Hypothetical Construction Research Articles

THE FORMATION OF POSITIVE EXPECTATIONS AS A MOTIVATIONAL RESOURCE FOR PERSONNEL TRAINING

The purpose of the article: based on the analysis of the most popular theories of motivation to study, to show the role of the formation of positive expectations in adult study participants on motivation to study and its results. Motivation to study is understood as a hypothetical construction that consists of a general set of processes, methods, and means of motivating individuals to productive cognitive activity, and active assimilation of knowledge, which depends on the level of formation of their motivation to study, as well as the desire and desire to learn. One of the factors of motivation is expectations, which are interpreted as the result or its probability, what a person would like to get from his efforts and, accordingly, exactly what efforts he is ready to spend for this. The article examines the theories of activity motivation and learning motivation with a focus on the formation of positive learning expectations as a factor in motivating the learning activities of employees of enterprises. It analyzes how expectations affect the motivation of learning in adults, how they can be used in the formation of learning strategies, and which needs are the most critical for the formation of internal learning motivation. It was determined that according to the latest research, the most relevant expectations in the formation of educational motivation are the interaction of the need for autonomy, competence, social context, the practicality of acquired knowledge, the formation of a positive educational experience, and incorrectly formed expectations can be a powerful demotivating factor. Keywords: learning motivation, internal and external learning motives, learning motivation in crisis conditions

Comparative analysis of embodied carbon in modular and conventional construction methods in Hong Kong

Addressing the rise in global temperatures and the associated increase in greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide, is a critical challenge necessitating innovative approaches within the building sector, a significant contributor to worldwide carbon emissions. While previous studies have demonstrated the prefabrication’s potential in reducing emissions, comprehensive assessments using actual project data for buildings constructed entirely with modular methods in Hong Kong are lacking. This study bridges this gap by evaluating the modular integrated construction (MiC) method through an embodied carbon assessment of the Kai Tak Community Isolation Facility. Using comprehensive project data from China State Construction (HK) Limited, the research conducts a comparative analysis between the actual emissions of the MiC method and those of a hypothetical conventional construction approach. Quantitative analysis reveals that MiC achieves a 20.7% reduction in embodied carbon, primarily due to shortened construction timelines, decreased waste generation, and optimized material usage. This significant reduction suggests substantial potential for decreasing the construction industry’s carbon footprint. The study provides empirical evidence supporting the environmental benefits of MiC in Hong Kong construction industry, promoting its broader adoption of MiC as a strategy for achieving carbon reduction targets. The findings align with Hong Kong’s carbon neutrality goals and contribute to the global initiative to mitigate the effects of climate change.

CONCENTRATION OF LUNAR PLAGIOCLASE FOR SOLAR CELLS FABRICATION. AN ISRU CONCEPTUAL ARCHITECTURE

Solar panels are required on the Moon to provide power for human activities, especially mining and civil operations. To provide enough power and maintain human settlements working, a technical solution known as the Tall Lunar Tower (TLT) claims to be able to capture sunlight 93% of the time through solar panel structures and provide 50 kW per tower. A typical photovoltaic panel is made of 76% glass, 10% polymer, 8% aluminum, 5% silicon, and 1% other metals. Delivering these materials from Earth is expensive and risky. Fortunately, lunar regolith contains large amounts of silicon and aluminum oxides and silicates, thus, it would be feasible to use the resources in situ for metal production, hence, we just need to transport polymers, wire, and minor components from Earth. This article presents an ISRU (in-situ resource utilization) architecture to provide plagioclase concentrate, the economic lunar ore for aluminum and silicon extraction. The document details engineering aspects and technological solutions for lunar mining, including excavation, transport, and beneficiation operations; based on a hypothetical construction and deployment of TLT at the South Pole. Processing techniques such as screening and magnetic separation are discussed to evaluate their advantages and drawbacks to obtain an expected plagioclase concentration of 70% grade with 18% recovery. Finally, an outline of recommendations for industrial manufacture is discussed, considering the sequential lunar metals extraction and the quality required.

