IκBα Degradation Research Articles

Wedelolactone alleviates inflammation and cartilage degeneration by suppressing the NF-κB signaling pathway in osteoarthritis

Inflammation and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation are two major factors involved in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). Wedelolactone, a natural compound classified as a coumestan, is isolated from the medicinal plants Eclipta alba and Wedelia calendulacea. In this study, we assessed the protective effects of Wedelolactone on chondrocytes in OA. Our findings show that pretreatment with Wedelolactone effectively inhibited the IL-1β-induced upregulation of COX‑2, iNOS, TNF-α, and IL6 in chondrocytes, contributing to inflammation suppression. Moreover, pretreatment with Wedelolactone followed by IL-1β treatment significantly increased the expression of Collagen II and SOX9, while decreasing the expression of Adamts5, MMP1, MMP3, and MMP13, thereby promoting ECM protection. Through Network pharmacology Analysis, we identified 14 key targets that link Wedelolactone and OA. GO and KEGG pathway analysis suggested that Wedelolactone primarily impacted OA by targeting inflammatory responses, particularly the NF-κB signaling pathway. Further studies demonstrated Wedelolactone prevented IL-1β-induced activation of NF-κB signaling pathway by inhibiting the translocation of p65 and the preventing the degradation of IκBα in human chondrocytes. Molecular docking studies also indicated that Wedelolactone can directly bind to the NF-κB complex, thereby inhibited the nuclear localization of p65. In vivo experiments demonstrated that Wedelolactone can alleviate cartilage damage in DMM mice model. In summary, Wedelolactone appears to mitigate inflammation and cartilage degeneration by suppressing the NF-κB signaling pathway, thereby alleviating OA progression. Our results suggested Wedelolactone may offer therapeutic advantages for OA treatment.

Anti-inflammatory effects of phytosphingosine-regulated cytokines and NF-kB and MAPK mechanism.

Phytosphingosine (PHS) is a major component of the skin barrier and a multifunctional physiologically active substance. This study aimed to investigate the types of cytokines regulated by PHS, their anti-skin inflammatory effects, and their anti-inflammatory mechanisms. RAW264.7 cells stimulated with Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) were treated with PHS to measure inflammatory factors such as nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and gene expressions of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) were confirmed by q-PCR. Cytokines regulated by PHS against LPS-induced inflammation were found through cytokine array, and each factor was reconfirmed through ELISA. Western blot was performed to confirm anti-inflammatory mechanism of Iκbα and MAPK. To confirm anti-skin inflammatory efficacy, HaCaT cells stimulated with TNF-α/IFN-γ were treated with PHS, and TARC, IL-6, and IL-8 were detected by ELISA. PHS suppressed the gene expression of iNOS and COX2, which were increased by LPS, and suppressed NO and PGE2 production. Through cytokine array, it was confirmed that IL-6, IL-10, IL-27 p28/IL-30, IP-10, I-TAC, MCP-5, and TIMP-1 increased by LPS were decreased by PHS. PHS inhibited NF-κB signaling by inhibiting LPS-induced NF-κB nuclear migration and p-Iκbα-mediated Iκbα degradation, and inhibited p38, ERK, and JNK signaling pathways. PHS reduced the production of TARC, IL-6, and IL-8 increased by TNF-α/IFN-γ. These results indicate PHS has anti-inflammatory effects via the suppression of inflammatory factors and pro-inflammatory cytokines through the NF-κB and MAPK pathways. Moreover, these results may explain beneficial effects of PHS in the treatment of skin inflammatory conditions induced by TNF-α/IFN-γ.

β-glucan regulates the intestinal immunity of pearl gentian grouper via the nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway

The preceding study observed that yeast β-glucan supplementation enhanced intestinal health and augmented disease resistance in pearl gentian grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus♂ × Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀), which occurred concurrently with the activation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) signaling pathway. Thus, we hypothesized that β-glucan improves intestinal health in grouper by modulating the NFκB pathway. Accordingly, the present study examined the effects of NFκB pathway disruption using a specific inhibitor on the intestinal health of pearl gentian grouper that had been injected with β-glucan. The experimental groups were as follows, (1) CD group: PBS injected; (2) βG group: β-glucan injected at a dose of 80 mg/kg; (3) PDTC group: NFκB inhibitor PDTC injected at a dose of 30 mg/kg; (4) βG + PDTC group: a combination of β-glucan (80 mg/kg) and PDTC (30 mg/kg) injected together. The results demonstrated that β-glucan-induced increases in mRNA expression levels of NFκB inhibitor α (iκbα) and p65, the degradation and phosphorylation of IκBα, and the phosphorylation of NFκB p65 were significantly inhibited following NFκB inhibition using PDTC in the intestine of grouper. The PDTC injection resulted in a significant reduction in the β-glucan-induced increase in mucin levels. The β-glucan-induced elevation of alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activity, component 3 (C3) content, and inflammatory factors were significantly suppressed following NFκB inhibition. The βG + PDTC treatment resulted in a restoration of catalase (CAT) enzyme activity to the level observed in the CD treatment, while total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) was decreased to the level of the βG treatment. The β-glucan-induced downregulation of caspase8 (casp8) was reversed following NFκB inhibition, as well as the mRNA levels of casp3 and casp9 being elevated to a greater extent. In conclusion, the β-glucan-regulated intestinal immunity in grouper may be mediated by the NFκB pathway. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of β-glucan on apoptosis and oxidative stress may not be related to the NFκB signaling pathway.

Combination of bortezomib and venetoclax targets the pro-survival function of LMP-1 and EBNA-3C of Epstein-Barr virus in spontaneous lymphoblastoid cell lines.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) manipulates the ubiquitin-proteasome system and regulators of Bcl-2 family to enable the persistence of the virus and survival of the host cells through the expression of viral proteins in distinct latency patterns. We postulate that the combination of bortezomib (proteasome inhibitor) and venetoclax (Bcl-2 inhibitor) [bort/venetoclax] will cause synergistic killing of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) through targeting the pro-survival function of latent viral proteins such as latent membrane protein-1 (LMP-1) and EBV nuclear antigen-3C (EBNA-3C). Bort/venetoclax could synergistically kill spontaneous lymphoblastoid cell lines (sLCLs) derived from patients with PTLD and EBV-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis by inducing DNA damage response, apoptosis and G1-S cell cycle arrest in a ROS-dependent manner. Bortezomib potently induced the expression of Noxa, a pro-apoptotic initiator and when combined with venetoclax, inhibited Mcl-1 and Bcl-2 simultaneously. Bortezomib prevented LMP-1 induced proteasomal degradation of IκBα leading to the suppression of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Bortezomib also rescued Bcl-6 from EBNA-3C mediated proteasomal degradation thus maintaining the repression of cyclin D1 and Bcl-2 causing G1-S arrest and apoptosis. Concurrently, venetoclax inhibited Bcl-2 upregulated by either LMP-1 or EBNA-3C. Bort/venetoclax decreased the expression of phosphorylated p65 and Bcl-2 at serine 70 thereby suppressing the NF-κB signaling pathway and promoting apoptosis, respectively. These data corroborated the marked suppression of the growth of xenograft of sLCL in SCID mice (p<0.001). Taken together, the combination of bortezomib and venetoclax targets the pro-survival function of LMP-1 and EBNA-3C of Epstein-Barr virus in spontaneous lymphoblastoid cell lines.

Transformable peptide blocks NF-κB/IκBα pathway through targeted coating IκBα against rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by destructive effects. Although current therapies utilizing antibodies against inflammatory cytokines have shown some success, the inhibition of a single inflammatory molecule may not suffice to impede the progression of RA due to the intricate pathogenesis involving multiple molecules. In this study, we have developed an intelligent transformable peptide, namely BP-FFVLK-DSGLDSM (BFD). BFD has the ability to self-assemble into spherical nanoparticles in water or in the blood circulation to facilitate their delivery and distribution. When endocytosed into immune cells, BFD can identify and attach to phosphorylation sites on IκBα and in situ transform into a nanofibrous network coating NF-κB/IκBα complexes, blocking the phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα. As a result, BFD enables decreasing expression of proinflammatory mediators. In the present study, we demonstrate that BFD exhibits notable efficacy in alleviating arthritis-related manifestations, such as joints and tissues swelling, as well as bone and cartilage destruction on the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rat model. The investigation of intracellular biodistribution, phosphorylation of IκBα, and cytokine detection in culture medium supernatant, joint tissue, and serum exhibits strong associations with therapeutic outcomes. The utilization of transformable peptide presents a novel approach for the management of inflammatory diseases.

