Ibuprofen Solution Research Articles

QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF SOME NON-STEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGSAND THEIR ACID DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS BY DIRECT POTENTIOMETRY

Objective: A potentiometric titration method was applied to determine non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The quantitative analysis and the treatment of the primary data are based on a nonlinear regression procedure using commercial software. A general formula valid for every type of acid-base titration, derived before is used as a direct input. Methods: Potentiometric titration of ibuprofen, flurbiprofen, and ketoprofen with sodium hydroxide solution (0.1 mol/l). The solutions of ibuprofen, flurbiprofen, and ketoprofen were prepared in solvent CH3OH: H2O (40:60%). The determination was carried out using a 713 Metrohm pH meter, equipped with Metrohm combined electrode ref. 6.0228.000 Pt1000 with temperature sensor and auto burette. The analysis was performed at ionic strength (I=0.2 mol/l KCl) and t = 25±0.2 °C. Results: The discussed substances were analyzed using potentiometric titration with a standard sodium hydroxide solution (0.1 mol/l). The experimental data V, ml/E, mV and the conditions of these titrations were used as input in the Data Fit program fixing the following parameters Vo =100.0 ml; Ct (NaOH) = 0.1000 mol/l; S = 59.16 mV (corresponding to 25 °C theoretical value) and Kw = 1.2 10-14 (ionic strength 0.2 mol/l). The analytical results for ibuprofen, flurbiprofen and ketoprofen were determined with good accuracy (error+0.4 % foribuprofen+0.2 % for flurbiprofen and+0.2 % for ketoprofen) and precision (1 % for the three). The quantity and acid-base constants of ibuprofen, flurbiprofen, and ketoprofen were determined alone and in tablets. The validation of the method showed very good accuracy and precision. Conclusion: The present approach can be successfully used in routine analysis of the study drugs in quality control laboratories.

The effect of fluoride varnish application on colour change due to paediatric drug usage in polyacid-modified composite resin: an in vitro study.

Colour stability is important in the long-term aesthetic success of restorative materials and is affected by both internal and external factors. Internal discolourations are due to the properties of the restorative materials. External discolourations can be associated with frequent consumption of food and beverages and the use of suspensions or syrups containing colourants/additives. Fluoride varnish application has an important place in preventive dentistry. The purpose of the research was to examine the protective effect of fluoride varnish application on the colour change on polyacid-modified composite resin restorative materials caused by the use of various paediatric drugs. Two hundred ten discs were prepared from polyacid-modified composite resin material and divided into two groups: flouride varnish was applied to one group and flouride varnish was not applied to the other group. The groups were further divided into seven subgroups and the samples were kept in artificial saliva, amoxicillin + clavulanic acid, cefuroxime axetil, clarithromycin, paracetamol, ibuprofen, and iron supplement drug solutions. The colour change values of the discs were measured using a spectrophotometer device before immersion in the drug solutions and on the 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th days after the immersion. The obtained data were calculated and statistically evaluated using IBM SPSS V23 software. It was found that the application of fluoride varnish in the iron supplement drug group prevented the colour change of the polyacid-modified composite resins for 28 days. In the amoxicillin + clavulanic acid, cefuroxime axetil, and paracetamol groups, the fluoride varnish did not prevent colour change in the polyacid-modified composite resin restorative materials at the end of the 14th day. It is thought that fluoride varnish application may be beneficial as a preservative in the colour change of polyacid-modified composite resins due to the use of various paediatric drugs, and this protective feature may be effective for a specific period of time.

