Hypothetical Projection Research Articles

Matrix-Network Modeling of Translation Communication from Perspective of Eco-Translatology

The article presents the results of a search study conducted based on ecosystemic and network approaches in translation studies within the framework of the concept of “human — network environment”. The relevance is determined by the importance of considering the socio-communicative aspect in translation activities and viewing the translator as a functionally integrated element of the network environment. Communicative-network interaction of participants in a translation project is described. The research methodology is based on the potential of matrix and network modeling methods for processing and visualizing data of translation communication. The analysis is carried out using two models: a responsibility distribution matrix and an undirected graph compiled using a social network visualizer program as a hypothetical projection of a more complex model, verified in practice. Examples of analyzing project interaction between written and oral translations based on a protocol of pilot interviews with English language translators about their experience working in a translation department at an industrial enterprise in the Chelyabinsk region are used as materials. The comprehensive methodology of matrix-network modeling allows for explicitating the specifics of work in a translation project at an enterprise, identifying control-network nodes that accumulate the main communicative load, and determining strategies to enhance communication efficiency.

Hypothetical introduction of TiO2 nanodecahedrons (TN(10)†,‡) as the design for quasi solid dye sensitized solar cells based on KI-I2/chitosan/PAni-chitosan/TN(10)†,‡ by the p-n junction theory

In search for the probability of p-n junction in the quasi-solid (QS) phase in the multi-semiconductor specimen (MSS) altogether with the development of the DSSC electrolyte optimization technique, there are three major things to be considered: 1) the hypothesis for a theoretical redox-conductivity (Ip−σ) correlation on the better understanding of advanced cyclic voltammetry (CV) analysis using a mathematical axiom correlation method, 2) the concept of p-n junction possibility based on the solid-phase (SP) hypothetical projection, and 3) the observational and optimization for x-TiO2/Cs/KI-I2.To prove the p-n junction existence in a QS-MSS, we develop a series of methods by using advanced analysis of voltammogram, which are 1) defining the chitosan as a conductive polymer to a certain extent, 2) understanding the influence of different wt% x-TiO2 on the redox activity of QS-MSS, and 3) the different crystal system of TN(10)†,‡ that are anatase-rutile (a-r) and rutile-anatase (r-a) dominant phase are influencing the Ip. Moreover, the analyses consist of a series of modified-dimensionless parameter, ψ, to define the modified-diffusional coefficient, Dx2, definition and electronical transferal rate, k0, as well. Furthermore, the crucial observation is by looking at the valence and conduction band (vb-cb) for each sample, respectively, to determine the position toward the hypothetical projection in the DSSC system later. Moreover, we found that a hypothetical development on the Ip−σ modified function is needed. Also, the use of the vb-cb value is crucial to project a unified rule of p-n junction theory approximation from electrolyte to dye.

Neural network guided sinogram-domain iterative algorithm for artifact reduction.

Artifact reduction or removal is a challenging task when the artifact creation physics are not well modeled mathematically. One of such situations is metal artifacts in x-ray CT when the metallic material is unknown, and the x-ray spectrum is wide. A neural network is used to act as the objective function for iterative artifact reduction when the artifact model is unknown. A hypothetical unpredictable projection data distortion model is used to illustrate the proposed approach. The model is unpredictable, because it is controlled by a random variable. A convolutional neural network is trained to recognize the artifacts. The trained network is then used to compute the objective function for an iterative algorithm, which tries to reduce the artifacts in a computed tomography (CT) task. The objective function is evaluated in the image domain. The iterative algorithm for artifact reduction is in the projection domain. A gradient descent algorithm is used for the objective function optimization. The associated gradient is calculated with the chain rule. The learning curves illustrate the decreasing treads of the objective function as the number of iterations increases. The images after the iterative treatment show the reduction of artifacts. A quantitative metric, the Sum Square Difference (SSD), also indicates the effectiveness of the proposed method. The methodology of using a neural network as an objective function has potential value for situations where a human developed model is difficult to describe the underlying physics. Real-world applications are expected to be benefit from this methodology.

The environmental impact of personal protective equipment in a pre and post COVID era in the ENT clinic.