Oral inoculation of Fusobacterium nucleatum exacerbates ulcerative colitis via the secretion of virulence adhesin FadA

ABSTRACT Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum), an anaerobic resident of the oral cavity, is increasingly recognized as a contributing factor to ulcerative colitis (UC). The adhesive properties of F. nucleatum are mediated by its key virulence protein, FadA adhesin. However, further investigations are needed to understand the pathogenic mechanisms of this oral pathogen in UC. The present study aimed to explore the role of the FadA adhesin in the colonization and invasion of oral F. nucleatum in dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mice via molecular techniques. In this study, we found that oral inoculation of F. nucleatum strain carrying the FadA adhesin further exacerbated DSS-induced colitis, leading to elevated alveolar bone loss, disease severity, and mortality. Additionally, CDH1 gene knockout mice treated with DSS presented increases in body weight and alveolar bone density, as well as a reduction in disease severity. Furthermore, FadA adhesin adhered to its mucosal receptor E-cadherin, leading to the phosphorylation of β-catenin and the degradation of IκBα, the activation of the NF-κB signalling pathway and the upregulation of downstream cytokines. In conclusion, this research revealed that oral inoculation with F. nucleatum facilitates experimental colitis via the secretion of the virulence adhesin FadA. Targeting the oral pathogen F. nucleatum and its virulence factor FadA may represent a promising therapeutic approach for a portion of UC patients.

Kurarinone, a flavonoid from Radix Sophorae Flavescentis, inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis in mouse bone marrow-derived monocyte/macrophages.

Inflammation-induced osteoclast proliferation is a crucial contributor to impaired bone metabolism. Kurarinone (KR), a flavonoid extracted from the Radix Sophorae Flavescentis, exhibits notable anti-inflammatory properties. Nevertheless, the precise influence of KR on osteoclast formation remains unclear. This study's objective was to assess the impact of KR on osteoclast activity in vitro and unravel its underlying mechanism. Initially, a target network for KR-osteoclastogenesis-osteoporosis was constructed using network pharmacology. Subsequently, the intersecting targets were identified through the Venny platform and a PPI network was created using Cytoscape 3.9.1. Key targets within the network were identified employing topological algorithms. GO enrichment and KEGG pathway analysis were then performed on these targets to explore their specific functions and pathways. Additionally, molecular docking of potential core targets of KR was conducted, and the results were validated through cell experiments. A total of 83 target genes overlapped between KR and osteoclastogenesis-osteoporosis targets. Enrichment analysis revealed their role in inflammatory response, protein tyrosine kinase activity, osteoclast differentiation, and MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. PPI analysis and molecular docking demonstrate that key targets MAPK14 and MAPK8 exhibit more stable binding with KR compared to other proteins. In vitro experiments demonstrate that KR effectively inhibits osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption without cellular toxicity. It suppresses key osteoclast genes (NFATc1, c-Fos, TRAP, MMP9, Ctsk, Atp6v2), hinders IκB-α degradation, and inhibits ERK and JNK phosphorylation, while not affecting p38 phosphorylation. The results indicate that KR may inhibit osteoclast maturation and bone resorption by blocking NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways, suggesting its potential as a natural therapeutic agent for osteoporosis.

Suppressive effect of isofraxidin on the overexpression of IL-6 and its molecular mechanism in a TPA-treated human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, HuH-7.

