Hypothetical Resources Research Articles

Groups and Biases: The Role of Social Identity in the Musical Career Path Aspirations of Adolescent Musicians

According to social identity theory, individuals self-categorize into groups and then differentiate between groups based on stereotypical norms to create a perceived hierarchy to benefit their self-esteem. The purpose of this study was to explore the presence of social identities among adolescent musicians related to the career paths of music performance and music education and to determine whether self-categorization and differentiation regarding these career paths were a feature of these social identities. Participants were 821 adolescent musicians of varying experience and backgrounds. Results indicated that participants self-categorized and differentiated in favor of the music performance career path but allocated hypothetical resources in favor of the music education career path. Age, family income, performance setting, and intention to major in music were significant predictors of self-categorization, differentiation, and resource allocation. These findings indicate that participants who were older, had greater financial means, identified as soloists, or intended to major in music were more likely to be aligned with a music performance social identity.

PERHITUNGAN POTENSI CADANGAN PANASBUMI LAPANGAN “X” MENGGUNAKAN DATA EKSPLORASI

The method used in this reserve estimation is volumetric, regulated by Badan Standar Nasional Indonesia (BSNI) (SNI 13-6482-2000). This method considers that the reservoir is a form of dimensional space so that its volume can be measured. This type of method can also be used in reserve classes ranging from hypothetical resources up to proven reserves, with parameters used in this calculation obtained through assumptions and those that are the result of preliminary survey activities, which consist of geological (MT maps), geophysics (MT maps), and geochemistry (geothermometer) surveys. Data obtained from preliminary survey activities contains data on thickness, area, and temperature of the reservoir. Other parameters that have not been obtained from preliminary survey activities, such as rock porosity and heat capacity, final temperature, water and steam saturation, internal energy of water and steam, water and steam density, recovery factor, load factor and span and are based on assumptions compiled by BSNI (SNI 13-6482-2000). In addition of using volumetric methods, calculations are also performed using the Monte Carlo simulation method. This method uses random numbers as uncertainty factors in some parameters that have been obtained from the preliminary survey as mentioned above, with the type of distribution determined based on calculation parameters.. With the reservoir temperature of 220oC, area of 7.4 km2, & thickness reaches 1550 m, the potential for geothermal reserve at "X" Field based on the volumetric method is 36.90 MWe. Meanwhile, using the Monte Carlo simulation method, the potential reserves at a 90% confidence level are around 47.93 MWe: which has the the most likely reservoir temperature of 220oC with the range of values varies around 200-225oC, reservoir area with the most likely value is 7.5 km2 ranging from 4-11 km2, and the most likely thickness value is 1550 m with 1200-1700 m for the minimum and maximum values.The calculation results of the geothermal energy reserve potential in the "X" Field are 36.90 MWe using volumetric method and 47.93 for Monte Carlo simulation method.

The Development of Gratitude in Guatemalan Children and Adolescents

Expressing gratitude is central to the lives of Guatemalan youth. Despite limited empirical evidence on gratitude in Guatemala, anecdotal reports and cultural values point to its importance, providing a rich cultural context to continue Baumgarten-Tramer’s work. We have situated the current sample of 104 Guatemalan youth ( M = 10.85, SD = 2.28, 53.8% girls) as autonomous and related using Kağıtçıbaşı’s framework, given their relatively advantaged socioeconomic status and the cultural importance of family. Participants’ responses to the Wishes and Gratitude Scale and the Imaginary Windfall resource distribution activity revealed that older children were more likely than younger children to express connective gratitude. Regardless of age, expressions of verbal gratitude were frequent, while concrete gratitude was extremely rare. Older participants were more likely to spend their hypothetical resources saving for the future; younger children’s resources were often allocated to buying gifts for others. These findings reflect both participants’ cultural and developmental contexts.

