Hypothetical Regions Research Articles

Hot Primordial Regions with Anomalous Hydrogenless Chemical Composition

We study primordial nucleosynthesis in hypothetical hot regions that could be formed by the primordial density inhomogeneities. It is shown that the regions that survived up to the present times acquire an abnormally high metallicity. This conclusion holds in a wide range of initial parameters of such regions. We considered the thermonuclear reaction rates and estimated abundances of deuterium and helium-3 and -4 inside these areas. It has been established that all baryons tend to form helium-4, which is the thermonuclear link in the chain of formation of heavier elements.

НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЕ ЦЕЛИ РАЗВИТИЯ РОССИИ НА РЕГИОНАЛЬНОМ УРОВНЕ: ПОЛИТИКО-ГЕОГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ

The study groups the regions of Russia by the multidimensional distance to the national development goals determining the preference ratio of the identified groups according to possible political consequences for the heads of regions. The initial data for 85 regions and 15 indicators for 2021–2030 are taken from the appendix to the «Unified Plan for Achieving the National Development Goals of the Russian Federation for the Period up to 2024 and for the Planning Period up to 2030». The research uses methods of grouping regions, comparative analysis, and assessment of spatial autocorrelation and regions' economic-geographical location. Four groups of regions have been identified by the multidimensional distance to hypothetical regions, each of which corresponds to a certain quartile of a ranked series of relative increases in the values of target indicators. The resulting grouping of regions is interpreted according to the length of the path to national development goals and the likelihood of a change of regional government due to the non-fulfillment of the goals. Additional potential threats to senior officials of the Russian Federation’s subjects are determined by the spatial autocorrelation of the regions and their position in relation to the regions of the first and fourth groups.

Experimental Investigation of Surface Phenomena on Quasi Nonporous and Porous Materials Near Dew Points of Pure Fluids and Their Mixtures

Density and sorption measurements were carried out with ethane, carbon dioxide, and their binary mixture with an ethane mole fraction of 0.2003 using a modified gravimetric sorption analyzer. Three solid sinkers with a large surface-to-volume ratio and different (quasi nonporous) surface materials and zeolite 13X (as porous material) were investigated. In the vicinity of the dew point, the density measurements were distorted, thus implying an impact of surface phenomena. Three hypothetical regions were identified for distortion: (1) gas adsorption of a single layer or a few layers at pressures lower than 0.85 × ps, where ps is the dew-point pressure; (2) multilayer gas adsorption followed by the beginning of capillary condensation up to about 0.995 × ps; (3) domination of capillary condensation up to ps. With the goal to deliver a sound data basis for the development of an advanced description of fluid-mixture vapor–liquid–equilibrium through equations of state, we established an empirical method to correct the distorted density measurements. Sorption measurements with the well-investigated zeolite 13X were carried out to confirm the reliable performance of our instrument and to provide a background for the interpretation of the measurements with the solid sinkers. The results of these measurements support the hypothesis of the three regions of surface phenomena and reveal that a gold-plated solid surface reduces the extent of the observed effects.

A segmentation-based approach for polyp counting in the wild

We address the problem of jellyfish polyp counting in underwater images. Modern methods utilize convolutional neural networks for feature extraction and work in two stages. First, hypothetical regions are proposed at potential locations, the features of the regions are extracted and classified according to the contained object. Such methods typically require a dense grid for region proposals, explicitly test various scales and are prone to failure in densely populated regions. We propose a segmentation-based polyp counter — SegCo. A convolutional neural network is trained to produce locally-circular segmentation masks on the polyps, which are then detected by localizing circularly symmetric areas in the segmented image. Detection stage is efficient and avoids a greedy search over position and scales. SegCo outperforms the current state-of-the-art object detector RetinaNet (Lin et al., 2017) and the recent specialized polyp detection method PoCo (Vodopivec et al., 2018) by 2% and 24% in F-score, respectively, and sets a new state-of-the-art in polyp detection.

