Ice Machine Research Articles

Burkholderia multivorans Infections Associated with Use of Ice and Water from Ice Machines for Patient Care Activities - Four Hospitals, California and Colorado, 2020-2024.

Ice machines can harbor water-related organisms, and the use of ice or tap water for clinical care activities has been associated with infections in health care settings. During 2021-2022, a total of 23 cases of infection by Burkholderia multivorans (sequence type ST659) were reported at two southern California hospitals and linked to contaminated ice and water from ice machines. In addition to these 23 cases, this report also includes 23 previously unreported cases of B. multivorans ST659 infections that occurred during 2020-2024: 13 at a northern California hospital, eight at a hospital in Colorado, and two additional cases at one of the southern California hospitals. The same brand of ice machine and brands of filters, descaling, and sanitizing products were used by all four hospitals; B. multivorans was isolated from samples collected from ice machines in two of the hospitals. Whole genome sequencing indicated that all clinical and ice machine isolates were highly genetically similar (0-14 single nucleotide variant differences across 81% of the selected reference genome). Recommendations from public health officials to halt the outbreak included avoiding ice and tap water during clinical care activities. An investigation is ongoing to determine possible sources of ice machine contamination. During outbreaks of water-related organisms in health care facilities, health care personnel should consider avoiding the use of tap water, including ice and water from ice machines, for patient care.

Design considerations of a new freezer construction in the tubular ice machine by experimental study

The need to improve the structure of components to create a new system compacter and cheaper, but still ensuring the system's consistent operation is always necessary and urgent. This study found the consistent of a new integrated freezer construction in the tubular ice machine by experimental study. The measuring instruments were been set for this air-cooled experimental model to validate the system stability when integrating the freezer, accumulator and heat exchanger into an integrated freezer. At a typical experiment 50 Hz inverter control, the R404a refrigerant used to evaporate at −15 °C, achieved the duration of total ice production cycle is around 29.5 min whereas the duration of ice production process takes around 24.5 min (rated 2.88 min/°C) and the defrost takes 5 min. The experimental coefficient of performance decreases from 1.77 to 1.51 and gets averagely 1.55 in the ice production process. From three others experimental results, coefficient of performance, the duration of ice production process, and saturation temperature of refrigerant in freezer change corresponding to the supplied power by inverter control for compressor.

The effect of the structure of a water distribution pan in an evaporation drum on a flake ice machine

Abstract Through experimental research, the performance of the flake ice machine under different structures of the water distribution pan was comparatively analyzed to enhance performance and optimize the design of the water distribution pan in the evaporation drum. An experimental bench for testing the performance of the flake ice machine was constructed, and the optimal scraping cycle under varying water distribution pan structures was determined. The results revealed a 33% improvement in the ice-making area within the water distribution pan structure, along with a 17.5% reduction in power consumption per unit of ice production, achieved through the optimal operational conditions of the flake ice machine using R404A as the refrigerant. Furthermore, the dry area was enhanced by 40%, leading to an 8% reduction in power consumption per unit of ice production. Notably, for this flake ice machine, the optimal ice-making drying ratio was found to be 1.6.

Investigation of Healthcare-Associated Infection Risks from Ice: Summary of CDC Consultations 2016-2023