Prospective copper resources in Poland

Abstract The most significant copper reserves in Poland are confined to sediment-hosted stratiform Kupferschiefer-type deposits that occur at the Zechstein/Rotliegendes transition in the Fore-Sudetic Monocline and North-Sudetic Trough. Gradual depletion of shallow reserves results in exploitation of deeper beds. Latest studies of numerous drill hole cores strongly indicate that the Kupferschiefer series in SW Poland (outside the Lubin-Sieroszowice Copper District) contains a very large volume of prognostic, prospective and hypothetical resources. 38 prospects have been delineated (including 6 areas with prognostic resources, 4 with prospective resources, and 28 areas with hypothetical resources). Among the prospective areas, particular attention is paid to the areas adjacent to the existing mines of Lubin-Sieroszowice copper district, with prognostic resources (Białołęka, Grochowice, Kulów, Luboszyce). Also the areas: Nowiny, Żarków and Mirków are interesting due to accessible depths, Sulmierzyce and Janowo areas due to considerable resources and reasonable depth, and Mozów area – because of high Cu-Ag grading mineralized body with credible continuation to south east through Jany and Grochowice prospects, towards the Lubin-Sieroszowice mining district. It can be estimated that approximately 179 million tons Cu and 346 thousand tons Ag concentrated as potential resources in prospects of SW Poland for future mining, which will be possible, when geological and technological barriers (depth, temperature, oil and gas) will meet economic trends in the world market. Expected progress in underground mining at depths exceeding 1500 m (a depth limit for economic categories) will make this approach effective and technically possible. Additional six prospective areas have been delineated in the contact zone between Upper Silesia and Małopolska blocks, where porphyry-type Mo-Cu-W mineralization (locally with skarns) occurs within porphyry/granitoid rocks and Ediacaran, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian and Carboniferous metasediments and other sedimentary formations. It should be noted, however, that irregular network of examined drill holes tended to simplify the ranges of prospects and to overestimate resource evaluation. Extensive deep exploration drilling is required to verify resource potential of granted and applied exploration licenses in several targets. The long-term challenges require new solutions for mining industry of the future and industrial market within the EU, to enable the reindustrialization of Europe.

Main types of rare-metal mineralization in Karelia

Rare-metal mineralization in Karelia is represented by V, Be, U deposits and In, Re, Nb, Ta, Li, Ce, La, and Y occurrences, which are combined into 17 types of magmatic, pegmatite, albitite–greisen, hydrothermal–metasomatic, sedimentary, and epigenetic groups. The main vanadium resources are localized in the Onega ore district. These are deposits of the Padma group (556 kt) and the Pudozhgorsky complex (1.5 Mt). The REE occurrences are primarily characterized by Ce–La specialization. The perspective of HREE is related to the Eletozero–Tiksheozero alkaline and Salmi anorthosite–rapakivi granite complexes. Rare-metal pegmatites bear complex mineralization with insignificant low-grade resources. The Lobash and Jalonvaara porphyry Cu–Mo deposits are potential sources of rhenium: Re contents in molybdenite are 20–70 and 50–246 ppm and hypothetical resources are 12 and 7.5 t, respectively. The high-grade (∼100 ppm) and metallogenic potential of indium (∼2400 t) make the deposits of the Pitkaranta ore district leading in the category of Russian ore objects most prospective for indium. Despite the diverse rare-metal mineralization known in Karelia, the current state of this kind of mineral commodities at the world market leaves real metallogenic perspective only for V, U, Re, In, and Nb.

Managing Limited Resources: Do Children with Learning Problems Share?

The present study examined the ability of 56 children with learning problems (resulting from mental retardation or mild cognitive delay) and 56 children without learning problems to resolve the social problem of whether to share limited resources with a peer. Children with and without learning problems offered similar strategies for resolving hypothetical limited resources problems, but responded differently to an actual limited resources problem. Only 15% of the dyads of children with learning problems shared the limited resource as opposed to the 58% of children without learning problems. Non-sharers from the two groups differed in their explanations for their behavior. Results suggest the need for intervention efforts to address factors such as goal orientation and emotional arousal that influence whether children with learning problems choose to share in actual limited resources situations.

