Ibn Nafis Research Articles

Prescribing Habits for Elderly Patients in a Sample of Psychiatry Residents at Ibn Nafis Psychiatric Hospital: A Descriptive Study

Prescribing Habits for Elderly Patients in a Sample of Psychiatry Residents at Ibn Nafis Psychiatric Hospital: A Descriptive Study

Prescribing Habits for Pregnant Patients in a Sample of Psychiatry Residents at Ibn Nafis Psychiatric Hospital: A Descriptive Study

Prescribing psychotropics for pregnant women is a delicate issue as most drugs cross the placenta. There are concerns about possible hazards to the growing fetus and balancing the risk of malformation against the risk of a psychiatric condition relapsing is a common dilemma. To minimize the risks associated with polypharmacy monotherapy is typically the preferred approach. This study aimed to explore the prescription habits of psychotropic medications to pregnant women by residents at IBN NAFIS University Psychiatric Center and review it in the light of literature. 25 residents took part. We found that for agitation, 93% of residents prescribed classic antipsychotics. For major depressive disorder, 81% of residents prescribed selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). For anxiety disorders, 68% of the sample prescribed SSRIs. For manic episodes, 50% of residents prescribed lamotrigine, 12% prescribed olanzapine, 6% preferred sodium valproate, 6% prescribed classic antipsychotics. For psychotic disorders, the vast majority of residents prescribed classic antipsychotics (88%), while 6% of them prescribed Risperidone and the remaining 6% preferred the use of Olanzapine. For insomnia, the majority of residents in the sample preferred prescribing hydroxyzine (69%). Oxazepam is considered a first-line anxiolytic because it doesn't create active metabolites. Classic antipsychotics like haloperidol and chlorpromazine are commonly prescribed during pregnancy due to their proven efficacy and safety. Atypical antipsychotics like olanzapine risperidone quetiapine and clozapine are used, with olanzapine being a first-line treatment due to reassuring data on fetal side effects. Thymoregulators like lamotrigine can be used but caution is advised due to potential risks. Antidepressants like tricyclics and SSRIs are commonly prescribed with SSRIs being preferred for pregnant women. The study emphasizes the importance of taking into account the particulars of the drugs such ...

Psychiatric Manifestations Secondary to the use of a Dopaminergic Agonist Antiparkinsonian: A Case Report

Psychiatric disorders in Parkinson's disease can be classified into two opposing categories: hypodopaminergic if related to dopaminergic denervation and hyperdopaminergic if related to dopaminergic treatment. In this context the aim of this clinical case study is to present the psychiatric manifestations due to the use of a dopaminergic agonist anti parkinsonian (piribedil). We report the clinical case of a 55-year-old patient, hypertensive on Amlodipine, suffering from a parkinsonian disorder for 4 years; presenting to the psychiatric consultation at Ibn Nafis Hospital for a behavioural disorder following the introduction of Piribedil (antiparkinsonian dopaminergic agonist). Most of the psychic side effects of antiparkinsonian drugs are linked to their central dopaminergic properties. These effects are secondary to excessive stimulation of mesocorticolimbic dopamine receptors and/or serotonin hyperactivity.

On Occasion of the Thirty Years of the Establishing Avicena Publisher and its Medical Journals Medical Archives and Acta Informatica Medica