Background: Nonsterile ice is frequently used in healthcare settings for a wide array of patient care activities and clinical procedures. However, this ice can harbor pathogenic organisms which can threaten patient safety and cause outbreaks. We sought to characterize recent Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) consultations involving ice leading to healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). Methods: We reviewed internal CDC records from the Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion (DHQP) to identify investigations of outbreaks and potential outbreaks involving the use of ice in healthcare facilities. We searched records from January 1, 2016, through November 30, 2023, for keywords related to ice. We excluded consultations in which ice was not thought to be a potential transmission pathway as well as those in which only sterile ice products (e.g., saline slush) were investigated. Results: We identified 45 consultations for ice-related investigations, involving a total of 533 patients. Nontuberculous mycobacteria were the most frequently implicated organisms, appearing in 40% (n=18) of investigations. Eighty-four percent (n=38) of investigations occurred in acute care hospitals. The most frequently implicated hospital settings were intensive care units (13%, n=6), operating rooms (13%, n=6), and bronchoscopy suites (13%, n=6). We identified a variety of plausible exposure pathways, including direct ingestion of ice by patients, use of ice during the bronchoscopy procedure, use of nonsterile ice in heater-cooler devices during cardiothoracic surgery, and the use of ice to chill saline for respiratory care. Environmental sampling directly of ice machines was performed in 62% of investigations (n=28) and nonsterile ice from these machines was sampled in 9% of investigations (n=4). Among those investigations in which ice machines were sampled, the organism implicated in the outbreak was isolated in 54% of investigations (n=15). Among those investigations in which ice itself was sampled, the organism implicated in the outbreak was isolated in 75% of investigations (n=3). These organisms included Mycobacterium mucogenicum, Burkholderia multivorans, and Acanthamoeba spp. Conclusions: The use of nonsterile ice during clinical care is a potential source of pathogens that cause patient infections and HAI outbreaks. Healthcare personnel should be aware of the risk posed by nonsterile ice and consider avoiding its use, especially when caring for patients who are critically ill or immunocompromised. Healthcare facilities should ensure regular cleaning and disinfection of ice machines to decrease their microbial burden. When HAI outbreaks involving water-associated organisms are identified, nonsterile ice should be considered as a potential mode of transmission.

Cold Therapy for Pain Control in Pediatric Appendectomy Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial

PurposeTopical ice has been shown to reduce pain scores and opioid use in adults with midline abdominal incisions. This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of a cold therapy system in children following laparoscopic appendectomy. MethodsPatients 7 years and older who underwent laparoscopic appendectomy at our institution from December 2021–September 2022 were eligible. Patients were randomized to standard pain therapy (control) or standard plus cold therapy (treatment) utilizing a modified ice machine system with cool abdominal pad postoperatively. Pain scores on the first 3 postoperative days (PODs), postoperative narcotic consumption, and patient satisfaction were analyzed. ResultsFifty-eight patients were randomized, 29 to each group. Average survey response rate was 74% in control and 89% in treatment patients. There was no significant difference in median pain scores or narcotic use between groups. Cold therapy contributed to subjective pain improvement in 71%, 74%, and 50% of respondents on PODs 1, 2, and 3 respectively. ConclusionA majority of patients reported cold therapy to be a helpful adjunct in pain control after appendectomy, though it did not reduce postoperative pain scores or narcotic use in our cohort - likely due to this population's naturally expedient recovery and low baseline narcotic requirement. Type of StudyRandomized Controlled Trial. Level of EvidenceLevel I.

Maintenance On Ice Tube Maker Machine CV. Sampoerna Prima Gemilang

The industrial ice machine, particularly the ice tube maker, requires regular maintenance to ensure optimal performance, extend its lifespan, and minimize unexpected breakdowns. Regular maintenance allows for timely inspection and cleaning of critical components, such as the condenser, evaporator, and water filtration system, to prevent clogging and hindering the machine's ability to produce ice at its optimal output. Preventative maintenance also plays a crucial role in identifying and addressing potential issues early on, preventing them from escalating into major problems and reducing the chances of unexpected breakdowns. This proactive approach reduces the risk of costly repairs and prolonged periods of downtime, ensuring that the ice machine is up and running when needed. Practical tips for preventative maintenance include regular cleaning and sanitizing, replacing water filters, inspecting and cleaning condenser coils, and scheduling professional maintenance. Prioritizing preventative maintenance for the ice tube maker is essential for maximizing performance, extending equipment lifespan, and minimizing downtime and costly repairs, which can have significant implications for businesses that rely on this equipment.
 Highlight :
 
 Preventative maintenance is crucial for optimal performance, lifespan, and breakdown prevention of ice tube makers.
 Regular cleaning, filter replacement, coil inspection, and professional service are key maintenance practices.
 Reduced downtime, repair costs, and maximized performance are significant benefits of proper maintenance.
 
 keywords : ice tube maker, maintenance, lifespan, performance, breakdown prevention.