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine that has many biological activities, including inflammation, hematopoiesis, bone metabolism, embryonic development, and other fundamental processes. Recently, IL-6 has been widely recognized as an important pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in cytokine storm pathogenesis during severe inflammatory diseases, such as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Therefore, IL-6 is considered to be a therapeutic target for inhibiting cytokine storm. In the present study, we investigated the suppressive effect of isofraxidin, a major coumarin compound of Acanthopanax senticosus, on the overexpression of IL-6 and its molecular mechanism. The expression of IL-6 mRNA was measured using quantitative real-time PCR, and intracellular signaling molecules were detected using western blotting. When the HuH-7 human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line and HepG2 human hepatoblastoma cell line were treated with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA), a marked induction of IL-6 mRNA expression was observed in HuH-7 cells compared with HepG2 cells. Isofraxidin significantly suppressed TPA-induced IL-6 mRNA expression in HuH-7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, isofraxidin inhibited TPA-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in a dose-dependent manner. Similarly, the MAPK/ERK inhibitor U0126 suppressed TPA-induced IL-6 mRNA expression. However, isofraxidin had no effects on TPA-induced phosphorylation of SAPK/JNK, Akt (Ser473), and STAT3 (Tyr705), nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65, and degradation of IκB. Taken together, isofraxidin suppresses TPA-induced overexpression of IL-6 mRNA by selectively inhibiting the activation of the MAPK/ERK pathway in HuH-7 cells, indicating that isofraxidin may be an effective anti-inflammatory agent for treating cytokine storm.

NrCAM activates the NF-κB signalling pathway by competitively binding to SUMO-1 and promotes Th17 cell differentiation in Graves' disease.

This study aimed to explore the molecular mechanism of neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NrCAM) by regulating Th17 cell differentiation in the pathogenesis of Graves' disease (GD). Naïve CD4+ T cells were isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of GD patients and healthy control (HC) subjects. During the differentiation of CD4+ T cells into Th17 cells, NrCAM level in GD group was improved. Interference with NrCAM in CD4+ T cells of GD patients decreased the percentage of Th17 cells. NrCAM overexpression in CD4+ T cells of HC subjects increased the percentage of Th17 cells and upregulated p-IκBα, p50, p65, c-Rel protein expressions, and NF-κB inhibitor BAY11-7082 partially reversed NrCAM effect. NrCAM overexpression promoted the degradation of IκBα, and overexpression of small ubiquitin-related modifier 1 (SUMO-1) inhibited IκBα degradation. NrCAM overexpression reduced IκBα binding to SUMO-1. During Th17 cell differentiation in HC group, NrCAM overexpression increased IL-21 levels and secretion, and IL-21 neutralizing antibody reversed this effect. IL-21 level was decreased after p65 interference in CD4+ T cells of HC subjects. p65 interacts with IL-21 promoter region. In conclusion, NrCAM binds to SUMO-1 and increases phosphorylation of IκBα, leading to activation of NF-κB pathway, which promotes Th17 cell differentiation.

Protective Effect of Hibifolin on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury Through Akt Phosphorylation and NFκB Pathway.

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a difficult condition to manage, especially when it is complicated by bacterial sepsis. Hibifolin, a flavonoid glycoside, has anti-inflammatory properties that make it a potential treatment for ALI. However, more research is needed to determine its effectiveness in LPS-induced ALI. In this study, male ICR mice were treated with hibifolin before LPS-induced ALI. Protein content and neutrophil count in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were measured by BCA assay and Giemsa staining method, respectively. The levels of proinflammatory cytokines and adhesive molecules were detected by ELISA assay. The expression of NFκB p65 phosphorylation, IκB degradation, and Akt phosphorylation was assessed by western blot assay. Hibifolin pre-treatment significantly reduced pulmonary vascular barrier dysfunction and neutrophil infiltration into the BAL fluid in LPS-induced ALI mice. In addition, LPS-induced expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) and adhesive molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1) within the BAL fluid were markedly reduced by hibifolin in LPS-induced ALI mice. More, hibifolin inhibited LPS-induced phosphorylation of NFκB p65, degradation of IκB, and phosphorylation of Akt in lungs with ALI mice. In conclusion, hibifolin shows promise in improving the pathophysiological features and proinflammatory responses of LPS-induced ALI in mice through the NFκB pathway and its upstream factor, Akt phosphorylation.

Eugenol: A Potential Modulator of Human Platelet Activation and Mouse Mesenteric Vascular Thrombosis via an Innovative cPLA2-NF-κB Signaling Axis.

Platelets, a type of anucleated cell, play a crucial role in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Therefore, targeting platelet activation is essential for mitigating CVDs. Endogenous agonists, such as collagen, activate platelets by initiating signal transduction through specific platelet receptors, leading to platelet aggregation. Eugenol, primarily sourced from clove oil, is known for its antibacterial, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties, making it a valuable medicinal agent. In our previous study, eugenol was shown to inhibit platelet aggregation induced by collagen and arachidonic acid. We concluded that eugenol exerts a potent inhibitory effect on platelet activation by targeting the PLCγ2-PKC and cPLA2-TxA2 pathways, thereby suppressing platelet aggregation. In our current study, we found that eugenol significantly inhibits NF-κB activation. This led us to investigate the relationship between the NF-κB and cPLA2 pathways to elucidate how eugenol suppresses platelet activation. In this study, we prepared platelet suspensions from the blood of healthy human donors to evaluate the inhibitory mechanisms of eugenol on platelet activation. We utilized immunoblotting and confocal microscopy to analyze these mechanisms in detail. Additionally, we assessed the anti-thrombotic effect of eugenol by observing fluorescein-induced platelet plug formation in the mesenteric microvessels of mice. For immunoblotting and confocal microscopy studies, eugenol significantly inhibited NF-κB-mediated signaling events stimulated by collagen in human platelets. Specifically, it reduced the phosphorylation of IKK and p65 and prevented the degradation of IκBα. Additionally, CAY10502, a cPLA2 inhibitor, significantly reduced NF-κB-mediated signaling events. In contrast, BAY11-7082, an IKK inhibitor, did not affect collagen-stimulated cPLA2 phosphorylation. These findings suggest that cPLA2 acts as an upstream regulator of NF-κB activation during platelet activation. Furthermore, both BAY11-7082 and CAY10502 significantly reduced the collagen-induced rise in intracellular calcium levels. In the animal study, eugenol demonstrated potential as an anti-thrombotic agent by significantly reducing platelet plug formation in fluorescein-irradiated mouse mesenteric microvessels. Our study uncovered a novel pathway in platelet activation involving the cPLA2-NF-κB axis, which plays a key role in the antiplatelet effects of eugenol. These findings suggest that eugenol could serve as a valuable and potent prophylactic or therapeutic option for arterial thrombosis.

Ferritin Light Chain Alleviates Cerebral Ischemic-Reperfusion Injury-Induced Neuroinflammation via the HIF1α Mediated NF-κB Signaling Pathways.

Ferritin light chain (FtL) is a complex formed by apoferritin and iron core and is one of the main storage forms of iron. Currently, the precise role of FtL in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CIRI) remains undetermined. This investigation aimed to elucidate the roles and underlying mechanisms of FtL in CIRI. To induce CIRI, an oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) model in microglia and middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model were established using C57BL/6J mice. The in vivo and in vitro FtL expression patterns were assessed. Furthermore, the potential regulatory mechanism of FtL at the upstream level was also explored. In addition, the in vivo and in vitro role of FtL in post-ischemic inflammation was also clarified. The results indicated that FtL was up-regulated in OGD-induced microglia and CIRI mice. Moreover, OGD activated HIF1α, which interacted with the FtL promoter region as an activator, thereby increasing FtL expression. Furthermore, FtL attenuated the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL6) and decreased levels of COX2 and iNOS in microglia; however, FtL knockdown had the opposite effects. Up-regulated FtL was observed to inhibit OGD-induced NF-κB activation in microglia, decreased IκBα degradation, and reduced NF-κB/p65 nuclear translocation. In summary, this study revealed an underlying mechanism of FtL upregulation via HIF1α and highlighted its protective role against post-ischemic neuroinflammation, indicating the potential of FtL as a target for CIRI treatment.

MG132 dramatically reduces SAA expression in chicken hepatocellular carcinoma cells at the transcript level independent of its endogenous promoter

BackgroundMG132, a proteasome inhibitor, is widely used to inhibit nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activity by proteasome-mediated degradation of IκB. It has been marketed as a specific, reversible, cell-permeable and low-cost inhibitor. However, adverse effects of the compound have been reported in the literature. We recently discovered and characterised a point mutation in the acute phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) in chickens, by overexpressing the protein in chicken hepatocellular carcinoma (LMH) cells. This serine to arginine exchange at amino acid position 90 (SAA.R90S) leads to intra- and extracellular accumulation of SAA, which is surprisingly counteracted by MG132 treatment, independent of SAA’s intrinsic promoter.Methods and ResultsTo test, whether low proteasomal degradation of SAA.R90S is responsible for the observed intra- and extracellular SAA accumulation, we intended to inhibit the proteasome in SAA wild type (SAA.WT) overexpressing cells with MG132. However, we observed an unexpected drastic decrease in SAA protein expression at the transcript level. NF-κB gene expression was unchanged by MG132 at the measured time point.ConclusionsThe observed results demonstrate that MG132 inhibits SAA expression at the transcript level, independent of its endogenous promoter. Further, the data might indicate that NF-κB is not involved in the observed MG132-induced inhibition of SAA expression. We, consequently, question in this brief report whether MG132 should truly be categorised as a specific ubiquitin proteasome inhibitor and recommend the usage of alternative compounds.

