Overlap Hypothesis Research Articles

Is Referent Reintroduction More Vulnerable to Crosslinguistic Influence? An Analysis of Referential Choice among Japanese–English Bilingual Children

This study aims to examine whether a crosslinguistic influence (CLI) is exerted on the referring expressions of the spoken narratives of Japanese–English bilingual children in different discourse contexts. Thirteen early bilingual (school-age) children separately presented Japanese and English narratives for a wordless picture book and a speechless video clip. Further, seven Japanese and nine English monolingual children participated as controls. The linguistic devices that the children adopted to introduce, reintroduce, and maintain the topic were compared with those of their monolingual controls to detect any CLI. As predicted, CLI for English on Japanese was observed but not vice versa. In Japanese, bilinguals utilize significantly more noun phrases (NPs) compared with their monolingual counterparts. More crucially, this was observed only in the referent reintroduction context, indicating that only discourse contexts that require the integration of much pragmatic information may be vulnerable to English influence. Null forms are barely utilized in English narratives; thus, no influence from Japanese was observed. We present the referential choice patterns in the elicited spoken narratives of bilingual school-age children acquiring an under-researched language pair. By controlling for the discourse context, we demonstrate that CLI is more likely to manifest in the reintroduction context. These findings offer additional evidence for the interface and structural overlap hypothesis, further highlighting the criticality of considering information structure as an influencing condition.

SIFIAE: An adaptive emotion recognition model with EEG feature-label inconsistency consideration

Background:A common but easily overlooked affective overlap problem has not been received enough attention in electroencephalogram (EEG)-based emotion recognition research. In real life, affective overlap refers to the current emotional state of human being is sometimes influenced easily by his/her historical mood. In stimulus-evoked EEG collection experiment, due to the short rest interval in consecutive trials, the inner mechanisms of neural responses make subjects cannot switch their emotion state easily and quickly, which might lead to the affective overlap. For example, we might be still in sad state to some extent even if we are watching a comedy because we just saw a tragedy before. In pattern recognition, affective overlap usually means that there exists the feature-label inconsistency in EEG data. New methods:To alleviate the impact of inconsistent EEG data, we introduce a variable to adaptively explore the sample inconsistency in emotion recognition model development. Then, we propose a semi-supervised emotion recognition model for joint sample inconsistency and feature importance exploration (SIFIAE). Accordingly, an efficient optimization method to SIFIAE model is proposed. Results:Extensive experiments on the SEED-V dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of SIFIAE. Specifically, SIFIAE achieves 69.10%, 67.01%, 71.50%, 73.26%, 72.07% and 71.35% average accuracies in six cross-session emotion recognition tasks. Conclusion:The results illustrated that the sample weights have a rising trend in the beginning of most trials, which coincides with the affective overlap hypothesis. The feature importance factor indicated the critical bands and channels are more obvious compared with some models without considering EEG feature-label inconsistency.

Influences of hand action on the processing of symbolic numbers: A special role of pointing?

Embodied and grounded cognition theories state that cognitive processing is built upon sensorimotor systems. In the context of numerical cognition, support to this framework comes from the interactions between numerical processing and the hand actions of reaching and grasping documented in skilled adults. Accordingly, mechanisms for the processing of object size and location during reach and grasp actions might scaffold the development of mental representations of numerical magnitude. The present study exploited motor adaptation to test the hypothesis of a functional overlap between neurocognitive mechanisms of hand action and numerical processing. Participants performed repetitive grasping of an object, repetitive pointing, repetitive tapping, or passive viewing. Subsequently, they performed a symbolic number comparison task. Importantly, hand action and number comparison were functionally and temporally dissociated, thereby minimizing context-based effects. Results showed that executing the action of pointing slowed down the responses in number comparison. Moreover, the typical distance effect (faster responses for numbers far from the reference as compared to close ones) was not observed for small numbers after pointing, while it was enhanced by grasping. These findings confirm the functional link between hand action and numerical processing, and suggest new hypotheses on the role of pointing as a meaningful gesture in the development and embodiment of numerical skills.

PRD-Class Homeobox Genes in Bovine Early Embryos: Function, Evolution, and Overlapping Roles.