Re-Planning of Flight Routes Avoiding Convective Weather and the “Three Areas”

The air traffic volume is expected to experience substantial growth globally in the foreseeable future. This increase poses a serious test to the capability of the air traffic management (ATM) system in sustaining the efficiency and safety levels of the air traffic flow. As such, enhancing the performance capability of the ATM system had become a key focus of research within the aviation industry in recent years. Bad weather has always been a key contributor to flight accidents. Therefore, the avoidance of the regions in which adverse weather conditions exist is of paramount importance to the safe completion of flights. Convective weather is a common example of such weather conditions. In a similar manner, there also exist areas in the airspace that should be avoided during a flight for safety considerations. They are namely the prohibited area, restricted area, and danger area, collectively referred to as the “three areas”. In this paper, a route re-planning mechanism based on the cellular automaton model was studied. The objective is to create flight routes that avoid both the “three areas” and regions of convective weather en-route with as minimum an impact on the flight distance as possible. Simulations were carried out using the model to create such flight routes for a selected section of the airspace of Myanmar. Simulations were completed under different scenarios. The simulation results showed successful avoidance of all the “three areas” and the hypothetical regions of convective weather conditions.

Improving emissions estimates of home and personal care products ingredients for use in EU risk assessments

REACh introduces environmental release categories (ERCs) used to describe chemical emissions to the environment. These ERCs contain a number of default values that are combined with product usage data to estimate environmental exposure concentrations for use in risk assessment. The methodology presented in the present work constitutes a novel approach that allows for the coupling of population density and country-specific usage statistics for a range of home and personal care products. Spatially explicit usage estimates are presented for European Union (EU) hypothetical regions (200 × 200-km grid), as described in EU risk assessment frameworks. Recent sales and population density data are combined to assess the relevance of current default assumptions; that 10% of a product will be used in an EU hypothetical region that is inhabited by 20 million people. It is demonstrated that these assumptions are conservative and their relevance geographically limited. The highest usage estimates for hypothetical regions are located in southern England and a transboundary area in Europe consisting of Belgium, the Netherlands, and Germany. The maximum identified usage of 9 home and personal care product types, in an EU hypothetical region, ranges from 4.3% to 11.4%. The 99.5th percentile values, representative of an EU hypothetical region with a population of 20 million, range from 3.6% to 9.0%, which suggests that the current default parameterization of the ERCs may be overly protective for ingredients used in a number of home and personal care product types. Accordingly, it may be justified to use such an analysis to refine the default values in order to provide more realistic exposure estimates for use in REACh assessments.

SU-GG-T-418: Biologically-Based Optimization of Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT) for Prostate Cancer Including Boost for Hypoxia and Urethra Sparing

Purpose: To establish a formalism for biologically‐based optimization of intensity‐modulated radiation therapy(IMRT) for overcoming prostate tumor hypoxia while sparing the urethra. Method and Materials: A formalism based on the concept of equivalent uniform dose (EUD) was used to construct the objective function for biological optimization of IMRT.IMRT planning using VMAT (Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy) was performed based on hypothetical hypoxic regions manually drawn on CT scans. The developed formalism accounts for impact of chronic and acute hypoxia on cell surviving fraction and re‐oxygenation in chronic hypoxia regions. EUDs for urethra, rectum, bladder and femoral heads were calculated based on power‐law dose‐volume histogram reduction. CTdata sets from 25 prostate cancer patients who recently received external beam radiation therapy were selected. VMAT plans optimized with dose‐volume constraints were used for comparison. Results: Significant dose boost in the target volumes designated as chronic or acute hypoxia regions was achieved. EUD in the PTV exceeded 80 Gy, despite accounting for the effects of hypoxia. This increase was achieved with only minor changes in the dose to normal tissue compared to the dose‐based VMAT plans. Notably, urethra sparing was excellent with a EUD of approximately 64 Gy. The robustness of the proposed approach was validated using various settings of acute and chronic hypoxia consisting of a range of hypoxic volumes, regions and re‐oxygenation patterns. Conclusion: The comparison of IMRT plans obtained with biological and dose‐volume constraint based optimization showed that the biologically‐guided IMRT planning approach is more suitable for critical structure sparing dose painting. In particular, a sterilizing dose may be delivered to hypoxic regions in a variety of scenarios while ensuring rectum, bladder and urethra sparing.

Evidence against Macroscopic Astrophysical Dyadospheres

It is shown how pair production itself would almost certainly prevent the astrophysical formation of macroscopic dyadospheres, hypothetical regions extending many electron Compton wavelengths in all directions where the electric field exceeds the critical value for microscopically rapid Schwinger pair production. Pair production is a self-regulating process that would discharge a growing electric field, in the example of a hypothetical collapsing charged stellar core, before it reached 6% of the minimum dyadosphere value, keeping the pair production rate more than 26 orders of magnitude below the dyadosphere value and keeping the efficiency below 2 × 10-4 1/2.