Seventeenth-century Seville houses: a survey by the Alarife Juan De Legarra (1637)

Despite the wealth of preserved information, research on the domestic architecture of Seville has been limited. Much of this historical data is available in survey books that were formally compiled in Seville from the Modern Age onwards. These books had detailed descriptions and sometimes illustrations provided by surveyors who were commissioned by owners or tenants.The intention of this study is to illustrate that the information contained in building surveys goes beyond simple descriptions or measurements often accompanied by drawings. They are a comprehensive account that, even centuries later, help reconstruct the architecture, material culture and everyday life that no longer exist. Our research contributes to the understanding of the domestic architectural history of Seville by focusing on one specific survey (a collection of drawings and a written description) extracted from the Hospital de las Cinco Llagas Collection, which is found in the Seville Provincial Council Archive. At least one of the drawings and the written survey can be attributed to the Alarife (architect or master builder) Juan de Legarra, who signed them in 1637.This research explores the architectural development of the city, offering fresh insights into its architecture, heritage, and history. It supplements existing historical, visual, and written records derived from prior studies with a meticulously curated bibliography. Additionally, it uses visualisation techniques to reconstruct buildings, augmenting the research.This endeavour has yielded anticipated benefits, particularly in facilitating visual analysis. The surveys have proven to be invaluable for historical inquiry, yielding unexpected insights through the thorough analysis of both written and graphic sources which serve as a basis for hypothetical construction plans due to their detailed descriptions. Furthermore, this study has contributed to enriching both historical and architectural terminology.The incorporation of digital technologies into this architectural context allows us to expand our knowledge through the exhaustive compilation of building records. It also facilitates in-depth analysis of architecture, which could result in an up-to-date architectural catalogue that would stimulate interest in preserving a legacy that, until recently, was at risk of being lost.

THE VARIETY OF PROBLEMS IN JAPANESE STUDENTS’ HYPOTHETICAL PREMISE CONSTRUCTIONS

Among the foundations of critical thinking in EFL is the ability of language learners to be able to express their views in terms of predictions and outcomes. It is all the more important in science universities such as the institution where the author teaches. Nine Japanese first-year university students in Japan, participated in a study involving an extended experiential learning project, using physical objects and observable phenomena. While students’ general use of premise and conclusion markers markedly improved, problems in their construction of hypothetical premises persisted. I will discuss the types of problems and offer explanations for why these problems continue to occur, and I will suggest ways in which instruction on hypothetical premise construction may be improved.

Embedding extreme events to mine project planning: Implications on cost, time, and disclosure standards

Extreme events, characterized as infrequent and catastrophic occurrences, can present significant challenges in various industries. These events can be associated with earthquakes, landslides, hurricanes, floods, rainfalls, and wildfires. The mining industry is also highly vulnerable to extreme events because it threats operation sustainability, employees' safety, and environmental compliance. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of earthquakes in a mining area and evaluates their impacts on a mining operation through a case study based on a mine construction project. To this end, Extreme Value Theory (EVT) using both the Block Maxima (BM) and Peaks Over Threshold (POT) methods was employed to analyze the historical earthquake data and estimate the return levels corresponding to the planned mine project completion time. Furthermore, a Discrete Event Simulation (DES) model was developed to perform a comprehensive risk assessment, allowing for a detailed examination of the potential consequences that a specified magnitude earthquake could have on the project's cost and duration. 1000 earthquake scenarios for the period covering the project life were generated for a thorough risk assessment. The case study focused on a hypothetical open pit mine construction project located in the province of British Columbia, Canada. Historical earthquake data specific to the selected region were analyzed, and the potential consequences of earthquakes on the project were evaluated. According to the results, the return level of 4.7 ML earthquake was obtained corresponding to the return period defined as the planned project completion time. In the event of an earthquake with this specified magnitude, simulation results revealed that there is a 95% probability that the project will experience a delay of at least 6.28% of the project completion time, ultimately leading to project costs exceeding the normal project cost by a minimum of 4.85%. The study highlights the importance of considering extreme natural events, such as earthquakes, in mining project planning and risk mitigation. The results provide valuable insights into the likelihood and potential consequences of earthquakes, contributing to better risk assessment, strategic planning, informed decision-making, and improved project management practices in the mining industry.