Scutellarein Suppresses the Production of ROS and Inflammatory Mediators of LPS-Activated Bronchial Epithelial Cells and Attenuates Acute Lung Injury in Mice.

Scutellarein is a key active constituent present in many plants, especially in Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi and Erigeron breviscapus (vant.) Hand-Mazz which possesses both anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities. It also is the metabolite of scutellarin, with the ability to relieve LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI), strongly suggesting that scutellarein could suppress respiratory inflammation. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of scutellarein on lung inflammation by using LPS-activated BEAS-2B cells (a human bronchial epithelial cell line) and LPS-induced ALI mice. The results showed that scutellarein could reduce intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation through inhibiting the activation of NADPH oxidases, markedly downregulating the transcription and translation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand (CXCL) 8 in LPS-activated BEAS-2B cells. The mechanism study revealed that it suppressed the phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα, consequently hindering the translocation of p65 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and its subsequent binding to DNA, thereby decreasing NF-κB-regulated gene transcription. Notably, scutellarein had no impact on the activation of AP-1 signaling. In LPS-induced ALI mice, scutellarein significantly decreased IL-6, CCL2, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, attenuated lung injury, and inhibited neutrophil infiltration. Our findings suggest that scutellarein may be a beneficial agent for the treatment of infectious pneumonia by virtue of its anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities.

Key features of the innate immune response is mediated by the immunoproteasome in microglia.

Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). We and others have shown that the inflammatory response of microglia is partially regulated by the immunoproteasome, an inducible form of the proteasome responsible for the generation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I epitopes. While the role of the proteasome in the adaptive immune system is well established, emerging evidence suggests the immunoproteasome may have discrete functions in the innate immune response. Here, we show that inhibiting the immunoproteasome reduces the IFNγ-dependent induction of complement activator C1q, suppresses phagocytosis, and alters the cytokine expression profile in a microglial cell line and microglia derived from human inducible pluripotent stem cells. Moreover, we show that the immunoproteasome regulates the degradation of IκBα, a modulator of NF-κB signaling. Finally, we demonstrate that NADH prevents induction of the immunoproteasome, representing a potential pathway to suppress immunoproteasome-dependent immune responses.

Novel components in the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways of endothelial cells under hyperglycemic-ischemic conditions

Diabetes worsens the outcomes of a number of vascular disorders including peripheral arterial disease (PAD) at least in part through induction of chronic inflammation. However, in experimental PAD, recovery requires the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation. Previously we showed that individually, both ischemia and high glucose activate the canonical and non-canonical arms of the NF-κB pathway, but prolonged high glucose exposure specifically impairs ischemia-induced activation of the canonical NF-κB pathway through activation of protein kinase C beta (PKCβ). Although a cascade of phosphorylation events propels the NF-κB signaling, little is known about the impact of hyperglycemia on the canonical and non-canonical NF-κB pathway signaling. Moreover, signal upstream of PKCβ that lead to its activation in endothelial cells during hyperglycemia exposure have not been well defined. In this study, we used endothelial cells exposed to hyperglycemia and ischemia (HGI) and an array of approximately 250 antibodies to approximately 100 proteins and their phosphorylated forms to identify the NF-κB signaling pathway that is altered in ischemic EC that has been exposed to high glucose condition. Comparison of signals from hyperglycemic and ischemic cell lysates yielded a number of proteins whose phosphorylation was either increased or decreased under HGI conditions. Pathway analyses using bioinformatics tools implicated BLNK/BTK known for B cell antigen receptor (BCR)-coupled signaling. Inhibition of BLNK/BTK in endothelial cells by a specific pharmacological inhibitor terreic acid attenuated PKC activation and restored the IκBα degradation suggesting that these molecules play a critical role in hyperglycemic attenuation of the canonical NF-κB pathway. Thus, we have identified a potentially new component of the NF-κB pathway upstream of PKC in endothelial cells that contributes to the poor post ischemic adaptation during hyperglycemia.

Squalene epoxidase promotes the chemoresistance of colorectal cancer via (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene-activated NF-κB

BackgroundWhile de novo cholesterol biosynthesis plays a crucial role in chemotherapy resistance of colorectal cancer (CRC), the underlying molecular mechanism remains poorly understood.MethodsWe conducted cell proliferation assays on CRC cells with or without depletion of squalene epoxidase (SQLE), with or without 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) treatment. Additionally, a xenograft mouse model was utilized to explore the impact of SQLE on the chemosensitivity of CRC to 5-FU. RNA-sequencing analysis and immunoblotting analysis were performed to clarify the mechanism. We further explore the effect of SQLE depletion on the ubiquitin of NF-κB inhibitor alpha (IκBα) and (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene on the binding of IκBα to beta-transducin repeat containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase (BTRC) by using immunoprecipitation assay. In addition, a cohort of 272 CRC patients were selected for our clinical analyses.ResultsMechanistically, (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene promotes IκBα degradation and subsequent NF-κB activation by enhancing the interaction between BTRC and IκBα. Activated NF-κB upregulates the expression of baculoviral IAP repeat containing 3 (BIRC3), sustains tumor cell survival after 5-FU treatment and promotes 5-FU resistance of CRC in vivo. Notably, the treatment of terbinafine, an inhibitor of SQLE commonly used as antifungal drug in clinic, enhances the sensitivity of CRC to 5-FU in vivo. Additionally, the expression of SQLE is associated with the prognosis of human CRC patients with 5-FU-based chemotherapy.ConclusionsThus, our finding not only demonstrates a new role of SQLE in chemoresistance of CRC, but also reveals a novel mechanism of (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene-dependent NF-κB activation, implicating the combined potential of terbinafine for 5-FU-based CRC treatment.

Bifidobacterium bifidum inhibits the TNF-α induced increase in intestinal epithelial tight junction permeability via a TLR-2/TLR-6 and PPAR-γ dependent inhibition of NF-κB p50/p65

Background: Bifidobacterium bifidum (BB) is one of the most widely used probiotic bacterial species and BB has been shown to have a protective effect against intestinal inflammation by an enhancement of the intestinal epithelial tight junction (TJ) barrier. Previous studies from our laboratory showed that a specific BB strain, referred to as BB1, caused a marked enhancement of intestinal epithelial TJ barrier, while strain BB4 had no effect. TNF-α contributes to the development of intestinal inflammation in inflammatory conditions of the gut, in part by increasing intestinal permeability and antigenic penetration. TNF-α induced increase in intestinal epithelial TJ permeability is mediated by an NF-κB p50/p65 activation of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) gene and MLCK-induced opening of the intestinal TJ barrier. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) is an important nuclear receptor known to have anti-inflammatory activity by interfering with NF-κB activation. However, the protective effect of BB1 against TNF-α induced increase in intestinal TJ permeability remain unclear. Aims: The major purpose of this study was to delineate the protective effect of BB1 against the TNF-α induced increase in intestinal TJ permeability and to elucidate the intracellular mechanism involved. Methods: Filter-grown Caco-2 monolayers ( in vitro) and recycling intestinal perfusion of live mice ( in vivo) were the model systems used to assess intestinal TJ permeability. Results: 1) TNF-α caused an increase Caco-2 TJ permeability, as assed by Caco-2 trans-epithelial resistance (TER) and trans-epithelial flux of paracellular marker, FITC-Dextran 10kD. 2) Addition of BB1 (1x108 CFU/ml) to the apical membrane compartment inhibited the TNF-α increase in Caco-2 epithelial TJ permeability, while strain BB4 had no effect. 3) BB1 but not BB4, caused an increase in Caco-2 TLR-2 expression on the apical membrane surface, and siRNA induced knockdown of TLR-2 prevent the BB1 inhibition of TNF-α induced increase in Caco-2 TJ permeability. 4) TNF-α caused a rapid phosphorylation and degradation of Caco-2 IKK-α, as well as and phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB p50/p65, indicating NF-κB activation. BB1, but not BB4, inhibited the NF-κB activation. 5) TNF-α activation of NF-κB was associated with an increase in MLCK gene (increase in MLCK promoter activity and mRNA transcription) and kinase activity. BB1, but not BB4, inhibited the TNF-α induced increase in MLCK gene and kinase activity. 6) BB1 but not BB4, caused a rapid PPAR-γ activation (PPAR-γ phosphorylation and nuclear translocation), and siRNA induced knockdown of PPAR-γ inhibited the TNF-α induced activation of NF-κB and increase in Caco-2 TJ permeability. 7) Intraperitoneal injection of TNF-α (5 mg) also caused time-dependent increase in mouse small intestinal permeability (IP) to FITC-Dextran 10kD. TNF-α caused a degradation of IkB-α in intestinal tissue and nuclear translocation of NF-kB in mouse enterocyte. 8) BB1, but not BB4, selectively activated PPAR-γ in mouse enterocytes and inhibited the TNF-α-induced activation of NF-κB, resulting in a decrease in mouse IP. 9) BB1 inhibition of TNF-α activation of mouse enterocyte NF-κB and increase in IP was prevented in mice with intestinal epithelial cell-specific knockout of PPAR-γ Villin-cre and TLR-2 Villin-cre mice. Conclusion: BB1 protects against the TNF-α induced increase in intestinal TJ permeability in a strain-specific manner. BB1 protects against the TNF-α induced increase in intestinal TJ permeability via a novel intracellular mechanism involving BB1/TLR-2 pathway activation of PPAR-γ, and PPAR-γ mediated inhibition of NF-κB p50/p65 and MLCK gene in enterocyte. This research project was supported by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases R01-DK-121073-01. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Quantifying NF-κB Activation by Flow Cytometry of IκBα Degradation.

Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is a crucial pro-inflammatory transcription factor whose activation is of immense interest to immunology research. Estimation of NF-κB activation through flow cytometry is not possible due to the unavailability of robust flow cytometry antibodies that can bind to its phosphorylated, active, nuclear form. In this protocol, we describe a flow cytometry assay that measures the activation of the pro-inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB in stimulated immune cells by quantifying the degradation of its upstream regulator IκBα. We demonstrate the utility of this protocol by assessment of intracellular IκBα in human primary regulatory T cells experiencing TNFR2 agonism, a process previously reported to activate NF-κB in these cells. We also show that this assay may be applied to study NF-κB activation in other cell types, such as human primary T cells and THP-1 cell-derived macrophages, when induced by their corresponding inflammatory cues. Thus, this robust and reproducible protocol will be of interest to a wide range of scientists who aim to measure NF-κB activity in medium-to-high-throughput assays. © 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol: Quantifying inflammatory activation by flow cytometry of IκBα degradation Support Protocol 1: Isolating and expanding human regulatory T cells Support Protocol 2: Calculating IC50 from flow cytometry data using Excel.

Oxya chinensis sinuosa (OC) Extracts Protects ARPE-19 Cells against Oxidative Stress via Activation of the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs)/ Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB) Pathway.

Oxya chinensis sinuosa (OC) is a well-known edible insect. Several researches on the health benefits of OC consumption have been performed to date; however, their effect on eye health remains largely unknown. This study aimed to assess the protective effects of OC extracts on the oxidative stress on the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. Oxidative damage has been identified as one of the key regulatory factors in age-related macular degeneration. H2O2-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, a well-known oxidative stress factor, can cause cell death in retinal pigment epithelia cells. In this study, we found that three OC extracts effectively prevented H2O2-induced ROS production and subsequent death of ARPE-19 cells in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the OC extracts inhibited the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases including p38, JNK, and ERK. The OC extracts restored IκBα degradation induced by H2O2, indicating that OC extracts suppressed the activation of nuclear factor-κB. Furthermore, the three OC extracts were shown to have antioxidant effects by up-regulating the intracellular expression of key antioxidant proteins such as SOD, NQO, and HO-1. Here we demonstrated the antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects of the OC extracts on ARPE-19, indicating their potential role in improving eye health. These results suggest that three OC extracts plays a critical role in oxidative stress-induced cell death protects in ARPE-19 cells.