Eutherian Totipotent Cell Homeobox (ETCHbox) genes are mammalian-specific PRD-class homeobox genes with conserved expression in the preimplantation embryo but fast-evolving and highly divergent sequences. Here, we exploit an ectopic expression approach to examine the role of bovine ETCHbox genes and show that ARGFX and LEUTX homeodomain proteins upregulate genes normally expressed in the blastocyst; the identities of the regulated genes suggest that, in vivo, the ETCHbox genes play a role in coordinating the physical formation of the blastocyst structure. Both genes also downregulate genes expressed earlier during development and genes associated with an undifferentiated cell state, possibly via the JAK/STAT pathway. We find evidence that bovine ARGFX and LEUTX have overlapping functions, in contrast to their antagonistic roles in humans. Finally, we characterize a mutant bovine ARGFX allele which eliminates the homeodomain and show that homozygous mutants are viable. These data support the hypothesis of functional overlap between ETCHbox genes within a species, roles for ETCHbox genes in blastocyst formation and the change of their functions over evolutionary time.

Crosslinguistic influence from Catalan and Yucatec Maya on judgments and processing of Spanish focus

Abstract Although a bilingual’s knowledge of one language can affect the other, crosslinguistic influence (CLI) is constrained: certain domains, such as the syntax-discourse interface, are more likely to be affected. Linguists have debated CLI’s nature and cause: the Structural Overlap Hypothesis identifies surface overlap between the languages as the key factor determining CLI, while the Interface Hypothesis highlights the role of processing overloads. Our study presents evidence from processing and judgments of a syntax-discourse interface property – information focus – in the Spanish of Yucatecan Spanish monolinguals, Yucatec Maya-Spanish bilinguals, and Catalan-Spanish bilinguals. The comparison across language dyads that realize information focus in different ways allows us to test predictions for language-specific effects of CLI. Using a forced-choice task to measure offline sentence preferences and a self-paced reading task to measure real-time processing, we find (i) language-specific CLI for Yucatec Maya bilinguals but (ii) no CLI for Catalan bilinguals and (iii) no significant differences in real-time processing. We conclude that these results provide partial support for the Structural Overlap Hypothesis but do not align with the Interface Hypothesis. We also examine the role of language dominance on CLI but find no such effects.

Dengue Behavior in The Face of the Covid-19 Pandemic in Minas Gerais, Brazil

This study analyzes, describes, and differentiates between the measurement of Dengue in Minas Gerais, Brazil, between January 2018 and April 2021, and Covid-19 data reported between March 2020 and April 2021. An epidemiological, observational, retrospective, descriptive, and analytical study was carried out to assess correlations between combat and coping measures in the public health sector for each disease. For sample collection, the DATASUS and TABNET platforms were used, along with secondary data on reported cases of Dengue and Covid-19, from 2018 to 2021 in the state of Minas Gerais. For storage, tabulation, statistical analysis of data and graphic construction, Excel version 2021 and Google spreadsheet software were used. Dengue incidence from 2018 to 2021 was compared with the years 2019 to 2020 against the backdrop of the emergence and incidence of Covid-19. Our study reveals a sharp drop in the epidemic curve for Dengue cases in 2020 compared to the previous year, while cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection grew exponentially. After accounting for seasonal factors of Dengue increase and impact, such as precipitation, we conclude that for the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, the hypothesis of overlap between cases of Dengue and Covid-19 is consistent for the years studied. However, research on the subject in other countries over a longer timeframe would be relevant to verify such an occurrence.

The Impact of Perspective Taking on Obesity Stereotypes: The Dual Mediating Effects of Self-Other Overlap and Empathy.

Previous studies have indicated that obese people face many forms of severe prejudice and discrimination in various settings, such as education, employment, and interpersonal relationships. However, research aimed at reducing obesity stereotyping is relatively rare, and prior studies have focused primarily on negative stereotypes. Based on the empathy-altruism hypothesis and self-other overlap hypothesis, this study investigates the impact of perspective taking (PT) on both positive and negative obesity stereotypes and examines the mediating effects of empathy and self-other overlap. A sample of 687 students (191 males and 496 females) at Chinese universities participated by completing self-report questionnaires on trait tendency and evaluation toward obese people. Structural equation modeling and the bootstrap method revealed that self-other overlap (but not empathy) mediated the relationship between PT and negative obesity stereotypes. While self-other overlap and empathy both mediated the relationship between PT and positive obesity stereotypes. These findings address the importance of PT for improving positive and negative obesity stereotypes: specifically, PT promotes psychological merging, and produces empathic concern (EC).

