystojejunostomy was performed, aided by intravenous indocyanine green (ICG) angiography to ensure anastomotic vascularity. Postoperative recovery was smooth, and the patient was asymptomatic after 4 months without residual collections. Thoughtful intervention is vital for managing such pseudocysts, with surgical drainage remaining crucial, albeit with adaptable port placement. Choice between cystogastrostomy and cystojejunostomy should consider pseudocyst location for optimal drainage. The use of indocyanine green angiography for assessing vascularity supports the success of anastomosis intra-operatively and presents an intriguing research avenue.

IDIOPATHIC RETINAL VASCULITIS, ANEURYSMS, AND NEURORETINITIS COMPLICATED BY CILIORETINAL ARTERY OCCLUSION: MULTIMODAL IMAGING AND 5-YEAR FOLLOW-UP.

To describe a multimodal imaging and a 5-year follow-up of a case of cilioretinal artery occlusion (CLRAO) in a 40-year-old woman with idiopathic retinal vasculitis, aneurysms, and neuroretinitis (IRVAN) syndrome. Fundus photography, indocyanine green and fluorescein angiography, optical coherence tomography (OCT), OCT angiography (OCTA), and a literature review of retinal artery occlusions associated with IRVAN syndrome were performed. Fundus examination revealed bilateral blurred margins of the discs and peri-vascular hard exudates. Fluorescein angiography (FA) demonstrated peripheral capillary nonperfusion areas in both eyes (OU). It also revealed an aberrant cilioretinal artery in the right eye (OD). OCT showed attenuation of the inner retinal layers and disruption of the outer retinal layers secondary to CLRAO in OD. OCTA allowed a clear identification of macular hypoperfusion in OU. Laser photocoagulation, along with anti-VEGF and corticosteroid intravitreal injections, was administered in OU. Best-corrected visual acuity remained stable, with no evidence of progression or development of neovascularization after a 5-year follow-up. IRVAN syndrome may be complicated by CLRAO, resulting in poor final visual acuity despite reperfusion of the occluded artery. In such cases, multimodal imaging allows the identification of complications such as macular atrophy on OCT and hypoperfusion areas that may not be detected on FA on OCTA.

Microsurgical Clipping of Unruptured Middle Cerebral Artery Bifurcation Aneurysms: A Single-Center Experience

Background/Objectives: Microsurgical clipping has traditionally been considered a standard treatment for middle cerebral artery (MCA) aneurysms. Recently, a caseload reduction related to improved endovascular treatment options has occurred in cerebrovascular neurosurgery. Therefore, studies that report the clinical and radiological outcomes after clipping are highly warranted. Methods: Patients with an unruptured MCA bifurcation aneurysm, who were surgically treated at the Department of Neurosurgery in Linz between 2002 and 2019, were included in this study. Clinical and radiological outcome parameters were evaluated for each patient. Results: Overall, 272 patients were eligible for inclusion. Complete aneurysm occlusion was demonstrated in 266 (99.3%) of the 268 (98.5%) patients who underwent postoperative digital subtraction angiography. In six (2.2%) patients, a permanent new neurological deficit (pNND) persisted after treatment. Intraoperative aneurysm rupture was a significant factor (p = 0.0049) in the logistic regression. At the last follow-up, only two patients (0.7%) had an unfavorable outcome (mRS &gt; 2). More recent surgeries were associated with fewer cases of pNND (p = 0.009). A transient new neurological deficit occurred in 13 patients (4.8%), with aneurysm size being a significant risk factor (p = 0.009). Surgical site infections were reported in four patients (1.5%), with patient age (p = 0.039) and time (p = 0.001) being significant factors. Two patients died (0.7%) perioperatively and two patients (0.7%) needed a retreatment in the long-term follow-up. Conclusions: The findings indicate that microsurgical clipping is a safe procedure with minimal need for retreatment. It achieves a high occlusion rate while maintaining a very low rate of adverse outcomes. Continuous intraoperative enhancements over time have contributed to a progressive improvement in clinical outcomes in recent years. This trend is exemplified by the absence of detectable pNND in the era of ICG angiography. Consequently, these data support the conclusion that microsurgical clipping should still be considered an appropriate treatment option for unruptured MCA bifurcation aneurysms.