Optimization of vortex-assisted magnetic nanofluid based liquid phase microextraction for fast, green and reliable extraction of ibuprofen from real samples: Multivariate approach

In this research, the vortex-assisted magnetic nanofluid based liquid phase microextraction (VA-MNF-LPME) procedure was optimized using Box–Behnken Design (BBD) for the selective and reliable extraction of ibuprofen from aqueous solutions. Three MNFs were prepared and tested for the selective extraction of ibuprofen. Ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry (UV–Vis) was used to determine the amount of ibuprofen and measurements were made at a wavelength of 238 nm. The effects of pH, MNF volume, vortex time, volume of back extraction solvent were optimized using BBD. Separation of the MNF phase containing the ibuprofen in aqueous solution was achieved using a neodymium magnet without the need for centrifugation step. Using optimized parameters (pH = 3.4, 690 μL of MNF, 100 s vortex and 230 μL of ethanol), the detection limit and working range of the V-MNF-LPME procedure were 0.6 ng mL−1 and 2–180 ng mL−1, respectively. Relative standard deviations and recovery (for 25 ng mL−1 of ibuprofen solution, N = 5) were 2.8% and 94.1%. Key validation parameters of the method were studied in detail and calculated under optimized conditions. The VA-MNF-LPME procedure was successfully applied to some drugs, baby lettuce and grape leaf samples in ten stages with a standard-addition approach, and quantitative recoveries were obtained (91.4–98.7%).

Physical compatibility of colistin with analgesics during simulated Y-site administration.

Special consideration is needed when intravenous drugs are administered simultaneously using a Y-site connector. This study aimed to investigate the physical compatibility of colistin with 6 analgesics at concentrations commonly used in clinical practice. A pharmaceutical preparation of colistin was dissolved according to the manufacturer's instructions and diluted to a concentration of 1.5 mg/mL or 0.67 mg/mL (of colistin base). Simulated administration via Y-site infusion set was performed by mixing 5 mL of colistin solution with an equal volume of a solution of one of 6 intravenous analgesics. Infusion solutions of ibuprofen, ketoprofen, metamizole sodium, morphine sulfate, paracetamol, and tramadol hydrochloride were studied. For each analgesic tested, concentrates for injection were diluted with 2 solvents, resulting in 11 different combinations with each concentration of the colistin solution. The mixtures were visually inspected, and their turbidity was measured directly after mixing and at 3 consecutive time points (30, 60, and 120 minutes). Additionally, the pH of the mixtures was measured after 120 minutes and compared with the pH of the analgesic and the colistin solutions. During visual inspection with the unaided eye, no precipitate formation or gas evolution was observed in any of the tested analgesics except for sodium metamizole, where the yellow color of the solutions was observed. For samples containing the mixture of ibuprofen and colistin, the turbidity measurements revealed the presence of turbidity in the studied mixtures. The greatest change in pH relative to the value immediately after preparation was noted for combinations of ketoprofen and morphine sulfate with the tested antibiotic. Colistin was found to be incompatible with ibuprofen and metamizole sodium formulations. It should also not be combined with morphine sulfate due to the significant differences in the pH value of the preparations. The colistin 0.67 mg/mL and 1.5 mg/mL infusion solutions were physically compatible with ketoprofen, tramadol hydrochloride, and paracetamol.

Evaluation of organo-vermiculites as sorbent phases for solid-phase extraction of ibuprofen from water.

The study of ibuprofen (IBU) preconcentration was carried out making use of a homemade column for solid-phase extraction (SPE), using vermiculite (VT) or organo-vermiculites (OVTs) as sorbent phases. Aqueous samples (50.0 mL) percolated the column and IBU was sorbed onto the VT or OVT and then desorbed using acetonitrile. Employing this SPE system and OVT, calibration curves were generated for IBU, by spectrophotometric quantification using the α-naphthylamine method. R2 values higher than 0.9950 and LOD between 12 and 18 μg L-1 were observed, for real enrichment factors of 21 and 31, by using OVTs. The analytical protocol was applied to three water samples, which were spiked with IBU solutions to evaluate the precision and accuracy of the method. Recoveries between 77 and 110% at three different IBU concentrations and RSD lower than 18% were observed, even by using the spectrophotometric method. The protocol developed in this study demonstrated that the OVT was appropriate to work as a preconcentration phase for IBU determination in water samples.