Variations of solar UV irradiance related to short‐term and medium‐term changes of solar activity

Index of variability of the solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation, the composite Mg II core‐to‐wing ratio, has been used to study relationship between the short‐term (τ < 27 days) changes of solar activity and solar UV irradiance. Such manifestations of the solar activity have been examined, as the solar central meridian passage of active regions, the solar proton events, and the central meridian passage of hypothetical regions responsible for the Forbush decrease in the galactic cosmic rays. Our results show that all these short‐term changes of the solar activity are accompanied by an increase of the solar UV irradiance. The interplanetary magnetic field sector structure is also related to changes in the UV irradiance. After a proper adjustment of the dates of the sector boundary occurrence for the solar disk, the irradiance was found to be maximal on the toward/away boundary and minimal on the away/toward boundary. It has been found that the UV irradiance undergoes quasi‐biennial periodicity (QBP), reaching maximum in years of the east QBP phase and decreasing in years of the west QBP phase. Superposition of the quasi‐biennial periodicity and effects connected with short‐term variations in the solar activity account for the change of the Mg II index up to 2% of the mean level. Thus a new very important agent was found to be responsible for a short‐term and medium‐term influence of the solar activity upon atmospheric processes and hence on the weather and climate.

The Narrow Emission Lines of T Tauri Stars

view Abstract Citations (58) References (36) Co-Reads Similar Papers Volume Content Graphics Metrics Export Citation NASA/ADS The Narrow Emission Lines of T Tauri Stars Batalha, C. C. ; Stout-Batalha, N. M. ; Basri, G. ; Terra, M. A. O. Abstract We present the first comprehensive study of the narrow emission lines of T Tauri stars (TTS). These narrow lines have been reported in the literature as originating in the stellar atmosphere and having Gaussian-type profiles centered at the stellar rest velocity, with a base width not larger than 50 km s-1. Here, we concentrate on the Ca II lines λλ8498, 8542, and 8662 and the helium line λ5876. After applying veiling corrections, the average narrow component line emission is found to be larger than that found in active main-sequence stars: up to several times larger for classical T Tauri stars with strong rates of disk accretion. More striking is the finding that the resulting line emission strengths of these lines correlate with veiling. The correlation is confirmed on individual stars for which observations at several epochs exist and for which veiling varies widely on relatively short timescales. We also find a correlation between the narrow emission fluxes and the near-infrared excesses for stars with low levels of veiling, which includes the few weak-lined TTS of the sample. We discuss possible formation sites for the narrow emission lines in the classical TTS, and we present simple models to explain the observations. In these models, the excess line emission found for the stars with higher accretion rates is assumed to originate in localized regions near the magnetic footpoints of the accretion column. We refer to these hypothetical regions in the atmosphere collectively as the "hot chromosphere" since we assume they are additionally heated by the reprocessed energy of the colliding gas in the accretion process. Computing two chromospheric models, one representing the typical weak TTS chromosphere and the other representing the best guess at the "hot chromosphere," we find the following. The "hot chromosphere" is characterized by a steep temperature gradient beginning at low continuum optical depths in order to give simultaneously the large observed central flux and the relatively narrow baselines (50-60 km s-1). The chromosphere temperature rise is not similar to the earlier deep chromosphere models in which a sudden chromospheric temperature rise is appended to the photosphere at relatively large mass column. For the most extreme cases (i.e., largest line fluxes), 20%, at most, of the star's surface must be covered by "hot chromospheric" regions. Publication: The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series Pub Date: March 1996 DOI: 10.1086/192275 Bibcode: 1996ApJS..103..211B Keywords: LINE: PROFILES; STARS: CHROMOSPHERES; STARS: EMISSION-LINE; BE; STARS: PRE-MAIN-SEQUENCE full text sources ADS | data products SIMBAD (28)

Correlation between the combinatory entropy of polymer and ideal liquid solutions: 3. Derivation of equation for local concentration

