Taymiyya Research Articles

The Ālūsī Family between Baghdad and Istanbul: Imperial Connections and the Development of Salafi Commitments

Abstract The Ālūsīs of Baghdad were one of the most influential families in the late Ottoman Empire, producing various prolific scholars. They were inspired by Ibn Taymiyya, supported the permissibility of ijtihād, and criticized excessive Sufi practices. Although accused of being Wahhabi owing to their Salafi ideas, they maintained strong ties with the Ottoman state, holding judicial and bureaucratic positions. This article situates the family within the Ottoman imperial framework and explains how they navigated as Salafi scholars in the predominantly Ḥanafī-Māturīdī structure of the Ottoman Empire.

Jurisprudential Criticism of mistake According to Ibn Taymiyyah “Rulings of Purification and Prayer as a Model”

Jurisprudential Criticism of mistake According to Ibn Taymiyyah “Rulings of Purification and Prayer as a Model”

Abdelwahab Meddeb and Anour Majid: Revisiting The Muslim Heritage or Celebrating the Diversity of Islamic Tradition

This paper is a celebration of the diversity of Muslim thought and tradition, an invitation to revisit the Islamic legacy and rethink mainstream Muslim scholarship in the light of the plurality , multivoicedness and richness of the Muslim faith. It is incidentally a questioning of the inability of contemporary Islam to establish interfaith dialogue with kin monotheist religions, as well as a deep interrogation of our understanding of the creed and our praxis as believers in the third millenium, compelled as we stand, to adhere to the global spirit and meet the high stakes of modernity. This conandrum interpellates the Muslim community to reconsider the rigidity nay sterility of today’s Islam, championned by the growingly powerful fundamentalist movements thriving in’ Dar Al Islam’. Islam never had a Dante who summoned the intellectual audacity to make his writing address political events as they appeared in the reality of history. I dream of this genius that Islam did not create : he would have constituted the opposite of Ibn Taymiyya. ( Meddeb, 95)

Market Mechanism Based on IBN Taimiyah's Thought

Market Mechanism Based on IBN Taimiyah's Thought

ABU AL-ʿABBĀS B. TAYMIYYAH’S SOCIETAL SECURITY PARADIGM: A PHILOSOPHICAL EXPLORATION IN ISLAMIC POLITICAL HERITAGE

This research endeavors to scrutinize the hypothesis positing the existence of a well-defined theoretical model embedded within the Islamic political heritage, specifically aimed at safeguarding societal identity, commonly denoted as "social security" in contemporary discourse. The focus of this investigation centers on assessing the contributions of Imam Ibn Taymiyyah, a pivotal figure in Islamic heritage. His era was marked by various internal and external challenges confronting the Muslim community, prompting him to respond actively through scholarly works, issuance of fatwas, and strategic measures to counter these threats. In an innovative methodological approach, the researchers have employed the "societal security" theory articulated by Bouzan, Waever, and De Wilde as a framework to elucidate the Taymiyyan model. This involved extrapolating, identifying, and analyzing the relevant texts authored by the Imam pertaining to the subject under scrutiny. The study's outcome presents a theoretically sound model derived from the principles and teachings of Islamic Sharia, in accordance with the perspective of Imam Ibn Taymiyyah. At its core, this model entails the provision of guidance through legal rulings and fatwas to safeguard the five necessities in Islam, namely Religion, life, Regeneration, intellect, and wealth, with a particular emphasis on the communal level. The defence of these communal necessities begins with the promotion of virtuous deeds and the discouragement of wrongdoing within society, employing mechanisms such as the "Hisbah apparatus". Ultimately, the preservation of the Muslim community's identity from potential disintegration or compromise in the face of encroaching civilizations or ideologies may necessitate resorting to the deployment of political and military force to repel aggressors.

Evolusi Gerakan Salafisme: Dari Masa Ibnu Taymiyyah Sampai Muhammad Bin Abdul Wahab

Salafism, a reformist movement that follows a school of Islamic understanding unaffected by Hellenism. Its aim is to maintain the views of the salaf scholars. The author uses the historical method by collecting data through library research sourced from books, articles, and other related information. The results of this study discuss various Salafi schools that emphasize three main characteristics in their teachings, namely placing Islamic law (sharia) above reason, avoiding rationalist interpretations, and upholding the text of the Quran and Hadith. Of course, this is closely related to the influence of thinkers such as Ibn Taymiyyah who was the main thinker, followed by Muhammad bin Abdul Wahab as his successor

Ibnu Taimiyah and Qurais Shihab's Views on the Law of Electing Non-Muslim Leaders: A Comparative Study

This article discusses the legal perspectives on electing non-Muslim leaders according to two prominent scholars, Ibn Taimiyyah and Qurais Shihab. The selection of leaders in Islam is a significant and complex issue, influenced by various interpretations and socio-political contexts. Ibn Taimiyyah, a classical scholar, emphasizes the importance of a leader's faith and piety, as well as their ability to uphold Islamic law (Sharia). According to him, a leader must be a Muslim who can safeguard and protect the interests of the Muslim community. On the other hand, Qurais Shihab, a contemporary intellectual, offers a more contextual and inclusive view. He highlights universal values such as justice, welfare, and public interest. Shihab acknowledges that in modern socio-political contexts and pluralism, a non-Muslim leader can be acceptable if they can ensure justice and the well-being of society. This article aims to outline the fundamental differences between these two perspectives and their implications in the context of national and state life in the modern era. Thus, it is expected to provide a comprehensive understanding of this issue for academics, practitioners, and the general public.

Engaging Karl Barth's Theology with Nurcholis Madjid and Ibn Taymiyya

This study presents a pioneering dialogue between Karl Barth’s Christian theology and Islamic theological perspectives in the Indonesian context, focusing specifically on the concept of universal salvation. The primary interlocutors are Nurcholish Madjid, interpreting Ibn Taymiyya, and Karl Barth’s theology. Barth’s universalism envisions an inclusive future for humanity, elaborated in Barth’s exposition of the theme “Jesus is Victor,” suggesting a universal reprieve from divine eschatological judgment. Correspondingly, Madjid’s interpretation of Islamic theology proposes a universally hopeful future, recognizing the broad spectrum of divine revelation across various religious traditions, thereby fostering a sense of shared hope among diverse religious followers. Ibn Taymiyya, often misconceived as a figurehead for radical elements, is depicted in this essay as advocating a form of universalism where divine mercy ultimately triumphs over retribution. This article contends that this mutual anticipation of universal salvation can pave the way for meaningful Christian-Islamic interactions in the Indonesian milieu, contributing significantly to interfaith dialogue and understanding.

Book Review: Historicizing Sunni Islam in the Ottoman Empire, c. 1450–c. 1750

The book examines Ottoman Sunnism’s evolution, orthodoxy, and spatial dimensions. Divided into three chapters, it critically engages with historical narratives, doctrinal debates, and socio-political dynamics shaping Ottoman Sunnism. Chapter I reevaluates Sunnī orthodoxy by tracing its historical dialogue with the past and the present. It examines the emergence of a new hadith culture in the sixteenth century, challenges conventional views through Shāhzādah Qorqud’s writings, explores the influence of Ibn Taymiyyah on Ottoman thought, redefines knowledge boundaries in Ottoman catechisms, and scrutinizes perceptions of heresy in Ottoman society. Moreover, Chapter II focuses on the spatial dimensions of Sunnitization, exploring how pious communities were constructed within urban institutions and convents. It investigates the transformation of spaces like the ʿimārah into mosques, the integration of Abdāl-affiliated convents into Khalwatī darwīsh networks, and the role of imāms in congregational prayers during the Ottoman Sunnitization era. Chapter III delves into the contextual and genre-specific nature of confessional politics, shedding light on the complexities of Sunnī-Shiʿī’ relations and Ottoman-Safavid diplomacy. It reexamines the portrayal of Qizilbash actors in Ottoman borderlands, evaluates Ottoman historical writing through the lens of Islamic history, and explores Islamic discourse in Ottoman-Safavid diplomatic exchanges.

Sufism and Politics: Internalization of Political Piety in Young Sufi in Indonesia

Objective: At the end of this decade, a phenomenon emerged that there were groups of young people in Indonesia who tended to carry out activities with Islamic spiritual nuances (Sufism). Their studies intensely discuss, and practice Sufism associated with political piety. This activity is very productive to build a nation that is spiritually intelligent and has Sufism-based religious moderation. This research was conducted at Jamaah Maiyah Yogyakarta, Café Rumi Jakarta, Jamaah Nahdatul Aulia, Al-Mu'min Pontianak, Jamaah Masjid Aolia Gunung Kidul, Yogyakarta. This article aims to describe and analyze the understanding, internalization, and contextualization of Sufism related to political piety in Sufi youth. Theoretical Framework: This research discusses young people's interest in Sufism. It examines how Sufism and politics can be internalized in young Sufis. Sufism and piety in politics are closely related to the neosufism theories of Ibn Taimiyah, Fazlur Rahman, Howell and Bruinessen. Sufism has a big role in integrating Sufism with political piety in Sufi youth. Method: The research approach was carried out using ethno-cyber, with data collection methods through in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation. Results and Discussion: The findings of this research show that the model and practical steps for internalizing the political piety of young Sufis in Indonesia are carried out by: (1) Opening the inner eyes (bashirah) of young salik (Sufis). With this, one will see the fact that reality is one. There is no contradiction between each other; (2) Shows that the political reality embodied in parties is essentially a particularity for universality (unity). The difference is another compliment. Sufism views political differences as a complement, (3) Understanding reality wise and thoughtful, (4) Realizing that politics is only a tool for liqa' and qurbah with Allah by guaranteeing the implementation of activities to be close to Him. Research Implications: This article makes young Sufis aware in Indonesia that Sufism and politics are sunnatullah, sufism is a tool can be installed for everyone by eliminating the ego so that politics can become a means to get closer to Allah. This article shows that Sufism and politics are in harmony in the lives of young Sufis in Indonesia. Originality/Value: This research uncovered a phenomenon where groups of young people in Indonesia are increasingly engaging in activities related to sufism. They intensely study and practice sufism, intertwining it with political piety.

An Analysis of Ibn Taimmiyah's Hijā' in Qasīdah Lāmiyah as the Identity of the Mahdzab Hambali

This research aims to analyze the style of satire (hijā’) used by Ibn Taymiyyah in his book titled "Qasīdah Lāmiyah (The Satirical Poem)". It is a work by Ibn Taymiyyah that contains satirical poetry directed towards those who questioned his scholarly identity. Hijā’ style is poetry used to mock other poets in a distinctive manner, often in the form of self-praise or disparagement of a group. However, since the advent of Islam, this style has frequently been used to defend Islam, whether individuals or groups, including scholars like Ibn Taymiyyah. This research employs a qualitative approach using content analysis method. Content analysis, according to Creswell, is a qualitative research method used to identify specific patterns or themes within text. The analysis results indicate that verses of satirical poetry (shiʿr hijâ) were found in Qasīdah Lāmiyah, consisting of 2 types of ethical satire (al-hijâ al-akhlâqî) and 14 verses of religious satire (al-hijâ al-dînî).

The Effort of The Government and Its Impact on Maintaining the Stability of Cooking Oil Prices

The phenomenon of oil scarcity and rising world oil prices have had an impact on the increase in cooking oil prices in Indonesia. The Indonesian government, through the Ministry of Trade, is trying to intervene in the price of cooking oil by providing oil subsidies and export bans. This article aims to describe the policy process carried out by the Indonesian government to reduce the price of cooking oil and its impact on the traditional market economy. This field research was conducted at the Srijaya Sayur Traditional Market, in Madiun City using qualitative methods. Primary data was collected using interviews with traders, sales from cooking oil distributors, and market managers. The findings of this research reveal that the price intervention policy implemented by the government was initially carried out suddenly. However, as time goes by, the Indonesian government has taken steps to improve the price of cooking oil which is well spread throughout Indonesia. This is in line with Ibn Taymiyah's thoughts on the concept of distribution justice and price policy through government intervention. The positive impact of the policy of banning petroleum exports and providing subsidies has made the price of cooking oil affordable and in line with people's purchasing power. The negative impact is that many market distortions, starting from distribution processes, hoarding and selling prices that do not comply with the policy, to shortages of goods that occur in traditional markets, especially at the beginning of the policy. In the end, this negative impact began to subside along with the abundance of oil stocks on the market which was strengthened by the government's efforts to eradicate all individuals involved in becoming mafias and breaking the law.

Abu Ya’la ibn al-Farra’ (990-1066 CE) and the influence of his ideas on the formation of the views of Ibn Taymiyyah (1263-1328 CE)

The research relevance is predefined by the ideas of the religious figure Abu Ya’la ibn al-Farra’ and his influence on the formation and development of the ideas of another religious figure Ibn Taymiyyah and the insufficient study of idea formation in the modern stage. The research aims to examine the impact of Abu Ya’la’s religious views on the formation and development of Ibn Taymiyyah’s religious concepts. The main research objective is to analyse the doctrines of Abu Ya’la ibn al-Farra’ and Ibn Taymiyyah and to determine how the ideology of one figure influenced the views of the other. The following research methods were used: structural-functional, dialectical, synthesis, logical, generalisation, and comparative analysis. The research findings demonstrate that Ibn Taymiyyah frequently consulted the works of Abu Ya'la and actively endorsed philosophy while developing his own ideological concepts. Throughout their lives, Abu Ya’la and Ibn Taymiyyah followed the tanzih aqidah and later began to follow the tashbih aqidah. They led an active political life and organised insurgencies. The research’s practical significance is predefined by the theoretical provisions, conclusions and recommendations that can be used in educational institutions by teachers and students to improve knowledge about the formation of two religious concepts, and the influence of Abu Ya’la ibn al-Farra’s ideas on the formation of Ibn Taymiyyah’s ideas, as well as by other scholars studying Islam in general, as well as the Hanbali school.

Recasting al-Siyāsa al-Sharʿiyya in 1920s Egypt: Formulating a Theory of an Islamic Modern State

This article primarily explores one of the Muslim scholarly discourses aiming to construct an Islamic governance model, harmonious with the modern state, that is intertwined with premodern Islamic traditions. It scrutinizes the reinterpretation and reconceptualization of the premodern concept of siyāsa sharʿiyya in 1920s Egypt by modernist ʿulamāʾ (religious scholars) to align with the nation state’s legal and constitutional landscapes. The study focuses on the legislative aspects of this modernized theory of siyāsa sharʿiyya and demonstrates how under this theory the state conceptually begins to play a legitimate role in defining Islamic law. Special attention is given to ʿAbd al-Wahhāb Khallāf’s (d. 1375/1956) book, al-Siyāsa al-sharʿiyya, which highlights the transformative epistemological and constitutional repercussions of this discourse. Comparative analysis is conducted with the works of premodern progenitors of the concept, such as Ibn Taymiyya (d. 728/1328) and Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya (d. 751/1350) and later authors who have used the concept, to identify discrepancies between premodern and modern discourses in siyāsa sharʿiyya. The study also cites practical implementations of this modernized theory through a law project proposed in Egypt in 1926 that demonstrates how the new siyāsa sharʿiyya discourse bestowed an inherent legal authority to the state to independently legislate on sharīʿa laws based on an expanded conceptualization of maṣlaḥa (public benefit).

Ibn Taymiyya and Divinities: A Critical Study of the Concepts of Affirmation, Anthropomorphism and Sense Organs

One of the distinctive features of Ibn Taymiyyah's approach to theology is his understanding of ambiguous texts involving anthropomorphic expressions, such as Al-yad "hand" and Al-Istiwaau "ascension." Hence arises the problematic aspect of the study, represented by the principal question: What are the characteristics that distinguish Ibn Taymiyyah's understanding of divine attributes from others, earning him such renown? The reason for this choice is to answer the previous question and its ramifications. The significance of the study lies in uncovering the foundations of Ibn Taymiyyah's understanding of attributes, and whether this understanding aligns with the issue of divine transcendence from resembling created beings. To achieve this, several methodologies were pursued, notably: the inductive approach, the descriptive approach, and the critical approach. The aim of the study is to reveal this understanding, which differs from others. The study concludes that his understanding of attributes is based on three pillars: affirmation, anthropomorphism, and sense organs. The intended meaning of affirmation is to negate all metaphorical meanings accepted by the text. The intended meaning of literal interpretation is that the hand and the face are entities in themselves, necessitating corporeality. Although he does not expressly affirm corporeality, he never categorically denies it. The study recommends examining the aspects of the methodology adopted by Ibn Taymiyyah in his understanding of attributive reports, in which he diverged from others.

Ibn Taymiyya and his Circle on samāʿ: a means to Purify Sufism? (with an Arabic edition of al-Wāsiṭī’s (d. 711/1311) Bulgha)

Abstract By examining polemical treatises on Sufi samāʿ or ‘spiritual audition’, written by scholars with a Ḥanbalī or traditionalist orientation, we assess the strategies and rhetorical devices that they used to discuss the status of samāʿ within their tradition. Our exploration reveals a clear difference in approach between pre-Taymiyyan scholars, on the one hand, and ‘Taymiyyan’ scholars, including Ibn Taymiyya (d. 728/1328) himself, on the other. Unlike their predecessors, the latter systematically refer to the legacy of esteemed figures from the formative period of Sufism, such as al-Junayd (d. 289/910) and some of his contemporaries, invoking his spiritual authority to consolidate the relation between Ahl al-Ḥadīth traditionalism and what they considered to be Sufism in its ‘true’ form.

The Theory of the Four Illusions of the Thinker Francis Bacon A Critical Study in the Light of Islam

Scientific research has many approaches to reaching correct knowledge and actual sciences. The most prominent approach was the experimental approach, which helps in build civilisations, using observation and experimentation to reach accurate results and to know the proper ways to deal with and explain phenomena. Therefore, this research includes the most crucial method which is the experimental method. Specifically, the most important modern theories are the four delusions of Francis Bacon and their criticism through an Islamic vision based on evidence and proof. As a result, it was found that the most essential theories of Francis Bacon are the mind’s criticism theory, the four delusions theory, which is based on the mind’s criticism theory, and the theory of material understanding of nature. The latter is closely related to the four delusions that Bacon fought because they hinder the mind from achieving the truth, which are the illusions of the tribe, the illusions of the cave, the illusions of the market, and the illusions of the theater, and by looking at them from a legal perspective, it is clear that ignorance and whim are the basis for man’s deviation from the truth. It is recommended to conduct scientific studies between Ibn Taymiyyah as an Islamic thinker and Francis Bacon as a Western thinker. Also, more research and studies should be conducted on the curricula of Western thinkers.

متن و شرح رسالۀ «کیفیت واقعۀ بغداد» نصیرالدین طوسی

The Mongols’ invasion of the territories of the Islamic world, especially Baghdad, the seat of the Islamic Caliphate, had great consequences, including the fall of Baghdad and the Bani Abbas Caliphate, the killing of the Caliph, and extensive destruction in the geography of their invasion. About half a century after the invasion of the Mongols, Ibn Taymiyyah (1263-1328), regardless of historical documents, accused Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, a prominent thinker, of collusion and cooperation with Hulagu Khan. After Ibn Taymiyyah Harrani, these accusations were followed and disseminated in religious, historical, rijal (the study of hadith narrators and their personality), and even moral books by his students, such as Ibn Qayyim al Jawziyya (1292-1350). This article is an attempt to deny these accusations. Relying on the earliest historical documents, it tries to describe the historical event as it happened. In this regard, the article first provides the text of Nasir al-Din al-Tusi’s short treatise “On the Baghdad Incident”, included in Aladdin Atamalik Juveyni’s “Tarikh-i Jahangusha”, and then presents its descriptive interpretation separately. Although this treatise is short, it contains all the important points, from Hulagu Khan’s decision to go to war to the conquest of Baghdad and the analysis of the internal factors of the fall of the caliphate. This treatise, above all, is a very solid argument. For its author first of all was the witness of the Baghdad events. Secondly, in this writing, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi examines the Mongols’ attack on Baghdad but does not mention his own activity or role in the attack on Baghdad. Thirdly, if he had an activity and a role in this incident, or if he had an intention to take revenge on his religious opponents considering the situation, he should at least have hinted and expressed his approval, which is not the case at all.

السياسة بين الأخلاق والمقاصد: عرض مقارن بين ابن تيمية والشاطبيّ

Islamic scholars, including philosophers, sociologists, and jurists agree that the ultimate goal of the state or political authority is to achieve the welfare of the citizens and to bring goodness, prosperity, and happiness to the individual and society. This means safeguarding religion and managing worldly affairs. Political authority in Islam is based on a unique system consisting of two elements: ethics and objectives. These two elements constitute the highest goal of the prophetic message, as Sharia consists of the duality of ethics and interests. The article seeks to uncover the foundational moral and objective basis of political authority by providing a comparative analysis of the most important ethical objectives that must be possessed by uli al-amr, according to Imam Ahmad ibn Taymiyyah (d. 728 AH) in his book "Al-Siyasah al-Shar'iyyah fi Islah al-Ra'i wa al-Ra'iyah," and Abu Ishaq al-Shatibi (d. 790 AH) in his book "Al-Muwafaqat." The article concludes that the purpose of establishing political authority cannot be realized unless it is framed within the framework of ethics and virtues that enjoin justice, trustworthiness, truth, and freedom. Furthermore, ethics in the realm of politics must be subjected to the hierarchical classification of objectives into necessities, needs, and improvements. Accordingly, priority should be given to the most crucial virtues, while averting the most harmful vices.

Market Intervention Policy in The Case of Rising Rice Prices in Indonesia From The Perspective of Ibn Taimiyah

Rice is an important commodity and is needed by the wider community, its existence is vital as a means to fulfil the needs of life, therefore the Indonesian government's intervention in this commodity is very high. The price of rice in Indonesia continues to rise for many factors. This research employs qualitative methods which is called library research. The result of this study is the increase in rice prices in Indonesia according to Ibn Taymiyyah is entirely caused by market forces. According to Ibn Taymiyyah what is needed therefore is market intervention, instead of price intervention. The market intervention carried out by the Indonesian government is by intensifying the social assistance program, running market operations with the SPHP program, and strengthening the stock of government rice reserves (CBP). Meanwhile, the policy of setting the price ceiling should not be carried out by the government because the market conditions related to this rice commodity run perfectly and there is no market distortion.