Hysteresis Properties Research Articles

Force-displacement hysteresis characteristics of PAM based on improved generalised Prandtl-Ishlinskii model

As an advanced actuator that simulates the characteristics of biological muscle, the internal structure and working principle of pneumatic artificial muscle imply significant complexity and highly nonlinear characteristics, which are particularly prominent in the theoretical modelling process, and pose many challenging problems for researchers. The classical Prandtl-Ishlinskii model fails to provide ideal mathematical descriptions and accurate models when dealing with the nonlinear characteristics of pneumatic artificial muscle, resulting in the construction of models for such nonlinear systems that still require further research. Based on the above, this paper proposes a generalised Prandtl-Ishlinskii model based on the improved force-displacement hysteresis characteristics of pneumatic artificial muscle, which employs an improved particle swarm optimisation to identify the unknown parameters of the model, and applies the identified parameters to construct the force-displacement hysteresis curves of pneumatic artificial muscle. Comparing the model fitting results with the experimental data, it is found that the maximum error of the improved generalised Prandtl-Ishlinskii model is reduced by more than 50% and the average error is reduced by more than 75% compared with the classical Prandtl-Ishlinskii model when the internal pressure of the pneumatic artificial muscle is 0.35, 0.4 and 0.45 MPa. The improved generalised Prandtl-Ishlinskii model can better characterise the asymmetric hysteresis property, which improves the model accuracy of the force-displacement coupling of pneumatic artificial muscle, and provides a certain theoretical basis for the later realisation of the precise control of the force-displacement coupling of pneumatic artificial muscle.

Analysis and Prediction of Nonlinear Hysteretic Behaviors of Graphite Magnetorheological Grease at Different Temperatures.

Magnetorheological grease (MRG) is considered a promising alternative to magnetorheological fluids as a smart material because of its higher stability and less leakage. To enhance yield stresses in various applications, graphite is incorporated as an additive, resulting in graphite magnetorheological grease (GMRG). However, the nonlinear hysteresis properties of this new material and its prediction methods have not been investigated. Therefore, in this work, the nonlinear hysteretic properties of GMRG at different temperatures, magnetic fields, and frequencies are systematically investigated and compared with those of MRG. The results of rheological experiments show that graphite enhances the shear stress of GMRG in the hysteresis curve through its reinforcing effect on the magnetic chains. The strain hardening, elasticity, and viscosity of GMRG are enhanced, but an increase in temperature decreases this efficacy. A prediction model based on the particle swarm optimization neural network algorithm (PSO-BP) is also proposed to efficiently and accurately control the nonlinear behavior of GMRG in engineering. The hysteresis curves of GMRG under different external excitations are characterized and predicted by the particle swarm optimization neural network approach. The statistical results show that the PSO-BP-based hysteresis characteristic estimates have satisfactory accuracy. In the test data, the PSO-BP model demonstrates improvements in RMSE, MAE, and SMAPE by 19.5%, 20.6%, and 21.0%, respectively, compared to the conventional BP network, which maintains an R2 value exceeding 0.95. This method provides an efficient solution for researchers to carry out reliable performance prediction in work such as genetic engineering of materials and related engineering applications.

Oscillation and hysteresis characteristics of high-speed duct during TBCC inlet mode transition under mildly throttled condition

This study aims to investigate the intricate dynamic characteristics of the high-speed duct during the over-under Turbine-Based Combined Cycle TBCC inlet mode transition process while operating in an off-design state under throttled conditions. A typical over-under TBCC inlet, designed for a working Mach number range of 0–6 with a transition Mach number of 3.5, is examined through experimental studies in a supersonic wind tunnel with a freestream Mach number of 2.9. The investigation focuses on the complex oscillatory flow and unique hysteresis observed in the mode transition process of the high-speed duct under the mildly throttled condition, utilizing high-speed Schlieren and dynamic pressure acquisition system. The findings reveal that the high-speed duct undergoes four distinct oscillation stages akin to those in a higher throttled state during the mode transition, albeit with smaller dominant frequency and energy. Moreover, an irregular alternating “big/little buzz” mode is observed in the early stage of the large oscillation stage. Notably, the mildly throttled state exhibits three intriguing hysteresis properties compared to the unthrottled and higher throttled states. Firstly, hysteresis is observed in the shock train motion stage in the duct before unstart, along with the corresponding inverse process. Subsequently, hysteresis is noted in the unstart and restart of the high-speed duct, with a smaller hysteresis interval than in the unthrottled state. Finally, the hysteresis characteristics of oscillation mode switching and the corresponding inverse process are explored. Based on the analysis, the first two hysteresis phenomena are associated with the formation and dissipation of the separation bubble. The significant adverse pressure gradient constrains the cross-sectional capacity of the channel, rendering the disappearance of the separation bubble more challenging. The hysteresis in oscillation mode switching is linked to not only the channel cross-sectional capacity but also the state of the incoming boundary layer.

Dynamics of the Euler — Bernoully beam with distributed hysteresis properties

In this paper, we present a new mathematical approach to the analysis of a beam with distributed hysteresis properties. These hysteresis characteristics are described by two methods: phenomenological (Bouc — Wen model) and constructive (Prandtl — Ishlinskii model). The equations for beam are developed using the well-known Hamilton method. We investigate the dynamic response of a hysteresis beam under various external loads, including impulse, periodic and seismic loads. The results of numerical simulations show that the hysteresis beam exhibits differently to external influences as compared to the classical Euler-Bernoulli beam. In particular, under the same external loads, the vibration amplitude and energy characteristics of the hysteresis beam are lower than those of the classical one. These findings can be useful for buildings developers in the design of external load resistant buildings and structures

Investigation of second-order magnetic transition and thermal hysteresis in cobalt-substituted Ce[formula omitted]Fe17 magnetocaloric compound

Understanding the fundamental properties of second-order magnetic transitions and thermal hysteresis in iron-rich magneto-caloric materials is crucial for developing efficient and eco-friendly refrigeration technologies. This paper focuses on the investigation of the intermetallic compound Ce2Fe16.4Co0.6. The study aims to transform the heli-magnetism of Ce2Fe17 into the desired ferromagnetic behavior and understand the nature of the ferromagnetic paramagnetic transition. To achieve this, a combination of techniques such as X-ray diffraction, direct magnetization measurement, and experimental results were compared with different theoretical models. X-ray diffraction shows that both compounds are of high purity and single-phase, X-ray diffraction coupled with Rietveld refinement indicates that Ce2Fe16.4Co0.6 and Ce2Fe17 have a rhombohedral crystal structure and crystallize in the space group R3̄m. Adding a small content of cobalt leads to a ferromagnetic order with a Curie temperature equal to ∼ 270K. Since there is an ambiguity regarding the order of the phase transition, it has been studied with different methods such as thermal hysteresis, Baneerje’s criterion, Landau’s phenomenological model, Bean–Rodbell model. To provide more details about the nature of the transition and its universality class, we have made a detailed study of the critical behavior. We find that the critical exponent β is close to that predicted by the 3D-Heisenberg model while the exponent γ is close to that predicted by the 3D-Ising model.

Recent Advances in Antifreeze Peptide Preparation: A Review.

Antifreeze agents play a critical role in various fields including tissue engineering, gene therapy, therapeutic protein production, and transplantation. Commonly used antifreeze agents such as DMSO and other organic substances are known to have cytotoxic effects. Antifreeze proteins sourced from cold-adapted organisms offer a promising solution by inhibiting ice crystal formation; however, their effectiveness is hindered by a dynamic ice-shaping (DIS) effect and thermal hysteresis (TH) properties. In response to these limitations, antifreeze peptides (AFPs) have been developed as alternatives to antifreeze proteins, providing similar antifreeze properties without the associated drawbacks. This review explores the methods for acquiring AFPs, with a particular emphasis on chemical synthesis. It aims to offer valuable insights and practical implications to drive the realm of sub-zero storage.

Peculiarities of Hysteretic Properties and Magnetostriction of Nano-Structured Fe10Ni90 Films

The study is related to the investigation of hysteresis and magnetostrictive properties of single-layer Fe10Ni90 films and nano-structured [Fe10Ni90/Cu]p/Fe10Ni90 films, where the magnetostrictive layers are separated with a nonmagnetic interlayer. The magnetostriction effect is shown to depend on the total layer thickness; in this case, the magnetostriction of the [Fe10Ni90/Cu]p/Fe10Ni90 film structures was found to be higher than that of the single-layer Fe10Ni90 films. The observed peculiarity is associated with weakening the fixing effect of a substrate.

Hysteresis behavior and magnetocaloric effect in MnNiGa[formula omitted] full-Heusler alloy

In this manuscript, we studied the magnetic, magnetocaloric, and hysteresis properties of the MnNiGa2 full-Heusler alloy using mean-field theory and first-principles calculations. Initially, we employed the GGA+U method to investigate the structural characteristics of the alloy. Our findings indicated that the ferromagnetic state, with an optimal lattice parameter of 5.88 Å, was the most stable compared to the antiferromagnetic states. Additionally, the exchange interactions, defined as the Hamiltonian parameters of the studied system, were calculated and used in the mean-field approximation. The second-order transition at a Curie temperature of Tc = 373 K, previously revealed experimentally, has been confirmed. Furthermore, the alloy exhibited a relative cooling power (RCP) of 260.43 J/kg and a magnetocaloric effect of 10.34 J/kg.K at an applied magnetic field of 1.4 T. These results suggest that MnNiGa2 is a promising candidate for magnetic refrigeration applications.

Clay Minerals and Continental‐Scale Remagnetization: A Case Study of South American Neoproterozoic Carbonates

AbstractThe Neoproterozoic carbonate rocks of the Araras Group (Amazon Craton) and the Sete‐Lagoas and Salitre Formations (São Francisco Craton) share a statistically indistinguishable single‐polarity (reversed) characteristic direction. This direction is associated with paleomagnetic poles that do not align with the expected directions for primary detrital remanence. We employ a combination of classical rock magnetic properties and micro imaging/chemical analysis (in thin sections) using synchrotron radiation to examine these remagnetized carbonate rocks. Magnetic data indicate that most samples lack the anomalous hysteresis properties typically associated with carbonate remagnetization (except for distorted loops). Through a combination of Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X‐ray Spectroscopy (SEM‐EDS), X‐ray Fluorescence (XRF), and X‐ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS), we identified subhedral/anhedral magnetite, or spherical grains with a core‐shell structure of magnetite surrounded by maghemite. These grains are within the pseudo‐single domain size range, as do most of the iron sulfides, and are spatially associated with potassium‐bearing aluminosilicates. While fluid percolation and organic matter maturation play a role, smectite‐illitization appears to be crucial for the growth of these phases. X‐ray diffraction analysis, in addition, identifies these silicates as predominantly highly crystalline illite, suggesting exposure to epizone temperatures. These temperatures were likely reached during the final stages of the Gondwana assembly (Cambrian), but remanence was only locked in afterward, in successive cooling events during the Early Middle Ordovician. This is supported by the carbonates' paleomagnetic pole positions compared to Gondwana's apparent polar wander path, and the absence of reversals, contrasting with the high reversal frequency of the Late Ediacaran/Cambrian.

Optical coherence measurement-based penetration depth monitoring of stainless steel sheets in laser lap welding using long short-term memory network

The industrial production site for laser lap welding of thin stainless steel plates puts strict requests on the level and fluctuation stability of penetration depth. Hence, the penetration depth monitoring is increasingly garnering attention. This research proposes an optical coherence measurement-based approach to monitor penetration depth utilizing machine learning in laser lap welding for stainless steel sheets. After the acquisition of the keyhole depth signal by the coherent light beam, it is found that there is a significant association relationship between the reconstructed keyhole depth obtained by empirical modal decomposition and the penetration depth curve, but meanwhile a penetration depth monitoring error also exists. Accordingly, based on the cross-correlation analysis and numerical simulation, it is revealed that the formation mechanism and sources of this error are related to the “bottom melt layer thickness”, “hysteresis property” and “multiple reflections”. On this basis, a long short-term memory network is built to memorize the historical information of the reconstructed keyhole depth for predicting the penetration depth at each moment. The experimental results demonstrate that the prediction model has high accuracy and good generalization ability, and thus effective monitoring for penetration depth can be achieved.

A micromagnetic study of sample size effects on dynamic hysteresis properties and dynamic phase transitions of Fe and $$Fe_3O_4$$ nanodisks

A micromagnetic study of sample size effects on dynamic hysteresis properties and dynamic phase transitions of Fe and $$Fe_3O_4$$ nanodisks

Dynamic J-A model improved by waveform scale parameters and R-L type fractional derivatives

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to model the global dynamic hysteresis properties with an improved Jiles–Atherton (J-A) model through a unified set of parameters.Design/methodology/approachFirst, the waveform scaling parameters β, λk and λc are used to improve the calculation accuracy of hysteresis loops at low magnetic flux density. Second, the Riemann–Liouville (R-L) type fractional derivatives technique is applied to modified static inverse J-A model to compute the dynamic magnetic field considering the skin effect in wideband frequency magnetization conditions.FindingsThe proposed model is identified and verified by modeling the hysteresis loops whose maximum magnetic flux densities vary from 0.3 to 1.4 T up to 800 Hz using B30P105 electrical steel. Compared with the conventional J-A model, the global simulation ability of the proposed dynamic model is much improved.Originality/valueAccurate modeling of the hysteresis properties of electrical steels is essential for analyzing the loss behavior of electrical equipment in finite element analysis (FEA). Nevertheless, the existing inverse Jiles–Atherton (J-A) model can only guarantee the simulation accuracy with higher magnetic flux densities, which cannot guarantee the analysis requirements of considering both low magnetic flux density and high magnetic flux density in FEA. This paper modifies the dynamic J-A model by introducing waveform scaling parameters and the R-L fractional derivative to improve the hysteresis loops’ simulation accuracy from low to high magnetic flux densities with the same set of parameters in a wide frequency range.

Synaptic Response of Fluidic Nanopores: The Connection of Potentiation with Hysteresis.

Iontronic fluidic ionic/electronic components are emerging as promising elements for artificial brain-like computation systems. Nanopore ionic rectifiers can be operated as a synapse element, exhibiting conductance modulation in response to a train of voltage impulses, thus producing programmable resistive states. We propose a model that replicates hysteresis, rectification, and time domain response properties, based on conductance modulation between two conducting modes and a relaxation time of the state variable. We show that the kinetic effects observed in hysteresis loops govern the potentiation phenomena related to conductivity modulation. To illustrate the efficacy of the model, we apply it to replicate rectification, hysteresis and conductance modulation of two different experimental systems: a polymer membrane with conical pores, and a blind-hole nanoporous anodic alumina membrane with a barrier oxide layer. We show that the time transient analysis of the model develops the observed potentiation and depression phenomena of the synaptic properties.

Measurement equipment and result analysis of B-H curve of current transformer core material under mixing frequency.

To examine the effect of mixed-frequency excitation conditions on the hysteresis and loss characteristics of ferromagnetic materials, this paper shows how to construct magnetic property test equipment for electrical steel using Epstein's square circle. Experiments were carried out to assess the hysteresis and loss properties of oriented silicon steel wafers under mixed-frequency sinusoidal operating conditions with different occupancy ratios. It used heterodyne extraction to investigate the effect of different occupancy ratios of industry and magnetization frequency on the hysteresis and loss characteristics of oriented silicon steel sheets.

Magnetic Hysteresis Properties of Magnetite: Trends With Particle Size and Shape

AbstractMagnetic hysteresis measurements are routinely made in the Earth and planetary sciences to identify geologically meaningful magnetic recorders, and to study variations in present and past environments. Interpreting magnetic hysteresis data in terms of domain state and paleomagnetic stability are major motivations behind undertaking these measurements, but the interpretations remain fraught with challenges and ambiguities. To shed new light on these ambiguities, we have undertaken a systematic micromagnetic study to quantify the magnetic hysteresis behavior of room‐temperature magnetite as a function of particle size (45–195 nm; equivalent spherical volume diameter) and shape (oblate, prolate and equant); our models span uniformly magnetized single domain (SD) to non‐uniformly magnetized single vortex (SV) states. Within our models the reduced magnetization associated with SV particles marks a clear boundary between SD (≥0.5) and SV (<0.5) magnetite. We further identify particle sizes and shapes with unexpectedly low coercivity and coercivity of remanence. These low coercivity regions correspond to magnetite particles that typically have multiple possible magnetic domain state configurations, which have been previously linked to a zone of unstable magnetic recorders. Of all the hysteresis parameters investigated, transient hysteresis is most sensitive to particles that exhibit such domain state multiplicity. When experimental transient hysteresis is compared to paleointensity behavior, we show that increasing transience corresponds to more curved Arai plots and less accurate paleointensity results. We therefore strongly suggest that transient behavior should be more routinely measured during rock magnetic investigations.

Evolution of magnetization textures in Mn1.4PtSn under magnetic field

We have used Lorentz transmission electron microscopy (LTEM) and the transport of intensity equation (TIE) method to investigate the spin structures in the Mn1.4PtSn magnet, which exhibits D2d symmetry. The evolution of the spin structures under the external magnetic field was observed. In particular, a perpendicular field is able to modulate the striped domain widths and to induce the formation of anti-skyrmions and bubbles. While an in-plane magnetic field can control the state of these structures, the coexistence of different types of skyrmions suggests that the hysteresis properties of the magnet may affect the effectiveness of the field control.

Recyclable Bimodal Polyvinyl Alcohol/PEDOT:PSS Hydrogel Sensors for Highly Sensitive Strain and Temperature Sensing.

Multimodal flexible sensors, consisting of multiple sensing units, can sense and recognize different external stimuli by outputting different types of response signals. However, the recovery and recycling of multimodal sensors are impeded by complex structures and the use of multiple materials. Here, a bimodal flexible sensor that can sense strain by resistance change and temperature by voltage change was constructed using poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel as a matrix and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) as a sensing material due to its conductivity and thermoelectric effect. The plasticity of hydrogels, along with the simplicity of the sensor's components and structure, facilitates easy recovery and recycling. The incorporation of citric acid and ethylene glycol improved the mechanical properties, strain hysteresis, and antifreezing properties of the hydrogels. The sensor exhibits a remarkable response to strain, characterized by high sensitivity (gauge factor of 4.46), low detection limit (0.1%), fast response and recovery times, minimal hysteresis, and excellent stability. Temperature changes induced by hot air currents, hot objects, and light cause the sensor to exhibit high response sensitivity, fast response time, and good stability. Additionally, variations in ambient humidity and temperature minimally affect the sensor's strain response, and temperature response remains unaffected by humidity changes. The recycled sensors are essentially unchanged for bimodal sensing of strain and temperature. Finally, bimodal sensors are applied to monitor body motion, and robots to sense external stimuli.

Parameter Design of a Self-Generated Power Current Transformer of an Intelligent Miniature Circuit Breaker Based on COMSOL

With the deep penetration of renewable energy and power electronic equipment, the overcurrent protection of an intelligent miniature circuit breaker faces new challenges. The electronic controller of an intelligent miniature circuit breaker is typically powered by the bus current rather than the phase voltage to ensure a robust overcurrent protection response under all conditions, including severe short-circuit faults. So, the performance of the current transformer serving as an energy harvesting unit and the corresponding direct current to direct current convention circuit is one of the critical issues due to the limited volume of an intelligent miniature circuit breaker. In this research, a finite element model of a current transformer for an intelligent miniature circuit breaker is constructed by COMSOL to evaluate the impact of the core material, the core size, and the number of coil turns on the energy harvesting capability of the current transformer. Meanwhile, the relationship between the output of the power supply and its design parameters is investigated by circuit simulation. As a result, a novel type of current transformer is proposed based on well-designed parameters. Finally, experimental tests have been conducted to verify the hysteresis characteristics, output characteristics, and energy harvesting effect. The results demonstrate that the hysteresis properties of the transformer align with the simulation results. The power supply can work with a minimum current of 8 amperes, which is 23.08% better than before.

Hysteresis, Rectification, and Relaxation Times of Nanofluidic Pores for Neuromorphic Circuit Applications

AbstractBased on the emergence of iontronic fluidic components for brain‐inspired computation, the general dynamical behavior of nanopore channels is discussed. The main memory effects of fluidic nanopores are obtained by the combination of rectification and hysteresis. Rectification is imparted by an intrinsic charge asymmetry that affects the ionic current across the nanopores. It is accurately described by a background conductivity and a higher conduction branch that is activated by a state variable. Hysteresis produces self‐crossing diagrams, in which the high current side shows inductive hysteresis, and the low current side presents capacitive hysteresis. These properties are well captured by measurements of impedance spectroscopy that show the correspondent spectra in each voltage wing. The detailed properties of hysteresis and transient response are determined by the relaxation time of the gating variable, that is inspired in the Hodgkin‐Huxley neuron model. The classification of effects based on simple models provides a general guidance of the prospective application of artificial nanopore channels in neuromorphic computation according to the measurement of complementary techniques.

Frost fighters: unveiling the potential of microbial antifreeze proteins in biotech innovation.

Polar environments pose extreme challenges for life due to low temperatures, limited water, high radiation, and frozen landscapes. Despite these harsh conditions, numerous macro and microorganisms have developed adaptive strategies to reduce the detrimental effects of extreme cold. A primary survival tactic involves avoiding or tolerating intra and extracellular freezing. Many organisms achieve this by maintaining a supercooled state by producing small organic compounds like sugars, glycerol, and amino acids, or through increasing solute concentration. Another approach is the synthesis of ice-binding proteins, specifically antifreeze proteins (AFPs), which hinder ice crystal growth below the melting point. This adaptation is crucial for preventing intracellular ice formation, which could be lethal, and ensuring the presence of liquid water around cells. AFPs have independently evolved in different species, exhibiting distinct thermal hysteresis and ice structuring properties. Beyond their ecological role, AFPs have garnered significant attention in biotechnology for potential applications in the food, agriculture, and pharmaceutical industries. This review aims to offer a thorough insight into the activity and impacts of AFPs on water, examining their significance in cold-adapted organisms, and exploring the diversity of microbial AFPs. Using a meta-analysis from cultivation-based and cultivation-independent data, we evaluate the correlation between AFP-producing microorganisms and cold environments. We also explore small and large-scale biotechnological applications of AFPs, providing a perspective for future research.