PurposeThe use of single use plastic items and plastic wrapping has increased over the last number of decades. Outside of the medical field there has been a conscious drive to reduce single use plastic and reuse items to reduce the amount of waste we produce. We undertook this investigation to quantify our plastic waste production and generate ideas to reduce this volume.MethodologyData was collected from a University Hospital ENT outpatient department via real-time recording methods using standard data collection forms. We measured plastic unit usage pre and post COVID restrictions and compared this to our number of patient encounters. Projections of plastic usage were determined via a hypothetical resumption of patient services model.ResultsIn total there were 440 patients included. In period one the mean units of plastic used per day was 65.1 (median 67; range 27–84). In the second period, the mean number of plastic units was 23.4 (median 22; range 1–7). Blue nitrile gloves and masks were the most commonly used single use items. The hypothetical projection model predicted a 147.6% increase in single use items following the introduction of COVID precautions.ConclusionWe have a duty of care not only to our patients but future generations of patients and the environment which we share. Single use items and excessive plastic wrapping have benefits in terms of convenience and sterility, but these conveniences can be easily extended to reusable types to limit our volume of waste, reduce our waste management costs and protect our environment.

ПРОТИВОПОСТАВЛЕНИЕ В КАРИКАТУРЕ ВЕЛИКОЙ ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННОЙ ВОЙНЫ

The article has for an object to determine themes of the Great Patriotic War cartoons based on the contrast between of two pictures and to detect and describe aims that cartoonists try to achieve with help of the political cartoons under study. The author conducts research of the Great Patriotic War cartoons created by Kukryniksy, a group of caricaturists, which M.V. Kupriyanov, P.N. Krylov, and N.A. Sokolov belonged to. They often involved S.Ya. Marshak in the work on the verbal part of their political cartoons. Some of the political cartoons under study give an example of wholeness of his rhymes and the painter’s pictures. The author treats the political cartoon of the Great Patriotic War as a message that is addressed to the Russian language personality and is a polycode one, which presupposes that information, which caricaturists code into the cartoon, is a result of cooperation between iconic and verbal means. Using Yu.N. Karaulov’s idea about the structure of the language personality, the author describes the encoding-decoding process of political cartoons meaning, in forming of which codes of different semiotic systems take part, as projections onto different levels of the language personality where these projections activate a certain string of associative links. The analysis of the political cartoons under study made it possible to detect five themes discussed in them: change of the state of things, change of personage’s emotional state, personage’s intention and results of its realization, action-and-reaction, personage’s mask and his real identity. Describing the political cartoons, the author ascertains that, combining two pictures based on the contrast within the bounds of a political cartoon, the caricaturists fulfill specific range of tasks. (1) The contrast of pictures, which contain both similar and different elements, furthers directing and holding of addressee’s attention. The caricaturists stimulate the addressee of the message to an active search for similar and different elements on those pictures, which diverts the addressee. (2) The contrast in the political cartoon can produce comical effect or increase it. The more cloudless the situation is for the personage on the first picture, the clearer it is to everyone how abased he is on the second one. (3) The contrast of situations with different characteristics (the one in the past and another in the present / the real situation and its hypothetical projection) in a message in the form of a political cartoon can have an explanatory function. The evil depicted on the first picture serves as proof of rightfulness and necessity of counteraction to it. If the form of such counteraction is shown on the second picture, the message contains an indirect appeal to the addressee for his active counteraction to this evil. (4) The usage of contrast for discussion of the theme “personage’s mask and his real identity” enables to show the true face of him, to give his personality a certain estimate and to form addressee’s opinion of the characterized person.

PDG14 Budget IMPACT Analysis of Benefits and Costs in the Italian HCV Landscape: Present and Future

The study aims to analyse the impact of new DAAs for HCV management, before and after 2017, in Italy, not only on drugs costs, but considering the overall patients’ pathway expenditure. The economic evaluation considered the biennial cost of 578 HCV patients’ pathways (including diagnostic and laboratory examinations, hospitalizations and outpatients’ procedures), registered by three Italian Hospitals. Population was stratified depending on the antiviral drugs assumed i) before 2017, and ii) after 2017 (the year of the new HCV treatment criteria introduction in the Italian NHS), distinguishing also SOF-based regimens from the others. Three scenarios were performed.•Retrospective projection, considering the HCV pathways’ costs and drugs before 2017 and number of HCV population treated in the period 2015-2017 (887 patients).•Hypothetical retrospective projection, considering the HCV pathways’ costs and drugs available after 2017, and number of HCV population treated in the period 2015-2017.•Perspective projection, considering the HCV pathways’ costs and drugs before and after 2017, and the HCV population forecast treated in the period 2018-2020 (172.938 patients). Comparing the two retrospective projections, the HCV patients’ treatment expenditure decreased of -35%. If new treatments had been available since 2015, the economic saving would have been equal to 68,696,848€: about 630€ per patient. Results from perspective projection revealed that the savings are confirmed in the long term (about 500€ per patient, equal to -28%), despite the number of patients treated growth. In case of SOF-based regimens usage increase, additional 13% of savings would be registered. Results show new evidence concerning HCV pathway resources absorption, with a positive impact of SOF-based regimens. Since 2017, the increase in drugs expenditure was offset by a lower resource absorption per patient, assuring an efficient management of the overall HCV pathway (e.g. reduction of -63% in hospitalizations expenses).