Here we will focus on two of the four indexed biomedical journals that were published in Sarajevo during wartime conditions in 1992-1995. The first is the Medical Archives, which was founded in 1947 and whose last editor until 1991 was the respected Academician Mirko Grujic, and whose last edited issue remained in storage (then the printing was done on Heidelberg machines and the text was typed using lead letters) and that unprinted issue – the number one volume in 1991 never even came out. Given that the contracts with the strongest index database MEDLINE included the Contract of the Assembly of doctors of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), which at that time was the owner of the journal, and the pause in printing had already been going on for two years, Medline withdrew this journal as well. Numerous correspondences with the main responsible person Mr. Sheldon Kotzin, we received an unexpected consent from the Medline database to try to fill the gap with at least a few double-issues within 6 months, and Medline will meet us and reactivate the depositing of the Medical Archive in Medline. In addition to these facts, I was reminded of the incredible activities related to the preparation and printing of 47 books and monographs out of a total of 98 in B&H in the war period 1992-1995, and their list is in the attached tables. Those war publications were created in various ways. Very important collection of published monographs are printed during wartime written by very famous scientists from Golden Arabic Ages: Ibn Sina, Ibn Haitham, Ibn Rushd, Ibn Nafis, Al Biruni, Ar Razi, which has been forgotten, translated by famous professors Sakir Sikiric and Hamdija Karamehmedovic until 1962. In addition to these facts, I was reminded of the incredible activities related to the preparation and printing of 4 scientific journals out of 8 biomedicine which today indexed journals in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Very important item from wartime was recording documetary movie "Amputation or Reconstruction in Wartime Conditions" recorded by Izet Masic and Zoran Ridjanovic which made in 1994 and showen in Lisbon during MIE '94 Conefernce as one of war miracles. Finaly, during wartime in B&H Avicena organized and published Proceedings of ten scientific meetings held in sieged Sarajevo and all presented papers were published and deposited in PubMed Central database. Total amount of published books and monographs during past thirty years is more than 200, and, also published papers by Avicena during 30 years in four Avicena Publisher's journals have number more than 15,000 papers writen at least by 60,000 authors, from over 50 countries from all continents, and almost a half of them are stored in most influential indexed databases. It is incredible job of one very small publisher from small countriy.

Seismotherapy at the University Hospital in Marrakech

Seismotherapy consists of causing a generalized epileptic crisis by means of an electric current with transcranial administration. (T. Charpeaud, 2016) This therapeutic method is currently undergoing a new remedy in several countries. In our Context as a mental health staff in the city of Marrakech, we found the great inadequacy of The prescription of seismotherapy in the common practice at the level of all psychiatric care Structures Objective of the study: To establish the activity assessment in seismotherapy at the University hospital Ibn Nafis of Marrakech. Methodology: This is a retrospective descriptive study of 21 patients (17 men and 4 women) Who received 264 seismotherapy sessions between 2012 and 2022. We used an operating Sheet to collect information through the traceability register at the seismotherapy room. Results: The two main diagnoses of treated patients were schizophrenic disorders in 55% of Cases, and thymic disorders in a proportion of 28%. these sessions involved 81% of Hospitalized patients. The anesthetic was propofol for all patients. The intensity of the Charge was in the majority of the 800 mA sessions. We found that despite an inadequacy in the conditions of the practice of these sessions, including the absence of the use of the «curare» and the lack of a recovery room, favourable short-term developments in all cases. Conclusion: Seismotherapy consists in causing a generalized comitiale crisis by means of an Electric current with transcranial administration. Our results indicate that the practice of seismotherapy at the Ibn Nafis CHU does not meet international standards and remains Poorly adapted. We found a positive evolution in the short term out of the 264 sessions Conducted. However, efforts must be made to make the staff aware of this therapeutic Process in other indications aimed at both curative and preventive.

Perception of COVID-19 by the Mentally ill Patients

Background: Patients with mental illness constitute a population at risk of being easily infected by corona virus (COVID-19), and they can also spread the infection to others by neglecting protective measures. The confrontation of this pandemic depends above all on their adherence to barrier measures, largely affected by their knowledge, perception and practices. Objectives: This work aimed to assess the perception of COVID-19 in patients with mental illness; by conducting a survey on their knowledge, attitudes and practices. Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study. 118 consultant patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder or chronic delusional disorder agreed to participate in the study. It was conducted at the psychiatric university department at Ibn Nafis hospital in Marrakech, during the month of October 2020. We used a pre-established questionnaire. The choice of patients was made given the frequency of perception disorders, cognitive deficit and inappropriate behaviors. Results: The mean age of the participants was 38 years. The majority were male (64%), single (56%), with a low level of education (32%). The patient’s average COVID-19 knowledge score was 9.27, suggesting an overall correct answer rate of 71% on this knowledge test. Almost a quarter of the patients did have a poor knowledge of COVID-19 (30%). Notably, more than half of the patients surveyed (62%) were not aware that there are asymptomatic forms of COVID-19 infection, and that there are no specific treatment or vaccine against COVID-19 currently. Two-thirds of patients (63%) considered COVID-19 infection to be a serious and dangerous illness, twenty-five patients (21%) had given no comments, nine patients (8%) believed that it was a conspiracy, six patients (5%) thought it was a devil and four patients (3%) thought it was a lie. In terms of attitudes, more than half of the patients surveyed had expressed their fear when thinking of COVID-19, and the majority of patients (90%) ...