Carbon Emission Evaluation of Roadway Construction at Contaminated Sites Based on Life Cycle Assessment Method

Greenhouse gas emissions induced by climate change have garnered global attention. Minimizing climate change can be achieved through the reduction of carbon emissions in transportation infrastructure construction and in the production of construction materials. This study aims to calculate carbon emissions in three hypothetical construction scenarios based on the life cycle assessment (LCA) method when a roadway passes across polluted soil at contaminated sites. Three methods are employed to remediate contaminated soil: off-site cement kiln co-processing, on-site ex-situ thermal desorption, and on-site ex-situ solidification/stabilization. Carbon emissions are calculated using the LCA method for each scenario. The baseline carbon emission is estimated for the scenario in which contaminated soil is remediated using the off-site cement kiln co-processing method, and the roadway subgrade is constructed using transported clean soil. In the other two scenarios, contaminated soils are remediated using the on-site ex-situ thermal desorption and solidification/stabilization methods, respectively, and then they are reused as roadway subgrade materials. The LCA analyses demonstrate that the total carbon emission reductions range from 1168.48 to 2379.62 tons per basic unit, corresponding to decreased of 19.31% to 39.33%, respectively, compared to baseline. The reuse of solid waste to replace sand and ordinary Portland cement (OPC) as raw materials in roadway construction reduces carbon emissions by 498.98 tons. Finally, a comparison of carbon emissions between the three scenarios indicates that reducing carbon emissions in the remediation of contaminated soil and reusing solid waste as construction materials are two important methods for achieving overall carbon emission reductions in roadway construction projects.

Vonnisbespreking: Mediese nalatigheid – vertraging in oorplasing van pasiënt na geskikte sorg; en of nalatigheid oorsaaklik verband hou met amputasie van pasiënt se been

Medical negligence – delay in transfer of patient to definitive care; and whether negligence was causally linked to amputation of patient’s leg The majority decision in the present case concerns a medical negligence matter involving the negligence of a general practitioner regarding his treatment of another medical practitioner who had sustained an injury during a robbery. The case merits closer inspection for a few reasons. The majority decision did not consider all the elements of a delict as one would expect, whilst the finding was based mainly on a hypothetical construction of the medical negligence test. The majority’s handling of expert medical evidence is also peculiar for preferring a theoretically based expert opinion to the opinion of an expert who personally examined the injured patient. In the discussion the facts are briefly traced, emphasising the chronological order of events for the specific reason of the significance of the time factor in the judgment. Next the majority and minority judgments are discussed, followed by a consideration of the test for medical negligence in the case, the role of causation and the contrasting expert evidence that was presented. The discussion is concluded with the argument that had the locality rule (the role of locality when ascertaining medical negligence) been applied in this case, the outcome would have been completely different.

Do all roads lead to Rome? A comparison of knowledge-based, data-driven, and physics-based surrogate models for performance-based early design

A performance-based early design must assess the life cycle performance of a sizable design space at low computational cost and limited data. This paper evaluates the relative capabilities of three surrogate modeling approaches to estimate seismic loss under complete and incomplete design information scenarios. Three surrogate models of knowledge-based (i.e., from prior published assessments), data-driven (i.e., support vector machine trained on a simulation-based building inventory), and physics-based (i.e., equivalent single-degree-of-freedom systems) are systematically used to estimate bounds on direct seismic loss for four hypothetical concrete office construction projects in Charleston, South Carolina. Subsequently, a framework is presented that implements these surrogate models as a sequence to explore design alternatives consistent with divergence-convergence cycles of early design exploration. The results show that all different surrogate models provide reasonable accuracy for the complete design information case, whereas data-driven models provided higher accuracy than the other models. For incomplete design information, the data-driven models demarcated the performance space and estimated the same median loss values as detailed loss analysis. In contrast, physics-based surrogate models were more accurate in capturing the relationship between loss and design parameters for smaller sets of design alternatives. Nevertheless, all different surrogate modeling techniques were inadequate to capture loss variability between different designs of the same geometry.