Assessing the Victim–Offender Overlap in Prison Victimization and Misconduct Among Taiwanese Male Inmates

AbstractA substantial body of research supports the existence of the victim–offender overlap in the general population. However, few scholars have investigated this phenomenon in the prison context. Drawing on survey data collected from 2,065 male inmates residing in Taiwan’s nine prisons, this study tested the victim–offender overlap hypothesis and identified the most common characteristics of inmates assuming the dual role. Bivariate probit analyses revealed that the victim–offender overlap in the general population also applies to the incarcerated. Four common risk factors were found among inmates who were both victims and offenders. The findings have clear implications for researchers, practitioners and policymakers and shed light on the understudied topic of the victim–offender overlap phenomenon in prison.

How (not) to cross a boundary: Crosslinguistic influence in simultaneous bilingual children's event construal

AbstractSimultaneous bilingual children sometimes display crosslinguistic influence (CLI), widely attested in the domain of morphosyntax. It remains less clear whether CLI affects bilinguals’ event construal, what motivates its occurrence and directionality, and how developmentally persistent it is. The present study tested predictions generated by the structural overlap hypothesis and the co-activation account in the motion event domain. 96 English–French bilingual children of two age groups and 96 age-matched monolingual English and French controls were asked to describe animated videos displaying voluntary motion events. Semantic encoding in main verbs showed bidirectional CLI. Unidirectional CLI affected French path encoding in the verbal periphery and was predicted by the presence of boundary-crossing, despite the absence of structural overlap. Furthermore, CLI increased developmentally in the French data. It is argued that these findings reflect highly dynamic co-activation patterns sensitive to the requirements of the task and to language-specific challenges in the online production process.

Autism, schizofrenie, ADHD. Perspective convergente

Over time, continuous efforts have been made to clarify and circumscribe diagnoses of autism, schizophrenia, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The diagnostic split between the 3 disorders dominated psychiatry after the 80s, being still used and recognized as such by the diagnostic manuals. Recently a shift and flexibility of the psychiatric paradigm has been noticed. The categorical perspective on mental illness is gradually complemented by the dimensional one. In the last decade, research in the field of neuroscience and psychology has brought evidence in favor of a partial overlap between ADHD, autism and schizophrenia. The hypothesis of a partial overlap can also be supported by non-medical or psychological theorizations, related to common deficits of symbolic structuring of the psyche in achieving a coherent representation of the world and of one’s own person.

Degree of conceptual overlap affects eye movements in visual world paradigm

ABSTRACT Several studies employing the visual world paradigm have shown that people will look at visual objects having a semantic relationship with spoken words. However, it remains unclear how eye movements are controlled in the visual world paradigm. The present study examined how listeners guide their eyes in the visual world paradigm by distinguishing the conceptual overlap hypothesis and the uncertainty reduction hypothesis. The uncertainty of the spoken words and the degree of conceptual overlap between visual objects and spoken words were manipulated by varying the spoken words across different hierarchical levels. The result showed that participants looked at the target objects more often when there was greater conceptual overlap between visual objects and spoken words, suggesting that the degree of conceptual overlap between spoken words and visual objects is the major factor that determines the probability of looking at a target object.

Dominance hierarchy on palm resource partitioning among Neotropical frugivorous mammals

Abstract In tropical forests, the diets of many frugivorous mammals overlap, yet how hyper-diverse assemblages of consumers exploit resources and coexist remains poorly understood. We evaluated competitive interactions among three species of terrestrial frugivorous mammals, the ungulate Tayassu pecari (white-lipped peccary), its close relative Pecari tajacu (collared peccary), and a large rodent (Dasyprocta azarae, agouti), in their exploitation strategies of palm resources of different quality. We conducted the study in a large isolated fragment at the tropical Atlantic Forest of Brazil, where these mammal species show high spatial and temporal overlap. We evaluated if body mass and foraging group size define a hierarchy in exploitation of preferentially richer palm resources. We used camera traps and two-species occupancy models to examine patterns of co-occurrence and variable interaction strength between these consumers and three species of palms. Our analyses supported the hypothesis of partial resource overlap but no competition among frugivores, and a body mass dominance hierarchical exploitation of resources. The larger frugivore (white-lipped peccary) dominated patches of the lipid-rich palm Euterpe edulis, where the smallest frugivore (agouti) was absent. Instead, the smallest frugivore concentrated its foraging in areas with the poorest palm resource, Syagrus oleracea. Collared peccaries preferred areas of high abundance of Syagrus romanzoffiana when the other two mammal species were rarely detected or absent, strongly avoided patches of E. edulis, and showed higher average detection probabilities when agoutis were present. Our study highlights the important role of behavioral plasticity in promoting coexistence and indicates that through context-dependent interactions and hierarchical partitioning of resources, consumers can avoid strong competition, even under conditions of high spatial and temporal overlap and high levels of habitat fragmentation and isolation.