The emergence of polychronization and feature binding in a spiking neural network model of the primate ventral visual system.

We present a hierarchical neural network model, in which subpopulations of neurons develop fixed and regularly repeating temporal chains of spikes (polychronization), which respond specifically to randomized Poisson spike trains representing the input training images. The performance is improved by including top-down and lateral synaptic connections, as well as introducing multiple synaptic contacts between each pair of pre- and postsynaptic neurons, with different synaptic contacts having different axonal delays. Spike-timing-dependent plasticity thus allows the model to select the most effective axonal transmission delay between neurons. Furthermore, neurons representing the binding relationship between low-level and high-level visual features emerge through visually guided learning. This begins to provide a way forward to solving the classic feature binding problem in visual neuroscience and leads to a new hypothesis concerning how information about visual features at every spatial scale may be projected upward through successive neuronal layers. We name this hypothetical upward projection of information the "holographic principle." (PsycINFO Database Record

Impact of El-Niño on Agro-economics in Malaysia and the Surrounding Regions: An Analysis of the Events from 1997-98

This study explores the influence of El-Nino related climate change that impacts the development of agriculture sector in Malaysia. In order to identify the impacts, this study analyzes the information of El-Nino events from 1997-1998. This would offer of having a standpoint to formulate the future strategy with an understanding of the nature of El-Nino and its vulnerability which has been hit by the Pacific Rim region and the Southern oscillation, including in Malaysia. Since, the currently available researches are inadequate to observe the events of El-Nino, formulation of strategic planning is mainly based on assumption and hypothetical projection locally. Under such climate, this study proposes the ‘Action plan’ for furthering the strength by chalking-out the prevailing weakness of adapting capacity of El-Nino and its adverse impact on agriculture. The proposed action plan ultimately offers the socio-economic wellbeing in Malaysia by significantly reducing the vulnerability of El-Nino and enhancing the performance.

Could Refugees Have a Significant Impact on the Future Demographic Change of Serbia?

AbstractSerbia still hosts the largest number of forced migrants in Europe. The paper examines the impact of the refugee influx from newly formed states on the territory of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) into Serbia on the future demographic trends of the country. Examination of the past population projections of Serbia confirmed that the process of predicting migration flows is related to the greatest source of uncertainty compared to all other components of demographic change. The results of our projection of Serbia’s population through 2050 show that the large influx of refugees during the last decade of the 20th century should not have a significant impact on the future demographic change of Serbia. Even in the case of substantial improvement of total fertility rate (2.35 in final projection year, comparing to current 1.55), no positive demographic effect should be experienced.Continuation of the decline in Serbia’s total population size cannot be offset by recent refugee influx for several reasons. The most important of them are: too small number of migrants comparing to the total population size of Serbia; similarity in fertility behaviour between refugee and indigenous population; the large‐scaled emigration during the same period; much older refugee population compared to emigrant population; and the processes of refugee repatriation and resettlement. A purely hypothetical projection variant assuming the migration required to maintain the size of current total population size of Serbia until 2050 points out the need for almost three times the amount of average annual migration surplus caused by the refugee influx.

The Bristol Hip View: a new hypothetical radiographic projection for femoral neck fractures

This experimental study is to evaluate a modified radiographic view of the femoral neck in the assessment of femoral fractures. A dry femur and pelvis was set up in a rig to simulate the positioning of a routine anteroposterior (AP) pelvis X-ray view. Films were exposed to create a routine AP pelvis, AP hip and two views with external tube angulation of 15 degrees and 30 degrees. Observers were asked to evaluate the films using a visual analogue score on two separate occasions. The same films were performed on a further fractured femoral neck to assess the fracture clarity. There was good intraobserver and interobserver correlation. Observers ranked the 15 degrees and 30 degrees angled films as showing the femoral neck most clearly, over and above the traditional views (p<0.001). The fracture was best demonstrated on the 30 degrees angled film (p<0.001). The 30 degrees angled view appears to demonstrate the femoral neck anatomy more clearly than the traditional views but also showed increased fracture sharpness. The authors are proceeding to a clinical trial to assess this in trauma practice.