Evaluation of Casualty Risk Index for Evacuating When Inundation Occurs on Excavation Construction Sites

Recently, inundation accidents occur repeatedly on underground excavation construction sites owing to frequent intensive rainfall events. In the case of the inundation of underground construction sites, injury and drowning accidents may occur on the evacuation route. However, no method or standard for calculating the risk of casualty while evacuating workers has been proposed. In this study, we defined the casualty risk index (CRI) and developed a method for estimating CRI. We adopted the “HV,” which is the product of height (water depth) and velocity (water velocity) recommended by previous researches. The “HV” indicates that humans can walk safely in water flow without stumbling. The proposed method was applied to a hypothetical underground construction site in the city of Yeosoo. ArcGIS Pro was used to model the hypothetical excavation site, and XPSWMM was used to simulate rainfall runoff and two-dimensional hydraulic simulation. While the runoff was flowing into an underground construction site, we simulated the water height and water velocity on the evacuation route to estimate the CRI. The results showed that CRIs from various rainfall scenarios remained in the safe criteria, indicating that workers could safely evacuate from the site in the rainfall scenarios. However, the CRI is influenced by site-based factors, and these factors are discussed.

Solar energy for the airport ground support equipment – a quantitative study

PurposeThis paper aims to evaluate the hypothetical situation in a resembling airport to Esenboga Airport and analyzes the condition of all ground support equipment (GSE) equipment to be supplied by electricity produced by solar panels mounted on the rooftop of the terminal building. The case is discussed using environmental emissions and economic feasibility. The results of the resembling case can be generalized to all airports for the reduction of emissions caused by ground operations of aviation.Design/methodology/approachGSE fleet data which has been prepared by TGS operated in the Esenboğa Airport have been used to calculate emissions, and equivalent electricity consumption. A hypothetical solar panel construction on the rooftop of the terminal building and also the electricity production case was analyzed. Based on the calculations, both fuel and electricity use cases are compared by means of emissions and production costs using real data.FindingsThe electricity production and transmission pose a high value of emissions. Thus, electrification of GSE in the airport need a new approach such as producing the electric energy in the site. This research analyzes the case that the electricity is produced on the rooftop of terminal building and consumed by the GSE fleet. The authors discussed that it is both feasible and possible to electrify all the GSE except a shortage of two cold months with high fuel demand by using electric storage options.Practical implicationsGround handling is performed by using GSE which is historically powered by diesel and such internal combustion engines which are well known for their high emission rates. As most of the airports reside in populated areas, GSE emissions need to be evaluated for reduction. However the electric energy could be an alternative for GSE emissions reductionOriginality/valueAviation is a system of many subsystems in which the performance of each unit plays a crucial role in the final success of the system. Concerns on environmental protection make the aviation industry focus on reducing emissions produced during operations. Although aircraft emissions are widely discussed in the literature, ground handling systems which are an integral part of the whole aviation system, also need to be studied regarding the environmental issues. Besides, the European Union has set out targets of reducing emissions at the airports during ground operations to zero. This paper discusses the possibility of the target by comparing various scenarios

Ecological technology of green building in the initial stage of design based on BIM technology

At present, the whole world is faced with a common topic, that is, the contradiction between energy consumption, serious fog, the continuous rise of PM2.5, plastic waste, white pollution and other environmental pollution and the worldwide energy shortage. In this paper, aiming at the international new town construction project in Xigu District, Lanzhou, Revit software is used to establish a physical model for data integration and integrated management of the geometric information of building space, functional information of building space, building materials and other related data information of the project, and an analysis model for the scheme design of the residential building of the project is obtained, and ecological and technical factors such as energy consumption analysis, lighting analysis, indoor lighting analysis, solar radiation analysis, shading and thermal comfort analysis of the project location are analyzed. The research shows that the thermal performance, energy consumption simulation analysis and hourly heat gain/loss analysis of the envelope in the coldest weather in the local area show that the heat conduction of the envelope is small under the three conditions of structural design (case A), standard limit (case B) and hypothetical construction (case C), which indicates that the solar radiant heat is mainly related to the material performance of the external window when the heat transfer coefficient of the roof is close, and the heat gain and loss between regions has little change.