Clinical and Cost-Effectiveness of Intraoperative Flap Perfusion Assessment With Indocyanine Green Fluorescence Angiography in Breast and Head and Neck Reconstructions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Indocyanine green fluorescence angiography (ICGFA) is gaining popularity for the assessment of reconstructive flap perfusion intraoperatively. This study analyses the literature with a focus on its clinical efficacy and cost-effectiveness across various plastic and reconstructive surgery procedures. A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines on published studies in English comparing ICGFA with standard clinical assessment for flap perfusion. Meta-analysis concerned perfusion-related complications and cost data. Twenty-five studies met the inclusion criteria, of which two were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and four were prospective cohort studies. Twenty-one studies were AHRQ Standard 'Good'; however, the overall level of evidence remains low. ICGFA was predominantly performed in breast surgeries (n = 3310) and head and neck reconstruction (n = 701) albeit with inconsistency in protocols and predominantly subjective interpretations (only five studies utilized objective thresholds). In breast surgery, meta-analysis demonstrated significant reductions in mastectomy skin flap necrosis (odds ratio (OR) 0.58, p < 0.0001), fat necrosis (OR 0.31, p < 0.001), infection (OR 0.66, p = 0.02), and re-operation (OR 0.40, p < 0.0001), but no significant decrease in total or partial flap loss (OR 0.78, p = 0.57/OR 0.87, p = 0.56, respectively) or increase in dehiscence (OR 1.55, p = 0.11). In head and neck surgery, ICGFA significantly decreased total flap loss (OR 0.47, p = 0.04), although not partial flap loss (OR 0.37, p = 0.13) and reoperation (OR 0.92, p = 0.73). Lower limb (n = 104) and abdominal wall (n = 95) reconstructive surgeries were much less studied with no significant ICGFA impact. Seven studies reported cost savings with flap surgeries and breast reconstructions, although study heterogeneity precluded meta-analysis. ICGFA appears to be a useful, cost-effective tool to identify otherwise unsuspected hypoperfusion in breast and head and neck reconstruction. There is a clear need for standardization, however, to avoid bias. Further RCTs are necessary to solidify these promising clinical findings.

Indocyanine Green Angiography-Assisted Pure Hemi-Periareolar Incision Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy and Direct-to-Implant Breast Reconstruction.

Although pure hemi-periareolar incisions for mastectomy can prevent visible scarring, nipple-areolar complex (NAC) necrosis is a potential risk. Superficial-arterial inflow of the NAC can be evaluated by indocyanine green angiography (ICG-A). This study evaluated the impact of ICG-A assisted periareolar incision on NAC necrosis during nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) and direct-to-implant (DTI) breast reconstruction. Between December 2018 and November 2021, lateral hemi-periareolar incisions for NSM were routine. After that time, ICG-A-assisted hemi-periareolar incisions were performed between December 2021 and Sept. 2023. The location of the main arterial inflow was evaluated during preoperative ICG-A and the periareolar incision was planned to avoid disruption. NAC necrosis in the ICG-A-assisted and blind-incision groups was compared using univariate and multivariate analyses. A total of 202 breasts were analyzed including 80 breasts from 75 patients in the ICG-A-assisted group and 122 breasts from 115 patients in the blind-incision group. On preoperative ICG-A, superficial-arterial inflow was observed in 67 of 80 (83.75%) breasts. Perfusion of the nipple without superficial-arterial inflow (base-perfusion pattern) was observed in 13 breasts (16.25%). The main arterial inflow was most common in the upper-medial direction at the areolar margins (65.67%). The full-thickness NAC necrosis rate in the ICG-A-assisted incision group was significantly lower than that in the blind-incision group (2.5% vs. 13.1%, p = 0.010). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that ICG-A-assisted incisions significantly reduced the risk of NAC necrosis (odds 0.155, p = 0.030). ICG-A-assisted pure hemi-periareolar incisions reduced NAC necrosis in DTI breast reconstructions.

Clinical Performance of Semi-Automated Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography.

Background/Objectives: To evaluate the clinical performance of two optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) devices, including a semi-automated device, with respect to image quality and pathology detection, with fluorescein angiography (FA) and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) serving as the reference standards. Methods: In this prospective cross-sectional study, normal eyes and those with various retinal and choroidal pathologies were enrolled and underwent OCTA scanning using semi-automated 3D OCT-1 Maestro2 and Cirrus™ HD-OCT 5000 devices, as well as FA/ICGA imaging. OCTA scans and FA/ICGA images were independently graded for image quality and the visibility of prespecified anatomic vascular features, along with the presence or absence of pathology on the OCTA scans and the FA/ICGA images (within regions corresponding to the OCTA scan areas). Positive percent agreement (PPA), defined as the proportion of eyes in which the OCTA demonstrated pathology when the corresponding FA/ICGA showed pathology, and negative percent agreement (NPA), defined as the proportion of eyes in which the OCTA showed no pathology when the FA/ICGA also showed no pathology, were calculated. Results: In total, 38 normal eyes and 86 pathologic eyes were enrolled in the study. The majority of images for both devices were considered clinically useful. The PPA and NPA were high for both devices, indicating a good ability to identify disease when present and to rule it out when not present. Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that the semi-automated Maestro2 and Cirrus have comparably good clinical performance, particularly with regard to accuracy when identifying vascular pathologies.

Acute spontaneous vortex vein occlusion: clinical features, multimodal imaging and natural course

AimsTo describe the clinical features, multimodal imaging, treatments and natural course of acute spontaneous vortex vein occlusion.MethodsClinical data were collected on nine patients with acute vortex vein occlusion. The symptoms...