Spatial Aggregation and Neutral Models in Fractal Landscapes

Fragmented landscapes alter ecological interactions by modifying the flux of organisms, material, and energy. Fragmented distributions of hypothetical resources and species were represented by several fractal models of landscape patterns at scales ranging from 90 to 2,400 m. Maps of resource aggregations at three scales resulted in multiple-scale notions of "patch," "gap," "edge," "corridor," "source," and "sink." A neutral model of species co-occurrence was developed for analyses conducted at several scales. The neutral model has implications for sampling mutualistic species and for detecting species' responses to changes in environmental conditions. An ecologically meaningful view of landscape pattern depends on the home range size, dispersal ability, or speed with which organisms use resources rather than on the cartographic depiction of the landscape used by humans.

Role of U.S. Geological Survey in Assessment of Conventional Energy Resources in Countries Other than USA: ABSTRACT

The U.S. Geological Survey has had a program of energy-resource studies in cooperation with counterpart agencies of other countries for many years. The products of the earlier cooperative activities were mainly reports of geologic research conducted to aid exploration and development of energy resources in specific areas such as coalfields or potentially petroliferous basins. In contrast, many of the more recent studies have been wide-ranging evaluations of conventional energy source materials and conditions in the developing countries. These recent studies are largely based on existing information, and attempt to assess the quantity and quality of known energy resources, to evaluate the potential for development of both known and hypothetical resources, and to act as gui es for future research and development activities. The studies are made in collaboration with the appropriate agency of the foreign government and are funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development, the U.S. Department of Energy, or, in some cases, by the participating country itself. The reports that have been produced range from administrative project reports of varying format to U. S. Geological Survey Professional Papers. Comprehensive reports End_Page 958------------------------------ have been published on recent energy studies in Peru, Egypt, and Portugal; and similar reports will be available in the near future for Argentina and South Korea. Other countries for which preliminary reports have been prepared recently include: Pakistan, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Turkey, Costa Rica, Morocco, Mexico, Trinidad, Venezuela, USSR, the members of ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States), and nations in the Persian Gulf area. End_of_Article - Last_Page 959------------

Guidelines for international data collection and resource assessments and analyses

The ever-increasing world interdependency required to provide the basic energy and mineral commodities needed by society, has created a need to assess, on a common basis, the location, number, and quality of deposits of natural resources. In order to evaluate and compare the resource potential of any area, two major factors must be considered: (1) the type of commodity being evaluated and (2) the specific parameter (reserves or resources) which is being defined. Each commodity or parameter being studied requires a separate methodology for analysis and different basic data. Porphyry copper deposits must be treated differently from stratabound copper deposits or massive sulfide deposits of copper. Similarly, oil and gas deposits associated with stratigraphic traps must be treated differently from those associated with salt domes. Resource assessments attempt to estimate the aggregate resource potential of an area whereas resource analyses attempt to define the specific characteristics of the individual occurrences which comprise the aggregate resource potential. Assessment programs may range from a national inventory of known deposits and occurrences to detailed studies which require an extensive integration of geological, geochemical, and geophysical data. Examples of national inventories are the small mine inventory of Bolivia and presently operating resource programs in Turkey and Argentina. Detailed programs of assessment include the AMRAP (Alaska Mineral Resource Appraisal Program) program and studies in the Coeur d'Alene district and Ely, Nevada. Worldwide resource analysis is a rapidly expanding field of endeavor necessitated by the need to more clearly define the characteristics of known deposits and to provide quantitative estimates of hypothetical and speculative resources. Studies presently underway deal with the development of search and occurrence models, field size distributions of energy resources, tonnage and grade relationships of mineral deposits, the zone of influence of exploratory drill holes, and models of the exploration process.

Distributive Justice within and Outside the Family

Summary A test was made of Lerner's hypothesis that the Marxian, or need-based, justice norm is seen as more applicable to resource distribution among family members than norms such as equity and equality which have been found to apply in other situations. A total of 96 male and female college students distributed hypothetical resources to pairs of story characters whose performances were unequal. Need and relationship of the characters were varied between subjects. A significant interaction between need and relationship lent support to Lerner's hypothesis.