Autour de j’aimerais dire : de l’approche polyphonique à l’ethos

We approach the study of the unit j’aimerais dire, in the theoretical framework of linguistic polyphony. This tool allows us to distinguish two semantic values with the same discursive strategy of attenuation. Two different mechanisms allow attenuation: the first corresponds to an attenuation conveyed by a hypothetical construction, in which j’aimerais dire constitutes the apodosis of an implicit protasis; for the second, we are not dealing with a hypothetical construction conditional but rather an attenuation conditional. The proposed structures, in which the two semantic entities are inserted – in deep structure – are respectively: j’aimerais dire X, si Y, and puisque Y, j’aimerais dire X. The use of the modal conditional, of hypothesis and of attenuation, allows the projection of both ethos.

Effect of Hydrogen-Donor of Heavy Crude Oil Catalytic Aquathermolysis in the Presence of a Nickel-Based Catalyst

The transformations of oil components from the Zyuzeevskoye field during catalytic aquathermolysis in the presence of a nickel-containing catalyst precursor and hydrogen donors were studied. It was found that the yield of gasoline and diesel fractions increased by more than 36% in the case of catalytic aquathermolysis in the presence of tetralin. The maximum conversion of asphaltenes was achieved with a simultaneous slowing down of coke formation by four times. The calculation of the structural-group parameters of initial asphaltenes and the products of thermal cracking and catalytic aquathermolysis was made, and the hypothetical construction of their molecular structures was proposed. It was established that the phase composition, ratio, and morphology of nickel catalysts after catalytic aquathermolysis (CA) and catalytic aquathermolysis with tetralin (CA+T) depend on the amount of “free” hydrogen and are represented by Ni0.96S and Ni9S8.

From separate clause to epistemic adverbial, the neglected source construction and initial-to-medial pathway: Chinese guoran ‘it really happens’

ABSTRACT The source construction and the pathway for the formation of English epistemic adverbials are widely discussed in the literature. However, few studies to our knowledge have specifically discussed a hypothetical source construction of separate clauses and a hypothetical initial-to-medial pathway. Chinese guoran was first used as a separate clause, and later developed into an epistemic adverbial meaning ‘it really happens’. Diachronic investigations reveal that it followed a hypothetical initial-to-medial pathway leading from a clause-initial position to a clause-medial position. The hypothetical source construction and the hypothetical pathway are supported by diachronic changes of other epistemic adverbials in Chinese, and may be adopted to account for the formation of some epistemic adverbials in the other languages.

Construction Operations Practices and Operations Research Tool Application in a Hypothetical Construction Project

This study aimed to assess the construction operations practices of three contractors; apply the construction operations practices for each company to a hypothetical construction project; and use an operation research tool in the hypothetical construction project. The results showed that the majority of contractors have similar organizational delivery systems with functional departments such as business development, finance, human resources, and construction operations, and they fall into the PCAB group. According to respondents, efficiency in resource use, avoidance of non-conformance works, elimination of wastes or non-value-added activities, value engineering, bulk order discounts, listing of different suppliers, double shifting of work scheme, prioritizing activities suitable for weather conditions, delegating work packages to subcontractors, resequencing the project schedule, application of value engineering are all important factors in optimizing project costs. The study concludes that operations research methods are important in project management, particularly in terms of reducing construction costs and increasing project profit. The findings indicated how the operations research tool, in conjunction with the QM for Windows application, made determining project schedule priorities to manage large and complicated project operations appear simple.

МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ В ПРАВЕ КАК СПОСОБ ПОЗНАНИЯ ПРАВОВЫХ ЯВЛЕНИЙ

This article substantiates the need to apply such a scientific method as modeling in the legal sphere. The concept of modeling is revealed as a hypothetical construction used to build assumptions in law enforcement, as well as a post-event reflection of existing phenomena of legal reality. An analysis of the methodological principles on which legal modeling is based is presented. The author focuses on the philosophical and legal dimension of models, which makes it possible to base not only the teleological aspect of the application of models, but also the subjective-rational one. The rationale for the increment of scientific legal knowledge with the help of such a subspecies of scientific modeling as a legal reasoning is presented. Based on this study, the author substantiates the necessary relationship between theory and practice in jurisprudence, from the synergy of which modeling in law grows.