Recent warming trends of the Greenland ice sheet documented by historical firn and ice temperature observations and machine learning

Abstract. Surface melt on the Greenland ice sheet has been increasing in intensity and extent over the last decades due to Arctic atmospheric warming. Surface melt depends on the surface energy balance, which includes the atmospheric forcing but also the thermal budget of the snow, firn and ice near the ice sheet surface. The temperature of the ice sheet subsurface has been used as an indicator of the thermal state of the ice sheet's surface. Here, we present a compilation of 4612 measurements of firn and ice temperature at 10 m below the surface (T10 m) across the ice sheet, spanning from 1912 to 2022. The measurements are either instantaneous or monthly averages. We train an artificial neural network model (ANN) on 4597 of these point observations, weighted by their relative representativity, and use it to reconstruct T10 m over the entire Greenland ice sheet for the period 1950–2022 at a monthly timescale. We use 10-year averages and mean annual values of air temperature and snowfall from the ERA5 reanalysis dataset as model input. The ANN indicates a Greenland-wide positive trend of T10 m at 0.2 ∘C per decade during the 1950–2022 period, with a cooling during 1950–1985 (−0.4 ∘C per decade) followed by a warming during 1985–2022 (+0.7 ∘ per decade). Regional climate models HIRHAM5, RACMO2.3p2 and MARv3.12 show mixed results compared to the observational T10 m dataset, with mean differences ranging from −0.4 ∘C (HIRHAM) to 1.2 ∘C (MAR) and root mean squared differences ranging from 2.8 ∘C (HIRHAM) to 4.7 ∘C (MAR). The observation-based ANN also reveals an underestimation of the subsurface warming trends in climate models for the bare-ice and dry-snow areas. The subsurface warming brings the Greenland ice sheet surface closer to the melting point, reducing the amount of energy input required for melting. Our compilation documents the response of the ice sheet subsurface to atmospheric warming and will enable further improvements of models used for ice sheet mass loss assessment and reduce the uncertainty in projections.

Studi Perbandingan selenoid kapiler dan selenoid ekspansi pada Mesin Es serta di kontrol Aplikasi Blynk

Currently, the use of this ice machine still uses a solenoid connected to a capillary and the results cannotbe targeted. The use of an ice machine with the ESP8266 module is combined with the blynk applicationwhich is a combination with the Internet of Thinks (IoT) system which makes the performance of using theice machine can be run remotely or with a smartphone. Reduced costs and less operator effort to expendfor ice making. The ice machine was finally integrated with the ESP8266 Module, the blynk applicationand added with one solenoid connected to an expansion which functions as a substitute for the capillaryselenoid if the need for ice is needed quickly in the process and will return to the capillary selenoid duringnormal production. The results showed that the ice machine with capillary selenoid was slower in the iceproduction process with 1 hour of production time of 5 kg of ice and required electricity consumptionduring production of 0.814 KWH, while the ice machine after using selenoid expansion the machineproduction process was faster than the capillary selenoid system by producing ice production for 1 hourwith a yield of 8 kg of ice and requires electricity consumption during production of 0.855 KWH, withpressure for expansion of 18 bar.

Investigation of thermoelectric module of next generation ice machine with TEPAS

Environmental pollution, inadequacy of clean drinking water and energy are the most important problems of our time. With the increasing population, the need for energy and clean drinking water has also increased. In addition, environmental pollution is increasing with the wastes generated as a result of increasing industrialization. Thermoelectric (TE) technology is one of the technologies that will bring solutions to the fields of heating, cooling and energy production. In addition, the fact that it does not cause environmental pollution brings thermoelectric technologies to the fore. Studies on improving the parameters of ice machines that make up the thermoelectric cooling industry are increasing day by day. For this type of research, it is necessary to examine the characteristics of ice machines. In this study, TES Thermoelectric Ltd. for the first time in the world. Research has been carried out to improve the parameters of the Turkish patented (Patent No: 2014-14588) thermoelectric ice machine produced in the company. For this, all parameters of the thermoelectric ice machine (TEIM), which is electricity and water efficient, environmentally friendly and with heat pipe, were examined experimentally. This invention, whose patent has received a gold medal in the world, not only solved the environmental, energy and water problems, but also brought a new concept area and solution proposal for the ice consumption and production of human beings. It has been determined that the experimental results obtained are the same as the theoretical calculation results within the error limits.

A laboratory ice machine as a cold oligotrophic artificial microbial niche for biodiscovery

Microorganisms are ubiquitously distributed in nature and usually appear as biofilms attached to a variety of surfaces. Here, we report the development of a thick biofilm in the drain pipe of several standard laboratory ice machines, and we describe and characterise, through culture-dependent and -independent techniques, the composition of this oligotrophic microbial community. By using culturomics, 25 different microbial strains were isolated and taxonomically identified. The 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing analysis revealed that Bacteroidota and Proteobacteria were the most abundant bacterial phyla in the sample, followed by Acidobacteriota and Planctomycetota, while ITS high-throughput sequencing uncovered the fungal community was clearly dominated by the presence of a yet-unidentified genus from the Didymellaceae family. Alpha and beta diversity comparisons of the ice machine microbial community against that of other similar cold oligotrophic and/or artificial environments revealed a low similarity between samples, highlighting the ice machine could be considered a cold and oligotrophic niche with a unique selective pressure for colonisation of particular microorganisms. The recovery and analysis of high-quality metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) yielded a strikingly high rate of new species. The functional profiling of the metagenome sequences uncovered the presence of proteins involved in extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) and fimbriae biosynthesis and also allowed us to detect the key proteins involved in the cold adaptation mechanisms and oligotrophic metabolic pathways. The metabolic functions in the recovered MAGs confirmed that all MAGs have the genes involved in psychrophilic protein biosynthesis. In addition, the highest number of genes for EPS biosynthesis was presented in MAGs associated with the genus Sphingomonas, which was also recovered by culture-based method. Further, the MAGs with the highest potential gene number for oligotrophic protein production were closely affiliated with the genera Chryseoglobus and Mycobacterium. Our results reveal the surprising potential of a cold oligotrophic microecosystem within a machine as a source of new microbial taxa and provide the scientific community with clues about which microorganisms are able to colonise this ecological niche and what physiological mechanisms they develop. These results pave the way to understand how and why certain microorganisms can colonise similar anthropogenic environments.

Uji Performansi Mesin Ice Tube Kapasitas 20 Kg Per Hari dengan Variasi Debit Aliran Air Spray

Ice tube, also known as crystal ice, is generally transparent ice which is cylindrical in shape and has cavities with small pieces. Ice tube is one of the most popular types of ice because it is more practical. Along with the shifting of people's needs from block ice to tube ice, the need for tube ice is increasing. To expand the big opportunities, we need ice tubes that can be made at home with small scale production. With a simple design and at a low cost. ice machine designed to use a vapor compression system. The main components consist of: compressor, condenser, capillary tube, and evaporator with refrigerant using R22. Considering that the tube ice machine is designed at home with a 12V DC pump as a water vacuum and sprays water into the evaporator with a water flow rate of 1.4 liters per minute. To determine the performance of the system with different water flow rates, performance testing was carried out on a tube ice machine with variations in the flow rate of spray water with several voltages, namely at 9 volts, 12 volts and 15 volts. From the tests that have been carried out, the results show that at a voltage of 9 volts it has the lowest efficiency of about 75%, with an evaporator temperature reaching -5.5°C and a condenser temperature of 46°C, at a voltage of 12 volts it has an efficiency of around 77%, with an evaporator temperature reaching -4.25°C and the condenser temperature is 43°C, while at 15 volts it has the highest efficiency of around 82%, with the evaporator temperature reaching -1.06°C and the condenser temperature 39°C. However, the operational cost rates for using an ice tube machine at a voltage of 9 volts, 12 volts and 15 volts are Rp. 634.56,- ; Rp. 765.85, - and Rp. 1223.07,- per kilogram of tube ice for 45 minutes on operational test.