REMOVAL OF DRUGS FROM AQUEOUS MATRIXES USING A REVERSE OSMOSIS MEMBRANE

Pollution of water bodies by micropollutants is a problem of growing concern, especially regarding contamination with drug residues and metabolites. The presence of these substances in surface waters is related to deleterious consequences for the population and the environment. The incorrect disposal of drug residues and the low efficiency of conventional water treatment methods require the use of alternative methods, such as the use of membrane separation processes for the treatment of effluents. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of a reverse osmosis membrane for the removal of ibuprofen and diclofenac sodium from an aqueous matrix. For this, permeation tests were performed with aqueous solutions of diclofenac and ibuprofen at a concentration of 10 mg∙L-1, alone and together. The hydraulic permeability of the membrane and the drug rejection efficiency were evaluated. The presence of drugs in the solution had little influence on the hydraulic permeability of the membrane. The minimum removal efficiency of both substances was greater than 98.5 %, generating a permeate stream practically free of drugs, whether evaluated separately or in the same solution. These results indicate the operational robustness of the membrane since neither the permeability nor the rejection were altered by the fact that we have the two drugs combined, in addition to demonstrating the potential use of reverse osmosis as a treatment method for the removal of residues and traces of drugs and other difficult-to-treat organic substances in aqueous matrices.

Enhancing ibuprofen degradation in aqueous solutions: The synergistic role of bimetallic MOFs (Mn/ZIF-67) and modified graphene oxide in peroxymonosulfate activation

An innovative bimetallic (Co and Mn) composite catalyst, Mn/ZIF-67@GO, was synthesized for effective peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation and rapid degradation of ibuprofen (IBP). The Mn/ZIF-67@GO/PMS system demonstrates remarkable catalytic performance, achieving a 98 % degradation of a 0.05 mM IBP solution within 15 min. This high efficiency is maintained across a pH range of 5 to 9, with excellent system stability over five cycles, showing only minimal metal leaching (Co and Mn < 50 µg/L). The system's versatility is further proven by its ability to remove over 80 % of other antibiotics tested. Additionally, a detailed mechanism study has identified 5 degradation pathways and 19 intermediates of IBP, offering deep insights into the catalytic process. Our findings underscore the potential of MOFs in advanced water treatment applications through PMS activation, presenting a promising approach for antibiotic removal.

Evaluation of Intravenous Infusion of Ibuprofen with Paracetamol-Morphine in Pain and Satisfaction of Patients Undergoing Supratentorial Brain Surgery.

The pain experienced following supratentorial brain surgery is usually defined as moderate to severe. Therefore, pain-management approaches, including narcotics, are an integral part of treatment regimens that cause respiratory complications or seizures, and reducing this pain level and increasing patient satisfaction is vital. This randomized, double-blind clinical trial study to evaluate the pain level and satisfaction in patients undergoing surgery for supratentorial brain neoplasms was performed on two groups with a sample size of 50 patients. In group I, after removal of the brain lesion (at the beginning of dura closure), 400 mg of ibuprofen solution was infused intravenously over 30 minutes. In group II, morphine 0.07 mg/kg intravenously with 1000 mg paracetamol was infused over 30 minutes. After injecting ibuprofen and paracetamol morphine, the patient's pain level and satisfaction with the process were checked. Patients' satisfaction score in the first 6 hours in the ibuprofen group was 1.67 ± 0.72, and in the other group was 2.27 ± 0.7, which was statistically different (P-value = 0.029). The mean of VAS in the first, second, third, and fourth hours was not statistically different. In the comparative analysis of the laboratory indicators of platelet function analysis in the two groups, none of the measured items had a significant difference between the two groups in the three measurement periods (P > 0.05). Administration of ibuprofen led to pain relief and patient satisfaction comparable to morphine and paracetamol, and after the surgery for supratentorial brain tumors, ibuprofen did not affect the patients' blood clotting functions.