Trajectory displacement effect in particle projection lithography systems: Modifications to the extended two-particle theory and Monte Carlo simulation technique

The extended two-particle model for statistical interactions in particle beams, developed by Jansen [Coulomb Interactions in Particle Beams (Academic, Boston, 1990)], has been refined to improve the accuracy of the predictions of the trajectory displacement effect in particle beam projection systems. The original theory was developed for probe forming systems, such as electron and ion scanning microscopes and Gaussian or shaped beam lithography systems. Fit functions are used within the theory to express part of the numerical output into explicit analytical prescriptions. These functions were found to become inaccurate for the relatively wide beams typically used in the more recently developed projection type lithography systems. New fit functions are presented which extend the applicability of the theory to the wide beams and doublet configurations used in projection systems. The Monte Carlo program MONTEC, used to verify the results of the analytical theory, has been modified as well to account for the first order space charge magnification effect. This effect could be ignored for the relatively small spots of Gaussian and shaped beam systems, but would yield a significant overestimation of the trajectory displacement effect—assumed to be identical to the remaining blur after refocusing—for the wide images used in projection type of systems. The refined analytical theory and the modified MONTEC program have been used to evaluate the impact of statistical interactions on the performance of the SCALPEL electron projection system and a hypothetical ion projection lithography system, representing a simplified model of the IMS ALG-1000 (He+) system. The analytical predictions are in good agreement with the Monte Carlo results. An estimate of the total system resolution, determined by the combined effect of statistical interactions and geometrical aberrations, indicates that maximum attainable beam current for a 0.18 μm design rule is about 25 μA for the SCALPEL and 0.2–0.3 μA for the ion projection system, leading to an ∼10× higher throughput for the former taking the difference in resist sensitivities for electrons and ions into account.

The Demographic Impact of Family Planning Programs

In response to concerns about the adverse consequences of rapid population growth, family planning programs have been implemented in many developing countries. The aim of the present study is to assess the impact of this programmatic approach on long-range population growth. The result of a new and hypothetical population projection indicates that in the absence of family planning programs the population of the developing world could be expected to reach 14.6 billion in the year 2100 instead of the 10 billion that is currently projected by the World Bank. Despite the apparent success of existing interventions, fertility control is far from complete, as many women continue to bear unwanted births. To assess the impact of this unintended childbearing a second hypothetical projection is made. With perfect implementation of reproductive preferences, the population size of the developing world in 2100 would be reduced by an estimated 2.2 billion below the current projection. Further strengthening of family planning programs and improvements in birth control technology are therefore likely to provide important demographic benefits.

18: Critical evaluation of constitution of cobalt-iron-silicon and iron-nickel-silicon alloys

The phase equilibria in the Co-Fe-Si and Fe-Ni-Si systems are reviewed in the light of available experimental data. The projection of the liquidus surface of the Co-Fe-Si system up to 35%Si contains five ternary invariant reactions (two eutectics and three other ternary transitions), and surfaces of primary crystallization for the phases αδFe, γFe, Fe2Si, β-Co2Si, α-Co2Si, α-Co2Si, and Co3Si. At higher Si contents a pseudo-binary eutectic section (experimental) between FeSi2 and CoSi2 suggests the existence of two ternary eutectic reactions and four primary surfaces corresponding to (Co, Fe)Si, FeSi2, CoSi2, and Si. For the solid state two experimental isothermal sections exist, at 1160°C (up to 25%Si) and at 800°C (over the whole composition range). In each case modifications have been introduced to achieve conformity with later work on the binary systems. The equilibria are well established and consistent with what is known of the liquid-solid equilibria. Experimental data for the liquid-solid equilibria in the Fe-Ni-Si system are too limited for the definition of an experimental projection. Detailed studies at 600°C show that a ternary cubic phase τ1 occurs at ~35% Ni, and comes into equilibrium with αδFe, γFe, Ni5Si2, and Ni2Si, and probably with the ordered bcc phases derived from the β1h and β2 phases of the Fe-Si system. Data for more Ni-rich alloys between 1000 and 450°C show that at the lowest of these temperatures ordered FeNi3 containing ~4%Si comes into equilibrium with Ni3Si containing ~7% Fe. Equilibria calculated thermodynamically at 1127 and 727°C are broadly consistent with the experimental isothermal sections. From available general information the nature of the liquid-solid equilibria may be suggested, interpreting the solid-state triangulations observed experimentally. These suggestions may be summarized by a hypothetical liquidus projection analogous to that recommended for the Co-Fe-Si system.