How clean is your ice machine? Revealing microbial amplification and presence of opportunistic pathogens in hospital ice-water machines

Ice machines in healthcare facilities have been suspected and even linked to outbreaks and pseudo-outbreaks. Guidelines exist for maintenance of these devices but there is no clear independent infection control standard, and little is known on their microbial contamination. To evaluate the microbial contamination, amplification, and presence of opportunistic pathogens in ice-water machines in a healthcare facility. Concentrations of general microbial indicators (heterotrophic plate counts (HPC), total and intact cells), faecal indicators (enterococci) and opportunistic pathogens (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), Candida spp.) were measured in 36 ice-water machines on patient wards of a 772-bed hospital. Profile sampling was performed on 5 ice-water machines and adjacent faucets to identify sites of microbial proliferation. Candida spp. were found in half of ice-water samples while enterococci and P. aeruginosa were present in 6 and 11 drain inlets respectively. NTM were measured in all ice-water samples and 35/36 biofilms. Pre-filters and ice machines are sites for additional amplification: NTM densities were on average 1.3 log higher in water of ice machine flushed 5 min compared to flushed adjacent tap water. Ice machines design needs to be adapted to reduce microbial proliferation. The absence of correlation between HPC densities (current microbial indicators) and NTM concentrations suggests a need for cleaning efficiency indicators better correlated with opportunistic pathogens. Cleaning and disinfection guidelines of ice machines in healthcare facilities need to be improved, especially when ice is given to the most vulnerable patients, and NTM may be an efficiency indicator.

Financial Analysis and Crystal Ice Cube Busines

The tube ice machine that has been designed by the Madiun Madiun State Polytechnic. Its hopes to turn this program into a business incubator that can be maximized by the Madiun State Polytechnic Academic Community. In order for the implementation of the ice tube machine business to run well, it is necessary to carry out a financial analysis of the ice tube machine business at Madiun State Polytechnic. The method used in this research is qualitative data analysis conducted to determine the characteristics of the tofu company which is presented in non-financial aspects in the form of descriptive descriptions, tables, charts, or pictures to facilitate understanding. Quantitative data is used to determine the company's financial condition, such as NPV, IRR, Payback Period (PP), Net B/C Ratio, BEP, ROI. This quantitative analysis is presented in the form of a tabulation that groups and classifies the data in order to facilitate data analysis. Data processing is done with the help of calculators and Microsoft Excel computer programs. From the financial aspect, they are: (1) Net Present Value (NPV) of IDR 268,140,450 where the nominal is positive and feasible to run. (2) Internal Rate of Return (IRR) which is at a number where the value is greater than the discount factor, namely 100.76% > 10% DF, means it is feasible to run; (3) Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) of 2.87 or more than one (> 1), and is feasible to run; (4) Payback Period (PP) which is within 1 year and 3 months

A bronchoscopy-associated pseudo-outbreak of Mycobacterium chelonae and Mycobacterium mucogenicum associated with contaminated ice machine water and ice.

A pseudo-outbreak of bronchoscopy-associated Mycobacterium chelonae and M. mucogenicum was traced to contaminated ice machine water and ice. A nonsterile ice bath was used to cool uncapped, sterile, saline syringes used to slow procedural bleeding. Joining the growing evidence of bronchoscopy pseudo-outbreaks, our investigation describes several lessons for future prevention.