A Wake– Sleep Regulation

The wake pattern of rest is one of the components of life an under a mind boggling, circadian, homeostatic association including different inherited and neurobiological framework. The rule of rest and mindfulness is the muddled collaborating circadian between subcortical neuromodulators on midbrain, brainstem, operational hub, basal forebrain, thalamus, cortex, physiological, and electrocortical states. two-process model of rest rule a homeostatic cooperation called the S cycle and a circadian collaboration called the C association. The S collaboration tends to an accepted drive to rest that increases constantly during mindfulness, and reduces legitimately during (non-REM) rest. Process C tends to a 24-hour oscillatory assortment in the affinity to rest. These two cycles were shown to anticipate rest time and length and the force of non-REM rest. Over the latest thirty years two models of the rest rule process have filled in as the crucially hypothetical construction in rest. The circadian rhythm bewildering that system controls limits generally through the body, including rest and mindfulness. At the cell level, characteristics proteins to control circadian rhythms however outside the cell level, light-faint regular clock commitment from the plot of retino-hypothalamic moved to the suprachiasmatic center (SCN).

A Cross-Jurisdictional Analysis of the “Person Skilled in the Art” (PSITA)/ “Person Having Ordinary Skill in the Art” (PHOSITA) standard under Patent laws.

This research paper demonstrates a cross-jurisdictional analysis of the “Person Skilled in the Art” (PSITA) / “Person Having Ordinary Skill in the Art” (PHOSITA) standard under Patent laws. In order to receive a grant of a patent, it is necessary for the invention to be “novel”, have an “inventive step” and be capable of “industrial application”. It is also necessary for the invention to be sufficiently disclosed in the patent application. All the above-mentioned factors are judged by a hypothetical legal construction, i.e. the PSITA/PHOSITA. However, each jurisdiction has set its own standard for the PSITA/PHOSITA, leading to differential patenting standards across all the jurisdictions. Therefore, this research paper aims to do a comparison in the skill standard of the PSITA/PHOSITA in India, U.S.A and U.K. This topic is of great importance as it is a neglected area in the field of Patent law. The aim is to find out which jurisdiction has set the most favorable skill standard which should be followed by others as well. The outcome of the research paper is that the skill standard set by India is the most logical as they have set a higher standard to assess the Inventive step and have diluted the standard when it comes to disclosure requirements. Further, developing a uniform skill standard to be followed by all jurisdictions should also be strongly considered.

Finite element analysis of a zoned earth dam under earthquake excitation

This paper presents a finite element analysis of a zoned earth dam under the effects of earthquake conditions. GeoStudio software, and in particular the sub-programs SEEP/W and QUAKE/W were used, and the earthquake used in the analysis was an Iraqi earthquake that occurred in Ali Al-Garbi, within the Missan governorate. The Haditha dam section data was used for the hypothetical dam construction. The total length of length of this dam is 9,064 metres, which includes 8,875 metres of earth fill, and the maximum height of the dam is 57 m. The shell is constructed from a mix of sand and gravel, with an average particle diameter ranging from 0.24 to 16.7 mm. Three different properties were used to represent the core material, and each of these properties was analysed under three different heads of water on the upstream side. The results showed that high water levels at the upstream side of the dam heavily influenced the analysis results. The water flux, water conductivity, and peak displacement all increased with the increase in the water level upstream of the dam. For a water level equal to 152 m, the maximum values of water flux, water conductivity, and maximum displacement were 3.951 × 10-3 m2/sec, 6.654 × 10-3, and 2.03 m, respectively, while where the water level was 143 m, these values were equal to 2.023 × 10-3 m2/sec, 3.995 × 10-3, and 1.85 m, respectively. Further analysis showed that the water flux, water conductivity, and peak displacement increased with increases in the void ratio and degree of saturation of the clay core material, moving from 2.023 × 10-3 to 3.951 × 10-3 m2/sec for water flux, from 3.995 × 10-3 to 6.654 × 10-3 for water conductivity, and from 1.85 to 2.03 m for peak displacement.