The local concentration in binary solutions of polymer in solvent and in simple liquid solution has been determined by an equation derived from the maximum condition of the number of configurations in the binary solution with two hypothetical regions, a small region and the rest. The equation for a solution of flexible polymer with r segments in solvent is given by: 1n( ф 2 1X 2 X 2 1ф 2 )+{ k−(1−k) r }1n( ф 2 X 2 )+k(1−r −1)(ф 2−X 2)+k 1n( N ∗ t n ∗ t )=0 where X i is the local volume fraction of polymer ( i = 2) and solvent ( i = 1), ф i is the mean or macroscopic volume fraction, k is a parameter defined by k = ± {1 + ( V 0 2/ V 0 1)( ∂n 2/ ∂n 1) v } and V 0 i is the molar volume of i and n i is the number of molecules of i in the small region, n∗ t = n 1 + rn 2 , and N∗ t is the total number of molecules in the solution. It is found that the maximum concentration fluctuation in the small region around the mean concentration ф 1 characterized by |X 1 − ф 1| is proportional to | k| and is zero for k = 0.

Facilities Location and Innovation Diffusion in the Centralized Decision-Making Setting

Innovation diffusion in a centralized decision-making setting should be examined in terms of the dynamic facilities location problem (Brown, 1981). This paper is concerned with the spatial diffusion of a non-profit motivated innovation in the above setting, taking the example of radio stations in Japan before World War II. Especially the following point will be discussed here: whether radio stations spread hierarchically or not, when a certain optimal location strategy is implemented.If people are evenly distributed, efficiency and equity may be congruent. In the real world, however, the discrepancy between efficiency and equity is caused by various conditions, so that the optimal location pattern under the efficiency strategy will differ from that under the equity strategy. This paper asks which strategy could produce a hierarchical diffusion of new facilities. If the objective of the optimizing model is to minimize the total travel distance, facilities are oriented to densely populated areas. In addition, high income areas tend to be chosen under the efficiency strategy (Morrill, 1974; Morrill and Symons, 1977). Consequently, facilities would be preferentially located in larger cities with high population densities and high income levels. This discussion results in a working hypothesis that new facilities may spread hierarchically under the efficiency strategy.Experimental approach to the hierarchical diffusion of new facilities To investigate the above hypothesis theoretically, the following simulation was attempted by using Tornqvist's model. We shall consider a set of cities in a hypothetical region. They are arranged in a 9×9 mesh of 81 cells. With regard to city-size distribution, two types of distribution are considered: 1) rank-size distribution where the largest city with population of 9, 000, 000 is followed by the 2nd and lower ranking cities to fit such a rank-size curve as Pr=9, 000, 000/r; 2) hierarchical distribution where the largest city with population of 9, 000, 000 is followed by the 2nd to 9th ranking cities, the 10th to 27th ranking cities, and the 28th and lower ranking cities to fit such rank-size curves as Pr=5, 000, 000/r, Pr=3, 000, 000/r and Pr=1, 000, 000/r respectively. With regard to the spatial distribution of population, the largest city is always fixed at the center of a region, and other cities are randomly arranged in such a way that population distribution shows either significantly positive spatial autocorrelation or no spatial autocorrelation, regardless of city-size distribution.After the four hypothetical regions are constructed by the combination of city-size distribution and spatial distribution of population, facilities are located in each region under the following rules: 1) the total of 9 new facilities are located during the 9 unit periods according to the efficiency strategy; 2) only one facility is located during each unit period; 3) the first facility is always given to the largest city, and then 8 facilities are sequentially located one by one.For each region, 10 different spatial distributions of population are produced by random numbers, and the total of 40 simulation runs is repeated. Then the significant difference of means of correlation coefficients between the period of facility location and population was tested for each pair of the four regions. Results (Table 2) are summarized as follows: 1) though there are statistically significant differences of means of correlation coefficients between all the pairs of regions, hierarchical diffusion is not present in all the regions even under the efficiency strategy; 2) a hierarchical diffusion tendency often emerges in regions where populations are not spatially autocorrelated, which suggests that spatial distribution of population is more critical than city-size distribution.