Target recognition and preferential degradation of toxic chemical groups by innovative group-imprinted photocatalyst with footprint cavity

Target recognition and preferential degradation of toxic chemical groups remain critical challenges in photocatalytic degradation of organic contaminant. In this study, the concept of group-imprinting was first proposed, and group-imprinted copolymers of aniline and pyrrole were grafted from the surface of magnetic CuFeO2@MnO2 nanocomposites (MIP-CuFeO2@MnO2) using acrylamide as dummy templates for imprinting the amide group of tetracycline for the first attempt, and the molar ratios of dummy template molecule to functional monomer was optimized. The magnetic MIP-CuFeO2@MnO2 showed high adsorption capacity and good recognition for tetracycline. In mixture solution of tetracycline and ibuprofen, the distribution coefficient (kd) value of MIP-CuFeO2@MnO2 for tetracycline was 0.308 L/g, which is 6.86 times more than for ibuprofen (only 0.045 L/g). The selection factor (α) of MIP-CuFeO2@MnO2 is about 3.2 times that of non-imprinted counterpart, indicating that the imprinting cavities in copolymer layer which match with the amide groups of tetracycline can selectively recognize and adsorb tetracycline. More importantly, MIP-CuFeO2@MnO2 exhibited preferential degradation performance for amide groups, which was confirmed by the intermediates and degradation pathway. The E. coli growth suggests effective toxicity reduction of tetracycline due to the preferential degradation of amide groups by photocatalysis of MIP-CuFeO2@MnO2.

Celecoxib Oral Solution and the Benefits of Self-Microemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SMEDDS) Technology: A Narrative Review.

The oral route of drug delivery is the most widespread and preferred route of administration, but it has several limitations, including variable pharmacokinetics (PK), reduced dissolution and absorption, and gastrointestinal irritation. Further, many compounds have low aqueous solubility, which also limits intestinal absorption. For this narrative review, we conducted a literature search of PubMed until August 2022, focusing on emulsions, microemulsions, nanoemulsions, and self-emulsifying drug delivery systems. The self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) overcomes these limitations of hydrophobic compounds to enhance their bioavailability. A SMEDDS formulation is a clear, thermodynamically stable, oil-in-water emulsion of lipid, solubilized drug, and two surfactants, which spontaneously forms droplets < 100nm in diameter. These components help deliver presolubilized drugs to the gastrointestinal tract, while protecting them from degradation in gastric acid or first-pass hepatic metabolism. SMEDDS formulations have improved oral drug delivery in the treatment of cancer (paclitaxel), viral infections (ritonavir), and migraine headache (ibuprofen and celecoxib oral solution). The American Headache Society recently updated their consensus statement for the acute treatment of migraine and included a selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 selective inhibitor formulated in SMEDDS, celecoxib oral solution. This SMEDDS formulation showed pronounced improvement in bioavailability compared with celecoxib capsules, allowing for a low dose of celecoxib in the oral solution to provide safe and effective acute migraine treatment. Here, we will focus on SMEDDS formulations, what differentiates them from other analogous emulsions as vehicles for poorly soluble drugs, and their clinical application in the acute treatment of migraine. Oral drugs reformulated in SMEDDS have shown accelerated times to peak plasma drug concentrations and increased maximum plasma concentrations, compared with capsules, tablets, or suspensions. SMEDDS technology increases both drug absorption and bioavailability of lipophilic drugs, compared with other formulations. Clinically, this allows the use of lower doses with improved PK profiles without compromising efficacy, as shown with celecoxib oral solution for the acute treatment of migraine.

Defective TiO2 Nanotube Arrays for Efficient Photoelectrochemical Degradation of Organic Pollutants.

Oxygen vacancies (OVs) are one of the most critical factors that enhance the electrical and catalytic characteristics of metal oxide-based photoelectrodes. In this work, a simple procedure was applied to prepare reduced TiO2 nanotube arrays (NTAs) (TiO2-x) via a one-step reduction method using NaBH4. A series of characterization techniques were used to study the structural, optical, and electronic properties of TiO2-x NTAs. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the presence of defects in TiO2-x NTAs. Photoacoustic measurements were used to estimate the electron-trap density in the NTAs. Photoelectrochemical studies show that the photocurrent density of TiO2-x NTAs was nearly 3 times higher than that of pristine TiO2. It was found that increasing OVs in TiO2 affects the surface recombination centers, enhances electrical conductivity, and improves charge transport. For the first time, a TiO2-x photoanode was used in the photoelectrochemical (PEC) degradation of a textile dye (basic blue 41, B41) and ibuprofen (IBF) pharmaceutical using in situ generated reactive chlorine species (RCS). Liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was used to study the mechanisms for the degradation of B41 and IBF. Phytotoxicity tests of B41 and IBF solutions were performed using Lepidium sativum L. to evaluate the potential acute toxicity before and after the PEC treatment. The present work provides efficient PEC degradation of the B41 dye and IBF in the presence of RCS without generating harmful products.

Adsorption of ibuprofen from aqueous solution onto a raw and steam-activated biochar derived from recycled textiles insulation panels at end-of-life: Kinetic, isotherm and fixed-bed experiments

This study explores the potential use of recycled textile biochar (RT-BC) and steam-activated biochar (RT-SABC), derived from insulation panels at end-of-life, as sorbents for removing ibuprofen from aqueous solutions. After steam activation, the surface area and micropore volume increased. Subsequently, kinetic and isotherm experiments were investigated at 20 °C, 200 rpm and 50 mg/L ibuprofen solution. Equilibrium was reached after 24 h for RT-BC and 120 h for RT-SABC. The kinetics of RT-BC and RT-SABC followed the pseudo-first-order and Elovich models, respectively. RT-SABC isotherm showed the highest adsorption capacity (53.9 mg g−1), well-fitted into the Sips model. Ibuprofen uptake by RT-SABC was nearly irreversible. Afterward, RT-SABC dynamic performance was evaluated in a fixed-bed column for three bed heights. The breakthrough point (41.7–476.7 h), the volume of effluent treated (0.6–6.4 L at breakthrough) and adsorption capacity (22.09–39.81 mg g−1) increased with bed height (10–30 cm). Thomas and Clark's models simulated the experimental points, confirming second-order kinetics and Sips isotherm. Different functional groups were involved in the adsorption mechanism. Preliminary experiments in tap water on RT-SABC showed a removal (>83 %) due to ionic strength and reduced pH. Therefore, RT-SABC could be an efficient adsorbent for ibuprofen removal from aqueous systems.

Sorption Behaviour of Ibuprofen Using Activated Carbon Derived from Rose Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L.) Leaves

This research assessed the adsorption of a pharmaceutical compound, ibuprofen, using rose geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L.) leaves to prepare low-cost activated carbon through orthophosphoric acid (H3PO4) activation. The activated carbon from rose geranium leaves (AC-RGL) was characterized by TGA, SEM and FTIR. The results were compared with those from natural rose geranium leaves (Raw-RGL). The influence of chemical parameters for the uptake of ibuprofen on both adsorbents was evaluated through adsorption experiments. The results were subjected to adsorption models, kinetics models and thermodynamic studies to determine the distribution of ibuprofen in the solid and liquid phases. The results for both Raw-RGL and AC-RGL best fitted the Freundlich model, and the kinetic studies were shown to be pseudo-first order. The thermodynamic evaluation suggested exothermic and spontaneous process sorption for ibuprofen on both adsorbents. The maximum sorption capacities for AC-RGL and Raw-RGL were 113.76 and 74.12 mg/g, respectively. This work confirms that low-cost rose geranium leaves can be used as a potential adsorbent for the sorption of ibuprofen in solution.

Smartphone-integrated tri-color fluorescence sensing platform based on acid-sensitive fluorescence imprinted polymers for dual-mode visual intelligent detection of ibuprofen, chloramphenicol and florfenicol

The abuse of multiple antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs can harm the ecological environment and human health. Herein, a smartphone-integrated tri-color fluorescence sensing platform based on acid-sensitive fluorescence imprinted polymers was proposed for dual-mode visual intelligent detection of ibuprofen (IP), chloramphenicol (CAP), and florfenicol (FF). In this research, the dual-mode of tri-color ratiometric fluorescence imprinted sensor (TC-FMIPs) was realized at different pH environments for the detection IP, CAP, and FF. The fluorescence peak at 551 nm of TC-FMIPs was quenched in the presence of IP solution and fluorescence peak at 687 nm was quenched in the presence of CAP phosphate buffer solution (PBS, pH 7.0), while the fluorescence peak at 433 nm kept stable. Interestingly, the TC-FMIPs has a peroxidase-like activity, in which a new fluorescence peak at 561 nm was quenched and the fluorescence peak at 433 nm increased gradually with the addition of FF solution in pH 4.0 PBS. The TC-FMIPs showed a low detection limit of 10 pM, 8.5 pM, and 5.5 nM for IP, CAP, and FF, respectively. Additionally, a smartphone was used to capture of fluorescence colors and read out the RGB values for intelligent detection of IP, CAP, and FF, in which the detection limit was calculated as 15 pM, 12 pM and 7 nM toward IP, CAP and FF, respectively. The smartphone-integrated tri-color fluorescence sensing platform was developed for dual-mode visual intelligent detection of IP, CAP and FF successfully, which provided a new strategy for multi-target detection in the complex environment.

Label-Free Digital Holotomography Reveals Ibuprofen-Induced Morphological Changes to Red Blood Cells.

Understanding the dose-dependent effect of over-the-counter drugs on red blood cells (RBCs) is crucial for hematology and digital pathology. Yet, it is challenging to continuously record the real-time, drug-induced shape changes of RBCs in a label-free manner. Here, we demonstrate digital holotomography (DHTM)-enabled real-time, label-free concentration-dependent and time-dependent monitoring of ibuprofen on RBCs from a healthy donor. The RBCs are segmented based on three-dimensional (3D) and four-dimensional (4D) refractive index tomograms, and their morphological and chemical parameters are retrieved with their shapes classified using machine learning. We directly observed the formation and motion of spicules on the RBC membrane when aqueous solutions of ibuprofen were drop-cast on wet blood, creating rough-membraned echinocyte forms. At low concentrations of 0.25-0.50 mM, the ibuprofen-induced morphological change was transient, but at high concentrations (1-3 mM) the spiculated RBC remained over a period of up to 1.5 h. Molecular simulations confirmed that aggregates of ibuprofen molecules at high concentrations significantly disrupted the RBC membrane structural integrity and lipid order but produced negligible effect at low ibuprofen concentrations. Control experiments on the effect of urea, hydrogen peroxide, and aqueous solutions on RBCs showed zero spicule formation. Our work clarifies the dose-dependent chemical effects on RBCs using label-free microscopes that can be deployed for the rapid detection of overdosage of over-the-counter and prescribed drugs.

Effects of electroacupuncture on NLRP3 inflammasome and pyroptosis protein GSDMD in uterine tissue in rats with primary dysmenorrhea

To observe the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) on NLRP3 inflammasome and its downstream protein gastermin D (GSDMD) in rats with primary dysmenorrhea (PDM), and to explore the potential mechanism of EA on the treatment of PDM. Forty healthy female SD rats without pregnancy were randomly divided into a control group, a model group, an EA group and an ibuprofen group, 10 rats in each group. PDM model was prepared by injection of estradiol benzoate and oxytocin. Except the control group, the rats in each group were subcutaneously injected with estradiol benzoate for 10 days, and oxytocin was injected on the 11th day. The rats in the EA group were intervened with EA (dense wave, frequency of 50 Hz) at "Guanyuan" (CV 4) and "Sanyinjiao" (SP 6) at the same time of modeling, once a day, 20 min each time, for 10 consecutive days. The rats in the ibuprofen group were treated with 0.8 mL of ibuprofen by gavage (concentration of ibuprofen solution was 1.25 mg/mL) for 10 consecutive days. After modeling, the writhing reaction was observed. After intervention, the HE staining method was used to observe the histological morphology of uterus and evaluate the pathological damage score of uterus; ELISA method was used to detect the serum levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α); Western blot method was used to detect the protein expression of NLRP3, apoptosis related spot like protein (ASC), caspase-1, GSDMD, GSDMD-N and inflammatory factors (interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-18) in uterine tissue. In the model group, a large number of vacuolar degeneration and death of endometrial epithelial cells, spiral arterioles congestion in lamina propria and neutrophil infiltration were observed. In the EA group, there was a small amount of vacuolar degeneration and death of endometrial epithelial cells, a small amount of spiral arterioles congestion in the lamina propria, and a small amount of neutrophils infiltration. In the ibuprofen group, there was very small number of degeneration and death of endometrial epithelial cells, and no obvious arterial congestion was found in lamina propria, and neutrophil infiltration was occasionally seen. Compared with the control group, in the model group the number of writhing was increased (P<0.01), the writhing reaction score and serum level of PGF2α and PGF2α/PGE2 value were increased (P<0.01), the level of PGE2 was decreased (P<0.01). Compared with the model group, in the EA group and the ibuprofen group the number of writhing were decreased (P<0.05), the latency of writhing was prolonged (P<0.01), the writhing reaction scores and serum levels of PGF2α and PGF2α/PGE2 values were decreased (P<0.05, P<0.01), the levels of PGE2 were increased (P<0.01). Compared with the control group, the protein expression of NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, GSDMD, GSDMD-N, IL-1β and IL-18 in the uterine tissues of rats was increased in the model group (P<0.01). Compared with the model group, the protein expression of NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, GSDMD, GSDMD-N, IL-1β and IL-18 in the uterine tissues of rats was decreased in the EA group and the ibuprofen group (P<0.01, P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the EA group and the ibuprofen group in the above indexes (P>0.05). EA could alleviate pain and uterine tissue injury in rats with PDM. The mechanism may be related to the inhibition of the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in rat uterine tissues, thereby inhibiting pyroptosis and its inflammatory factors release.

Natural Eutectic Solvent Mixture of l‐Menthol/Malonic acid (4 : 1) and Its Ibuprofen Solution: Thermal and Physical Characterizations and NMR Studies of Molecular Interaction

AbstractA eutectic mixture of L‐menthol and malonic acid, Me/MA (4 : 1), was characterized by calorimetry and other physical measurements. The new deep eutectic solvent (m.p. 6 °C) solvates 338 mg of ibuprofen per mL, and the solution is stable in a wide temperature range. Strategies of NMR titration used in supramolecular chemistry were employed to explore binding forces between the eutectic constituents as well as solute‐solvent interaction in ibuprofen solution. Even in acetonitrile, Me4MA is formed through a hydrogen‐bonding network, where the constituents act as hydrogen donors and acceptors at the same time. The estimated association constant is around 30 M−1; the binding forces are enough to build the eutectic mixture at high concentrations. The aggregate Me4MA forms a molecular complex with ibuprofen in acetonitrile as a result of the cooperative effect of the constituents. In addition, van der Waals interactions are operative between ibuprofen and menthol in the saturated IB‐Me/MA (4 : 1) solution.

Improved mechanical strength and adsorption capacity of anion exchange resin by poly (acrylic acid)/phenolic interpenetrating polymer networks

Polyacrylic anion exchange resin (AER) is effective in removing many contaminants in water, but their poor mechanical strength limits their industrial application. In this study, AER-1 with poly (acrylic acid) /phenolic interpenetrating polymer networks was prepared under acidic conditions, and the resin was characterized and evaluated for its adsorption performance. The sphericity after attrition of AER-1 was 97.5 %, while the AER was only 57.1 %. This improved mechanical strength could be partially attributed to hydrogen bonds. Moreover, the increased pore volume and average pore size results in the enhanced adsorption amount from 0.22 mmol/g to 0.26 mmol/g at equilibrium with 0.05 g resin in 100 mL of ibuprofen solution (0.15 mM). An increasing kinetic constant from 0.024 to 0.033 can be obtained from the pseudo-first order kinetic fitting (R2 > 0.99). Compared with AER-1, AER-2 synthesized under alkaline conditions shows a less improved performance in mechanical strength and pore structure. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm model (R2 > 0.98) is more consistent with the experimental data, indicating monolayer adsorption on a homogeneous surface. Small molecule acidic organics are more competitive due to the expansion of resin pore channels. Gallic acid (80 mg/L) lowers the adsorption capacity by 64.3 %, while humic acid only produces a 10 % reduction in adsorption capacity because of pore exclusion. Excellent reusability of AER-1 for ibuprofen adsorption has been demonstrated by adsorption-regeneration cycle experiments.

Catalytic Ozonation of Ibuprofen in Aqueous Media over Polyaniline-Derived Nitrogen Containing Carbon Nanostructures.

Catalytic ozonation is an important water treatment method among advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). Since the first development, catalytic ozonation has been consistently improved in terms of catalysts used and the optimization of operational parameters. The aim of this work is to compare the catalytic activity of polyaniline (PANI) and thermally treated polyaniline (PANI 900) in the catalytic ozonation of ibuprofen solutions at different pH values (4, 7, and 10). Catalysts were thoroughly characterized through multiple techniques (SEM, Raman spectroscopy, XPS, pHPZC, and so on), while the oxidation process of ibuprofen solutions (100 mgL−1) was assessed by several analytical methods (HPLC, UV254, TOC, COD, and BOD5). The experimental data demonstrate a significant improvement in ibuprofen removal in the presence of prepared solids (20 min for PANI 900 at pH10) compared with non-catalytic processes (56 min at pH 10). Moreover, the influence of solution pH was emphasized, showing that, in the basic region, the removal rate of organic substrate is higher than in acidic or neutral range. Ozone consumption mgO3/mg ibuprofen was considerably reduced for catalytic processes (17.55—PANI, 11.18—PANI 900) compared with the absence of catalysts (29.64). Hence, beside the ibuprofen degradation, the catalysts used are very active in the mineralization of organic substrate and/or formation of biodegradable compounds. The best removal rate of target pollutants and oxidation by-products was achieved by PANI 900, although raw polyaniline also presents important activity in the oxidation process. Therefore, it can be stated that polyaniline-based catalysts are effective in the oxidation processes.

Ibuprofen Nanoemulsion as a Promising Drug Delivery Strategy

Phenyl propionic acid derivative drug Ibuprofen was selected for the study’s model medication. It is hypothesized that nanoemulsion might be a useful medication delivery method for enhancing oral absorption. According to the findings, the nanoemulsion formulation greatly enhanced the drug’s anti-inflammatory capabilities when compared to the Ibuprofen solution. Ibuprofen’s solubility and oral bioavailability are enhanced using nanoemulsion technology. To evaluate and pinpoint nanoemulsion area’s are made of glycerol, olive oil, and various sucrose esters, a pseudo ternary phase diagram was created (co-surfactant). Following the discovery of such a nanoemulsion zone, a colloidal system was created to serve as an ibuprofen carrier system. Droplet size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and morphological measurements were made to determine the characteristics of the chosen nanoemulsion (NE) area.