Pulmonary Circulation Discovery Before Ibn Nafis—Ancient Persian and Greek Theories

ImportanceThe recognition of the pulmonary circulation is a complex evolution in medical history and draws on theories across eras and cultures.ObservationsThis narrative review summarizes evidence suggesting that the recognition of pulmonary circulation is older than the time of Ibn Nafis. The theory of pulmonary circulation originated in ancient Persia (ad 224-637), was overshadowed by Greek theory from the 11th century, and reestablished by Ibn Nafis in the 13th century.Conclusions and RelevanceThe findings of this review may help contextualize the story of the discovery of pulmonary circulation in ancient Persian and Greek theories before Ibn Nafis.

Sharbat- E- Unnab: A Review on Potent Unani Formulation

Unani System of Medicine is also known as Greco-Arabic medicine, and developed into an elaborate scientific medical system by Arab and Persian physicians, such as Rhazes (850-925AD), Avicenna (980-1037AD), Al-Zahrawi and Ibn Nafis. It is practiced in India since eighth century AD and is a recognized Indian traditional system of medicine with good infrastructure for education; research and manufacturing unitswhich are well regulated by the Government. In Unani medicine there are well developed pharmacopeia and pharmaceutical processings for single & compound formulations for the treatment of several local and systemic ailments. The most important formulation among various Unani formulations is Sharbat-e-Unnab, a Unani pharmaceutical preparation acting as Dafa-e-Sual (antitussive), Khashunat-e-Halaq (sore throat), Musaffi-e-Khoon (blood purifier), Musakkin-e-Hiddat-e-Khoon (suppressive blood heat) etc. Unnab (Ziziphus jujuba Mill. / Jujube) fruit is the main ingredient of the formulation. Unnab is also an ingredient of Unani Joshanda which has been recommended for relief in upper respiratory tract symptoms in mild cases of COVID-19. Few scientific studies related to Sharbat Unnab have been conducted in problems like Acne vulgaris and Primary Hypertension. Apart from this Unnab, the main ingredient has also been studied for its antioxidant and anti-cancerous activities. This formulation is being used by Unani physicians since time immemorial. Therefore, this paper will describe the brief review of the formulation along with its ingredient.
 Keywords: Sharbat-e-Unnab, Unani medicine, Sharbat, Unnab, Ziziphus Jujuba Mill.

«Философская робинзонада» Ибн ан-Нафиса

The present article reviews the philosophical and religious teaching by Ibn al-Nafis – a prominent doctor and thinker of the 13th century. The study was carried out on the basis of his treatise ‘Kamil’s Message in Prophet’s Sirah’ which is the last classical work written in the genre of a ‘philosophical robinsonade’. The author analyzes the content of the aforementioned work and carries out a detailed research of the connection of ‘Kamil’s Message’ with earlier traditions within the Arabic Muslim thought as well as with the theory of the ‘father of sociology’ Ibn Khaldun, which appeared several decades later. It is shown that Ibn Nafis’s theology matches, on the whole, the traditional Maturidi theo­logical doctrine, while its natural, philosophical, and anthropologic views are a deve­lopment of the legacy of Mutazilite Mutakallimes and Arabic peripathetics (especially, Ibn Tufayl). Ibn Nafis’s conception of society and the sense of social processes forestalls the concepts by Ibn Khaldun. In particular, Ibn al-Nafis develops the dichotomy of ‘city inhabitants’ and ‘desert inhabitants’, the category of ‘livelihood’ and a theory of the influ­ence that geographical and climate factors have on peoples. Ibn Nafis also explores pat­terns in historical process and the impact that tyrannical governors and economic rela­tions have on it. The author also discusses Ibn al-Nafis’s eschatological ‘futurology’ ac­cording to which the end of the world is approaching in virtue of natural reasons that, in their turn, will come about as the result of the peculiarities of the course of human history.

Psychiatric Disorders among Hospitalized Women at the Psychiatry Hospital « Ibn Nafis Hospital » of Mohammed VI University Hospital Center

Psychiatric Disorders among Hospitalized Women at the Psychiatry Hospital « Ibn Nafis Hospital » of Mohammed VI University Hospital Center

Prévalence et caractéristiques de la dysfonction sexuelle chez des patients marocains consultant pour un premier épisode dépressif

Depression as such causes emotional and physical disturbances that affect biological functions such as sleep, appetite, decreased libido and lack of interest in sexual function. Indeed, there is a significant incidence of sexual dysfunction in depressed patients. In addition, depression and sexual dysfunction have a significant impact on the quality of life of couples which can be improved by managing these two conditions between which there seems to be a two-way causal link. Sexual dysfunction has long been neglected in the clinic of depression. In Morocco, depression affects more than a quarter of the population. However, to date, no study has focused on the assessment of sexual function in relation to depression among Moroccans. ObjectivesThis work aimed to evaluate the prevalence and characteristics of sexual dysfunction in Moroccan patients consulting for a first depressive episode. MethodsThis is a descriptive cross-sectional study. All subjects included in this study were consulting for a first major depressive episode according to DSM-5 criteria from June 1st to November 30th, 2017 at the psychiatric university department at Ibn Nafis hospital in Marrakech. The severity of depression was assessed using the Hamilton scale. The ASEX (Arizona Sexuel Experience) scale was used to define sexual dysfunction. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 22 software. ResultsFifty eight patients were recruited 34 of whom were female. They had an average age of 37 years. The majority were between 27 and 42 years old (59 %), married (81 %), with an average level of education (34.5 %). The average duration of the episode was 57 days. The major depressive episode was severe in 62 % of patients. According to the ASEX, 77.6 % of the depressed patients had a clinically significant sexual dysfunction. The majority of our patients (60.3 %) consulting for depression attach their sexual dysfunction to their depressed mood, either by reporting the onset of sexual dysfunction at the same time as depression (53.4 %), or worsening after the depression onset (6.9 %). The frequency of sexual intercourse with the pre-depressive state was decreased in the majority of our sample. Sexual desire was the most impaired phase of the sexual response (58.6 %) followed by excitation (53.4 %) and then orgasm (51.7 %). Of the 47 married patients, more than two thirds (32 patients) were dissatisfied with their life as a couple as well as with different aspects of their relationship life. The majority of patients reporting marital dissatisfaction attributed the cause to the quality of their sexual intercourses rather than to their frequency or other relational aspects. Sexual dysfunction was significantly correlated with the severity of depression (P=0.031), whereas it was not correlated with duration of depressive episode (P=0.412) or age or patient sex (P=0.114, P=0.202 respectively). ConclusionsThe prevalence of sexual dysfunction is high in depressed patients. It significantly impacts the couple's quality of life. Although our main limitation was the small sample size which prevented us from doing a multi-varied analysis, the robust nature of this study lies in documenting the initial prevalence and types of sexual dysfunctions in both sexes in the first major depressive episode unrelated to the dysfunctions induced by antidepressant drugs. The early identification of sexual disorders and the consideration of couple dynamics would be two important elements in the management of the depressed patient.

Facteurs de risque de passage à l’acte d’homicide chez des patients marocains atteints de schizophrénie

BackgroundPersons with schizophrenia are thought to be at increased risk of committing violent crime – 4 to 6 times the level of general population individuals without this disorder. The relationship between schizophrenia and homicide is complex and cannot be reduced to a simple causal link. ObjectivesThe objectives of this study were to describe the characteristics of homicide in Moroccan patients suffering from schizophrenia and to determine the correlated sociodemographic, clinical and toxic variables. MethodsThe study included two groups of patients with a DSM IV diagnosis of schizophrenia who attended the “Ibn Nafis” university psychiatric hospital of Marrakech in Morocco. The first group was composed of 30 patients hospitalized for homicide in the forensic unit between 1 January 2005 and 31 August 2015. The second group included 90 patients without any criminal record. These two groups have been matched according to age and gender. Demographic, clinical and therapeutic variables were analyzed and compared between the two groups. ResultsData analysis has objectified the following results: the mean of age in the first group was 37.03 (±9.09) and in the second group was 31.4 (±8.76). No significant differences were found between the two groups regarding the different sociodemographic variables and the age of onset of disease. Significant differences were found between the two groups regarding: personal antecedents of attempt of homicide (P=0.003), personal antecedents of attempt of suicide (P<0.001), a history of previous violence (P=0.005), untreated psychosis before the act (P<0.001), poor medication compliance and a low familial support (P<0.001), antisocial behavior (P<0.001) and addictive behavior (P=0.005). DiscussionSeveral studies identified some possible predictor factors for violent behavior: poor compliance, lack of insight impulsivity and paranoid–hallucinatory symptoms, systematized delusions and addictive behavior seem to considerably increase the risk of turning to violence. Demographic variables as suggested by other studies are less valuable predictors of homicide in patients with schizophrenia. ConclusionAwareness of these factors will allow us to provide improved prevention of violence within schizophrenic subjects. Interventions for reducing such behavior should focus on clinical variables and integrate an early diagnosis of the disease and an improvement of medication compliance.

Risk factors related to homicide in Moroccan patients with schizophrenia

BackgroundThe relationship between schizophrenia and homicide is complex and cannot be reduced to a simple causal link.ObjectivesThe objectives of this study were to describe the characteristics of homicide in Moroccan patients suffering from schizophrenia and to determine the correlated socio-demographic, clinical and toxic variables.MethodsThe study included two groups of patients with a DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia who attended the “Ibn Nafis” university psychiatric hospital of Marrakech in Morocco. The first group was composed of 30 patients hospitalized for homicide in the forensic unit between the first January 2005 and the 31st of August 2015. The second group included 90 patients without any criminal record. These two groups have been matched according to age and gender. Demographic, clinical and therapeutic variables were analyzed and compared between the two groups.ResultsThe mean of age in the first group was 37.03 and in the second group was 31.4. No significant difference was found between the two groups regarding the different socio-demographic variables and the age of onset of disease. Significant difference was found between the two groups regarding: personal antecedents of attempt of homicide a (P &lt; 0.003), personal antecedents of attempt of suicide (P &lt; 0.001), a history of previous violence (P = 0.005), untreated psychosis before the act (P &lt; 0.001) poor medication compliance and a low familial support (P &lt; 0.001), antisocial behavior (P &lt; 0.001), addictive behavior (P = 0.007).ConclusionAwareness of these factors will allow us to provide improved prevention of violence within schizophrenic subjects.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Discovery of the pulmonary circulation

A reply to a reply: From ancient Persia (before 637 AD) to William Harvey (17th Century AD) We read with the great interest the response of Bestett and Couto1 to our last publication on the discovery of pulmonary circulation by ancient Persians.2 The authors claimed that the credit for the discovery of the pulmonary circulation should be given to Michel Servetus (1511–1553 AD). They believed that Servetus presented the pulmonary circulation more comprehensively and completely in comparison to the ancient Persians as well as Ibn Nafis and Akhawayni (in the Islamic civilization) and also, his definition was …

Ibn Nafis and the early description of the role of coronary arteries in blood supply of the heart

Ibn Nafis, a Syrian surgeon and physician was born in Al-Qarshnear Damascus in 1210 AD (Fig. 1). He studied medicine in his homelandunder supervision of Ibn-Essuri and then went to Cairo. Hefound al-Mansauri hospital and also became dean of the NaturalSchool of al-Salahi hospital, a position he held until he died in1288 AD. He wrote about twenty medical books during his scientificlife [1,2].In the mid-20th century when his book, “Sharh-e Tashrieh-e Qanun[Commentary on Anatomy of Canon]” was discovered in the archivesof the Prussian State Library in Berlin in 1924, he became famousbecause it was believed he was the originator of pulmonary circulation[3,4]. Although nowadayswe know hewas not the originator of this theoryand itwas presented by his predecessors like Akhawayni (?–983 AD)[5] and rooted in ancient Persian medicine [6], he had other noveltheories in cardiology which were unique in that time [7].Ibn Nafis doubt Avicenna's theories on blood supplying of the heartin his “Commentary on Anatomy of Canon” book. He wrote in thisbook: “His [Avicenna's] statement that the blood that is in the right sidenourishes the heart is not true at all, for nourishment of the heart is actuallyfrom the blood that goes through the vessels that permeate the body of theheart” [8]. It is the first reported document on the role of coronaryarteries in the history of cardiology.In medieval Persia, the paradigmofmedicinewas based on humoraltheory (a holistic paradigm). In this view, anatomy was not tooimportant and health and disease were belonging to balance andimbalance of four humors. Therefore, most of physicians like Avicenna(980–1032) did not attention to this field and mostly followed Galenand copied his anatomical parts including his mistakes (like threeventricle in heart, existing pores in the heart septum, etc) in theirbooks. Some others like Akhawayni and Haly Abbas (949–982 AD)accessed ancient Persian medical texts and therefore in some casesused their right theories (in contrast of false Greek theories) likeInternational Journal of Cardiology 204 (2016) 131–132⁎

Pulmonary arterial hypertension: yesterday, today, tomorrow.

With more than 25 centuries of efforts to resolve its mysteries, the pulmonary circulation continues to inspire and humble researchers, frustrate clinicians, and scare patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Its mysteries lie in lost manuscripts written in the 12th-century Syria; within the pages of one of the rarest books in history written in 1531 by an author burned alive with his books, condemned by the Inquisition; within a publication from a young urologist self-experimenting 30 years before he received the Nobel prize…What kind of disease is this one that in the age of planning missions to Mars, no medical therapy can save its victims? It is certainly a disease that deserves our respect. The objective of this compendium is to present the state of the art in PAH, but mostly emphasize its future, discussing several evolving theories on its pathogenesis. Its objective is also to comprehensively summarize our current clinical approach to the disease, with patients in mind. In addition to researchers, clinicians, health professionals, students, and residents, its target audience includes patients: the patients who suffer, desperate for answers, and the patients who, one way or another, not only participate in but also fund our research through their taxes and donations. In the age of instant and easy information dissemination, many patients are already quite informed when they visit a specialist. How do we describe the cutting-edge developments in this complex disease to the informed patient? It is not easy, but most would agree that only the expert who really understands his/her subject is able to describe it in lay terms and pass its main messages. Humbled by the complexity of PAH and its challenges, we need to focus on what drives all of us fighting this disease. In addition to our patients, it is scientific curiosity: PAH …

Development of anatomophysiologic knowledge regarding the cardiovascular system: from Egyptians to Harvey.

Our knowledge regarding the anatomophysiology of the cardiovascular system (CVS) has progressed since the fourth millennium BC. In Egypt (3500 BC), it was believed that a set of channels are interconnected to the heart, transporting air, urine, air, blood, and the soul. One thousand years later, the heart was established as the center of the CVS by the Hippocratic Corpus in the medical school of Kos, and some of the CVS anatomical characteristics were defined. The CVS was known to transport blood via the right ventricle through veins and the pneuma via the left ventricle through arteries. Two hundred years later, in Alexandria, following the development of human anatomical dissection, Herophilus discovered that arteries were 6 times thicker than veins, and Erasistratus described the semilunar valves, emphasizing that arteries were filled with blood when ventricles were empty. Further, 200 years later, Galen demonstrated that arteries contained blood and not air. With the decline of the Roman Empire, Greco-Roman medical knowledge about the CVS was preserved in Persia, and later in Islam where, Ibn Nafis inaccurately described pulmonary circulation. The resurgence of dissection of the human body in Europe in the 14th century was associated with the revival of the knowledge pertaining to the CVS. The main findings were the description of pulmonary circulation by Servetus, the anatomical discoveries of Vesalius, the demonstration of pulmonary circulation by Colombo, and the discovery of valves in veins by Fabricius. Following these developments, Harvey described blood circulation.

Manifestations d’hypersensibilité aux antituberculeux

Hypersensitivity reactions to antituberculous drugs pose both a diagnostic and a therapeutic problem. This work aims to study the frequency of allergic reactions to antituberculous drugs, their clinical presentations and the diagnostic approach required. This retrospective study covered the period from January 1990 to June 2008 at the Ibn Nafis Pulmonary Department of Abderrahmen Mami Hospital in Ariana. It dealt with 30 in-patients who experienced an allergic reaction to antituberculous drugs. Cutaneous manifestations were the most frequent (80% of cases), predominantly urticarial. Thrombocytopenia was noted in two cases, anaphylactic shock in three cases, a systemic toxidermia in two cases and renal failure in one patient. Pyrazinamide was implicated in most cases (28%) when only one drug was considered to be responsible for the reaction. Interrupting either one drug or the whole treatment was necessary to define the cause of the reaction. The clinical evolution of hypersensitivity signs was favorable in all cases following definitive withdrawal of the responsible drug. Complete recovery from tuberculosis occurred in all cases. Close monitoring of patients on antituberculous treatment is required to detect the onset of any allergic reaction and ensure an adequate compliance with treatment.

Sururi (Mustafa Muslihiddin b. Şaban)

Sururi (Mustafa Muslihiddin B. Şaban) XVI. yüzyılda yaşamış olan düşünürlerimizdendir. Onun hayatı hakkında pek fazla şey bilmiyoruz. Ancak, onun Kanuni Sultan Süleyman zamanında yaşamış olduğunu biliyoruz. Bilindiği gibi, XV. ve XVI. yüzyılda bazı hekimler Arapça yazılan eserleri Türkçe'ye çevirmişlerdir. Bunlar arasında Şerefeddin Sabuncuoğlu'nu örnek olarak verebiliriz. XII. yüzyılda yaşamış olan Ebu İsmail b. Muhammed b. Muhammed Ahmed Sahni el-Cürcani'nin meşhur eseri Zahire-i Muradiye adlı eserinin farmakoloji kısmının Farsça'dan Türkçe'ye çevirisini yapmış ve ona Tercüme-i Akrabadin adını vermiştir.

Arabic medicine and nephrology.

During the Dark Ages following the fall of the Roman Empire, the Arabic world was instrumental in fostering the development of the sciences, including medicine. The quest for original manuscripts and their translation into Arabic reached its climax in the House of Wisdom in Baghdad, and the dissemination of the compiled texts was facilitated by the introduction of paper from the East. Foremost among the Arabic physicians were Rhazes, Avicenna, Haly Abbas and Albucasis, who lived during the period 950-1050 AD. Their writings not only followed Hippocrates and Galen, but also greatly extended the analytical approach of these earlier writers. The urine was studied and the function and diseases of the kidneys described. Despite the fact that experimentation on the human body was prohibited by religion, some anatomic dissection and observation seems to have been undertaken, and the pulmonary circulation was described by Ibn Nafis. Anatomic illustrations began to appear in Arabic texts, though they did not have the detail and artistic merit of those of Vesalius.