Outbreak of Burkholderia multivorans among patients at two acute-care hospitals in California, August 2021–July 2022

Background:Burkholderia multivorans are gram-negative bacteria typically found in water and soil. B. multivorans outbreaks among patients without cystic fibrosis have been associated with exposure to contaminated medical devices or nonsterile aqueous products. Acquisition can also occur from exposure to environmental reservoirs like sinks or other hospital water sources. We describe an outbreak of B. multivorans among hospitalized patients without cystic fibrosis at 2 hospitals within the same healthcare system in California (hospitals A and B) between August 2021 and July 2022. Methods: We defined confirmed case patients as patients without cystic fibrosis hospitalized at hospital A or hospital B between January 2020 to July 2022 with B. multivorans isolated from any body site matching the outbreak strain. We reviewed medical records to describe case patients and to identify common exposures. We evaluated infection control practices and interviewed staff to detect exposures to nonsterile water. Select samples from water, ice, drains, and sink splash zone surfaces were collected and cultured for B. multivorans in March 2022 and July 2022 from both hospitals. Common aqueous products used among case patients were tested for B. multivorans. Genetic relatedness between clinical and environmental samples was determined using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and repetitive extragenic palindromic polymerase chain reaction (Rep-PCR). Results: We identified 23 confirmed case patients; 20 (87%) of these were identified at an intensive care unit (ICU) in hospital A. B. multivorans was isolated from respiratory sources in 18 cases (78%). We observed medication preparation items, gloves, and patient care items stored within sink splash zones in ICU medication preparation rooms and patient rooms. Nonsterile water and ice were used for bed baths, swallow evaluations, and ice packs. B. multivorans was cultured from ice and water dispensed from an 11-year-old ice machine in the ICU at hospital A in March 2022 but no other water sources. Additional testing in July 2022 yielded B. multivorans from ice and a drain pan from a new ice machine in the same ICU location at hospital A. All products were negative. Clinical and environmental isolates were the same strain by RAPD and Rep-PCR. Conclusions: The use of nonsterile water and ice from a contaminated ice machine contributed to this outbreak. Water-related fixtures can serve as reservoirs for Burkholderia, posing infection risk to hospitalized and immunocompromised patients. During outbreaks of water-related organisms, such as B. multivorans , nonsterile water and ice use should be investigated as potential sources of transmission and other options should be considered, especially for critically ill patients.Disclosures: None

Mycobacterium abscessus Cluster in Cardiac Surgery Patients Potentially Attributable to a Commercial Water Purification System.

Nontuberculous mycobacteria are water-avid pathogens that are associated with nosocomial infections. To describe the analysis and mitigation of a cluster of Mycobacterium abscessus infections in cardiac surgery patients. Descriptive study. Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Four cardiac surgery patients. Commonalities among cases were sought, potential sources were cultured, patient and environmental specimens were sequenced, and possible sources were abated. Description of the cluster, investigation, and mitigation. Whole-genome sequencing confirmed homology among clinical isolates. Patients were admitted during different periods to different rooms but on the same floor. There were no common operating rooms, ventilators, heater-cooler devices, or dialysis machines. Environmental cultures were notable for heavy mycobacterial growth in ice and water machines on the cluster unit but little or no growth in ice and water machines in the hospital's other 2 inpatient towers or in shower and sink faucet water in any of the hospital's 3 inpatient towers. Whole-genome sequencing confirmed the presence of a genetically identical element in ice and water machine and patient specimens. Investigation of the plumbing system revealed a commercial water purifier with charcoal filters and an ultraviolet irradiation unit leading to the ice and water machines in the cluster tower but not the hospital's other inpatient towers. Chlorine was present at normal levels in municipal source water but was undetectable downstream from the purification unit. There were no further cases after high-risk patients were switched to sterile and distilled water, ice and water machine maintenance was intensified, and the commercial purification system was decommissioned. Transmission pathways were not clearly characterized. Well-intentioned efforts to modify water management systems may inadvertently increase infection risk for vulnerable patients. National Institutes of Health.

ПРОСТОРОВО-ЧАСОВЕ РОЗПОВСЮДЖЕННЯ ВИПАДКІВ МАСОВОГО ВІДКЛАДЕННЯ ОЖЕЛЕДІ КАТЕГОРІЇ НЯ (НЕБЕЗПЕЧНА) ТА СГЯ (СТИХІЙНА) НА ТЕРИТОРІЇ УКРАЇНИ ПРОТЯГОМ 1991-2020 РР.