Some system implications of a Josephson computer technology

The Josephson Technology as now understood is projected onto a current computer mainframe, the IBM 3033 to estimate its effect. This is a hypothetical projection and should not be taken in any way to represent a planned product. A three cycle critical case path is identified. Then an experimental 2.5-µm Josephson current injection logic (CIL) circuit family and cache memory design are configured into a functionally equivalent Josephson package. Propagation distances in the hypothetical package are estimated to be 6 percent of those in the comparison mainframe; estimated cycle time is 4 ns yielding an internal performance improvement by a factor of > 14. The Josephson version of the IBM 3033 would entail a more than 99-percent reduction in regulated power.

Scoliosis Angle

The most commonly used methods of assessing the scoliotic deviation measure angles that are not clearly defined in relation to the anatomy of the patient. In order to give an anatomic basis for such measurements it is proposed to define the scoliotic deviation as the deviation the vertebral column makes with the sagittal plane. Both the Copp and the Ferguson angles may be based on this definition. The present methods of measurement are then attempts to measure these angles. If the plane of these angles is parallel to the film, the measurement will be correct. Errors in the measurements may be incurred by the projection. A hypothetical projection, called a 'rectified orthogonal projection', is presented, which correctly represents all scoliotic angles in accordance with these principles. It can be constructed in practice with the aid of a computer and by performing measurements on two projections of the vertebral column; a scoliotic curve can be represented independent of the kyphosis and lordosis.

An intracellular analysis of visual cortical neurones to moving stimuli: response in a co-operative neuronal network.

1. Responses of cortical cells from the foveal and perifoveal visual field representation in area 17 to moving contrasts were analyzed with intracellular records in anesthetized cats. These intracellularly recorded responses were normal in so far as the cells showed typical orientation/direction sensitivity and only short phasic or no responses to diffuse illumination. 2. With slowly moving bright or dark bars, two types of responses were seen: those with a small excitatory peak and those with a wider excitatory peak. Inhibitory regions outside the excitatory peak were only seen in cells with a small excitatory area. Only very few cells showed inhibitory “flanks” preceding and following the excitation; often inhibition followed the excitation in both the forward and backward direction; sometimes it preceded it in both directions. The inhibition outside the excitatory zone practically always had “dynamic” properties, i.e. was smaller or larger in the two opposite directions of movements. 3. All cells showed strong inhibition (IPSP's) mixed with excitation while the stimulus moved over the excitatory response field. The degree of inhibition was clearly sensitive to the direction of movement (forward or backward) of an optimally oriented moving stimulus, and could also be different at different orientation/ directions. However, the orientation dependence of intracortical inhibition was often less clear than the differences found between the two opposite directions of an optimally oriented stimulus. Inhibition was more marked during binocular than during monocular stimulation. 4. The excitatory areas of cortical cells were mostly slightly elongated, but not systematically along the axis of optimal orientation. The diameters of the excitatory fields were similar along the optimal and the non-optimal orientation axes (mean 1.9±0.78 vs. 2.2±0.92°). 5. It is proposed that the orientation/direction sensitivity of cortical cells is a function of intracortical inhibitory connections with direction/orientation sensitivity rather than only due to the spatial arrangement of excitatory and inhibitory on- or off-center fields. A hypothetical retino-cortical projection map is proposed and it is assumed that direction/orientation sensitive intracortical inhibition is essential for the functional properties of cortical neurones.

Tensions and Concessions: The Empirical Confirmation of Belief Systems about Soviet Behavior

need for relatedness. He supports this recommendation by citing the widespread feelings of isolation, abandonment and consequent demoralization likely to develop when there are millions of small, scattered shelter units, and the stronger feelings of security and support in large groups.14 The strength of family ties is, of course, a positive and important factor in any crisis but, in a nuclear age, this factor may not be sufficient. Interfamily communication and helpfulness may become more essential than ever before. The value of mutual aid is not fully appreciated by public in periods of stability but this lack of insight may be rectified if crisis deepens. Quite possibly hypothetical projection of future deliberately selected in foregoing analysis will never become reality. It does seem reasonable, however, to expect crises to continue and tensions to fluctuate accordingly. As a recent report on emergency planning puts it: