The conditions of dysphemia and dysphonia which I am about to discuss, although definitely dissimilar in their clinical aspects, are similar in other aspects. For example, all these conditions—stuttering, hysterical aphonia and paraphonia (falsetto voice)—indicate individual biologic inadequacies, that is, basic constitutional or organic inferiorities. Furthermore, the etiology, or the more immediate origin of the symptomatology, is psychologic, while the expression is physiologic. The conduct, affects, attitudes and productions of these patients lead one to conclude that their psychologic functioning is unique in many important respects. Their subjective sense of values differs from that of the average person. Hence, their reactions are both qualitatively and quantitatively different. These differences strike one frequently as differences in emotional threshold, special psychosomatic dispositions serving as the foundation for deviations in emotional attitudes in later years. As far as physique is concerned, there is no difference between a person suffering from stuttering and one
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