The work is devoted to the research of features of spatio-temporal distribution of cases of mass deposition of ice in the category of DP (dangerous) and SHP (spontaneous) during the last three decades (1991-2020). NE and SGYA) on the territory of Ukraine for a certain period of time. The study was based on materials for monitoring ice deposits on a standard ice machine at all meteorological stations in Ukraine. It was found that cases of mass distribution of ice deposits in the category of NE and OHS are more common in the winter months of December-January and November. The increase in the number of cases of mass deposition of NY ice in January, March and November 2011-2020 compared to 2001-2010 has been proved. Spatial differentiation on the territory of Ukraine of such cases during separate ten-year periods, which characterize the current state of climate of Ukraine, is revealed. From the above we can draw conclusions, namely Given the above, we can draw a number of conclusions, namely Cases of mass deposition of ice category DP (dangerous) are more common in the winter months, especially in December and January. There is a certain redistribution of the number of cases of mass deposition of ice in the category of NO for some of the studied decades. The increase in the number of such cases in January 2001-2010 and 2011-2020 compared to the first decade of 1991-2000 and a certain increase in the number of cases in November compared to 2001-2010. in the last decade, their number decreased in February, especially compared to 2001-2010, and in December compared to the same period. For the most part, the duration of cases of mass deposition of ice category DP is 2-3 days, which is typical for all 3 studied decades. In the longest and most common cases, the duration can be 4-5 or more days (8-9). It is established that in 2001-2010 and 2011-2020 longer cases of mass spread of postponed ice of the DP category were revealed in comparison with 1991-2000. It is proved that in the case of mass deposition of ice of the DP category, such deposits are mostly observed in the central, southern and eastern regions. Among them are Kirovohrad, Dnipropetrovsk, Odessa, Kherson, Donetsk and Luhansk regions. Cases of mass deposition of ice in the category of SHP during the studies for decades are more common in November and December, but some of them were observed in January and February. According to the spatial distribution in cases of mass nature of ice deposits of the SHP category, they are observed in the territory from 2 to 3-4 oblasts, but there are larger ones. The most common were 2 cases in 1991-2000 (25.11.-7.12.2000) and in 2011-2020 (17-20.01.2014) which spread to 8 oblasts. Mostly with the mass distribution of ice deposits of the SHP category, they are found in a number of regions – west-northwest – Carpathian region – Precarpathia (and partly Polissya); center – Vinnytsia region, south of Kirovohrad region and south-southeast of Dnipropetrovsk region, center of Zaporizhia; southwest-south – most of Odessa region, south of Mykolayiv region, south-southeast of Kherson region

1221. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Outbreak Associated with Sink Drains in an Intensive Care Unit

Abstract Background Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (SMA) is an opportunistic pathogen that causes significant morbidity and mortality and has been associated with outbreaks in various hospital environments. We describe an outbreak of SMA in our intensive care unit (ICU) and highlight the sink drain as the probable source of SMA. Methods Clinical surveillance for hospital-acquired infections due to SMA was instituted in December of 2017, when a cluster of cases was identified in our ICU. We first performed an environmental survey in random sites in our ICU rooms: high-touch surfaces, drains in handwashing sinks, clean water, enteral feeding, and ice machines. SMA was only found in the sink drain. We then performed an environmental survey focused on sink drains and the surrounding areas. We identified rooms where patients positive for SMA were previously hospitalized. Sampling sites were standardized for all rooms: bed rail, sink drain, splash zone, and air near sinks. Bed rails were swabbed with sponge-swabs and sink drains with flocked swabs with liquid Amies transport media. Swab samples were cultured in broth and solid media. Splash zone samples were collected using MacConkey agar plates left for four hours immediately adjacent and at one foot from the sink. Air samples were also collected for 10 minutes onto MacConkey agar plates using EMD Millipore MAS-100 NT impactor air sampler. All media was incubated aerobically at 35-37°C. Identification of all isolated gram-negative organisms was performed using MALDI-TOF MS. Results Five rooms were surveyed (Table 1). All rooms were found to have medical supplies within the splash zone. 100% (5/5) of sink drain samples had SMA recovered in culture, compared to 10% (1/10) of splash zone samples, 20% (1/5) of air samples, and 20% (1/5) of bed rails. In addition, we isolated other gram-negative organisms. We repeated the environmental survey after placing a sink drain cover in rooms found to have SMA in areas other than the drain. In the follow-up survey, we found no growth in cultures except for air samples (Table 2). Conclusion Sink drains pose a risk for SMA, possibly via contamination of medical supplies near sinks. Further investigation, including sequencing of environmental and clinical isolates, is needed to understand the mode of transmission. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures.