Travel Time as an Index of Social Environmental Quality- Its Allocational Considerations-

To evaluate living environment adequately, some measurement on the degree of the convenience should be made and be taken into consideration together with various natural environmental measurements. with this viewpoint, travel convenience of each individual has been taken as an important quality factor of the social environment, and this paper is concerned primarily with the travel time as an index of travel convenience. The employed method has three important underlying features, which are time allocation approach, exclusion of travels as purposes and the index in a matrix form. In order to make the index useful, a model is necessary for estimating the matrix of travel time consumption in a region. An example of such model, which includes activity simulation, is shown in this paper. The model is applied to hypothetical regions in the case study.

Globe 6

Battelle Memorial Institute has initiated a research program to develop an improved set of systematic methods for assisting decision-makers in the identi fication and solution of socioeconomic problems. This study is focused in particular upon the inter dependence among diverse problem areas, many of which interactions cause attempted solutions to be counterproductive. With the realization that methods and techniques developed for analyzing problems at the world level can also be applied to a variety of problems at local or regional levels, Battelle has developed a preliminary version of a multiregion dynamic simulation model of the world to evaluate some of these interactions. At present, two hypo thetical regions representing the developed and the developing nations of the world are employed. The framework of the model permits the addition of more regions without reprogramming the entire simulation. The regions are coupled through flows of people (migration); pollution (diffusion); and natural resources, food, and manufactured goods (trade). The magnitudes and directions of these flows influence and are influenced by the relative economic, envi ronmental, and social conditions within each region. These conditions are indicated by material living standards, food ratios, crowding ratios, pollution levels, and natural resource reserves. The simulation is programmed on an interactive hybrid computer hardware-software system which permits a high level of interaction between man and models. Simulation gaming exercises can be conducted in which each model region is represented by one or more participants (decision-makers) who are respon sible for making all policy decisions for that region. Participants in an exercise of this type can quickly and effectively investigate the relative consequences of alternative decisions and evaluate alternative planning strategies (e.g., competition versus cooperation with other regions in a given economic situation). The initial runs of the model show, among other things, a high sensitivity to industrialization. For example, a sharp reduction in the quality of life can result from too rapid an increase in the level of industrial activity, which depletes natural resources and increases pollution. The model, how ever, is being developed and used more to gain insight into global problems than to make quantita tive forecasts. As the data base underlying the model becomes more accurate and complete, the use fulness of its output will increase. Part of the necessary information required by the model is being provided by a Battelle study of the world's resources. Early results indicate that, by planning now for the future, man's ingenuity in employing such steps as substitution and recycling can significantly alleviate the drain on the world's remaining resources. There are many problems associated with the develop ment of socioeconomic models. It is extremely difficult to model or forecast the affairs of man because one cannot foresee the remedial actions that man may take; neither can the new discoveries of man nor the whims of nature be foreseen. Man's ability to adapt has permitted him to survive many man-made and natural catastrophies that other animals could not survive. Even so, the world model is viewed as a means of testing the effectiveness of possible solutions to world problems which may otherwise over tax man's capacity to adapt. The next step would be to evaluate the potential for implementation of those solutions that appear possible.

Geographical Terminology Charts as Hypothetical Regions

Geographical Terminology Charts as Hypothetical Regions

Study of Hypothetical Regions in Historical Geology Laboratory

Study of Hypothetical Regions in Historical Geology Laboratory

Hypothetical Regions as Teaching Aids in Economic Geography

Hypothetical Regions as Teaching Aids in Economic Geography

Developments and Applications in the Area of Construct Validity

THIS issue of the REVIEW marks the first time that an entire chapter has been devoted to construct validity. This presentation, therefore, includes not only a review of recent pertinent publications, but also a resume of the historical development of the concept with special attention to the influences of the philosophy of science and of theoretical psychology upon the psychometric concept of validity. Also treated are current trends in the rapprochement of the theory and methodology of experimental psychology and psychometrics; recent systematic and empirical developments in test construction pertinent to construct validity; and, in conclusion, an evaluation of the apparent heuristic values of the term and the method. Construct validity departs from classical notions of test validity in that it does not confine itself to the assessment of the extent to which a test score measures an outside criterion. Construct validity is concerned with the logical and empirical investigation of what psychological qualities a test measures (5, 6, 8, 38, 89). It is based upon the experimental evaluation of the behaviorally relevant aspects of a theory. Construct validity may be considered a special case of the general scientific methodology for giving inductive support to the hypothetical regions of a theoretical network (11, 12, 13, 14, 24, 94).