Damage detection on antarctic ice shelves using the normalised radon transform

Areas of structural damage mechanically weaken Antarctic ice shelves. This potentially preconditions ice shelves for disintegration and enhanced grounding line retreat. The development of damage and its feedback on marine ice sheet dynamics has been identified as key to future ice shelf stability and sea level contributions from Antarctica. However, it is one of the least understood processes that impact ice shelf instability since quantifying damage efficiently and accurately is a challenging task. Challenges relate to the complex surface of Antarctica, variations in viewing-illumination geometry, snow or cloud cover and variable signal-to-noise levels in satellite imagery. Therefore, automated damage assessment approaches require careful pre- and post-processing, lacking the option to be applied to wider spatiotemporal domains. Simultaneously, studies that use manual mapping are usually limited due to the effort required for extensive mapping, which either results in a limited spatial domain or the use of low resolution data.This study proposes the NormalisEd Radon transform Damage detection (NeRD) method to detect damage features and their orientations from multi-source satellite imagery. NeRD performs robust, high resolution, large-scale damage assessments. NeRD is applied to the ice shelves in the Amundsen Sea Embayment (ASE) and validated with both manually labelled and existing fracture maps. Validation shows that NeRD detects damage with high recall and provides an accurate physical representation of multi-scale damage features and their orientation. Sensitivity analyses indicate NeRD is robust to different resolution parameter settings. NeRD consistently detects damage for different data sources ranging from optical Landsat 7/8 and Sentinel-2 optical to Synthetic Aperture Radar Sentinel-1 data. Therefore, NeRD paves the way for synergistic multi-source damage detection that overcomes remaining limitations from individual sources. Results show varying damage patterns on the ice shelves in the ASE area in austral summer 2020–2021, with most damage located on the Pine Island, Crosson and Thwaites ice shelves. We show a damage increase on the Pine Island ice shelf between 2013–2019, and display advection and rotation of crevasses. The detected damage orientation can provide insight in the type of crevasse opening mode and the development of damage over time. The damage maps produced with NeRD can help evaluate ice sheet models or machine learning approaches, improving our understanding of damage evolution.

Performance Study Of 1.3 Ton Slurry Ice Machine Capacity In Cold Chain Fish Handling

Slurry ice is a solution to improve the quality of fish caught and cultured. The purpose of this research is to analyze and test the performance of the slurry ice machine. The analysis used includes calculating the power performance coefficient (COP), refrigeration capacity (Q), refrigerant flow rate, volume flow rate, compressor work (WComp). The heat released by the condenser and the heat absorbed by the refrigerant in the evaporator. The calculation uses data from the measurement of condenser temperature, compressor pressure. Methods to calculate the calculation of specification data and pressure from the compressor use formulas. The results showed that COP = 3.8-4.3, Qtot = 9-10 kW (for each hour), m = 0.06 kg/s, Wcomp = 2.35-2, 6 kW, Qcond = 12, 4-12.52 kW, Qevap = 9.8-10.17 kW, the total refrigeration load for 24 hours is 228 kW. The total production of slurry ice for 24 hours is 1,396.8 kg or 1.3968 Tons. The results of the test on catfish that were cooled using slurry ice, the decrease in temperature from the initial temperature of catfish 27.8°C to a temperature of (-0.7°C) took 36 minutes. Meanwhile, chilled catfish using shaved ice with an initial temperature of 27.8°C catfish to 2°C takes 1 hour.