Flicker defined form and RareBit measurements lack in specificity of visual pathways.

To evaluate the different visual pathways represented by the Heidelberg Engineering Perimeter flicker defined form and RareBit (magnocellular and parvocellular respectively) in different age-groups and according to the fatigue. Totally 64 eyes of 32 healthy subjects were included in the prospective study. Each participant underwent screening-ophthalmic examination including best-corrected visual acuity, anterior and posterior segment assessment, and visual field examination with Heidelberg Edge Perimetry (HEP)-standard automated perimeter (SAP) 24-2. They were observed for 2y previously to the enrollment. This helped to define that the enrolled patients did not bear the glaucoma-developing potential. During the screening and after two years the HEP had been conducted in the standard protocol 24-2 and RareBit perimetry (RBP) in accordance with the manufacturer's description. Participants were randomly assigned to the groups: flicker defined form (FDF)-first or RBP-first. This defined from which additional visual field test the participant started. Participants were additionally subdivided to younger and older study groups. The effect of subject variables was explored with Mann-Whitney U-test. Testing for the presence of correlations between parameters was performed using the Spearman Rank Order Correlations and confirmed by the parametric tests. For the influence of additional factors, the Kruskal-Wallis test was performed. The positive correlation between mean deviation (MD) and mean hit rate (MHR) and pattern standard deviation (PSD) and standard deviation of MHR (±MHR) were found in younger study group (P=0.005, r=0.481 and P=0.0074, r=0.465), whereas in the older subgroup no correlation was observed. Additionally, the randomization protocol helped in defining the role of fatigue on the HEP-FDF results. Participant for whom the HEP-FDF was performed after RareBit had significantly worse results than those for whom the HEP-FDF was first. In the younger group, the MHR and ±MHR depend from age in that group (P<0.05, r=0.43 and r=-0.57 respectively) while no age-dependent differences were found in HEP-related parameters. On the contrary in the older group the MD and PSD varies with age (P<0.05, r=0.47 and r= -0.44 respectively) while the RBP parameters remained unchanged. The questionnaire showed that participants preferred RareBit over HEP-FDF in terms of a duration time, comfort, understanding of the test procedures, and ocular pain (P<0.05). The influence of patient's fatigue should be considered during HEP-FDF examination. An overlap hypothesis should be reevaluated after determining of other factors that affect HEP-FDF and RareBit results.

P063 Diverticular Colitis Preceding the Onset of Ulcerative Colitis, Case Report

INTRODUCTION: Diverticular colitis (DC) is an inflammatory condition which affects only a segment of the colon and is associated to diverticula. It can share clinical characteristics with IBD suggesting an etiopathogenic relationship. This was a medically documented case of progression from DC to UC. To the best of our knowledge around 20 cases have been reported, none in Mexican patients. CASE REPORT: A 40-year-old male presented with self-limited cases of dysentery which did not respond to treatment. His initial blood work was remarkable: Leukocytes 9,000/mm3, Hb 15.7g/dL, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) 15 ml/h, C-reactive protein (CRP) 1.7mg/L negative P-ANCA, coprological study: negative for blood, pus and parasites. An initial colonoscopy reported an inflammatory colitis of unclear aetiology and pseudodiverticula in sigmoid colon. Biopsies of the ileum, rectum, sigmoid and colon reported a nonspecific inflammatory activity, emphasising that there were no criterium for IBD. Eight months later, the patient continued with the symptoms, laboratories were repeated: leukocytes 8,600/mm3, Hb 12.2 g/dL, ESR 40 ml/h, CRP 8.1 mg/L. Control colonoscopy reported a pancolitis compatible with UC and pseudodiverticula in sigmoid colon. Histopathology diagnosed a UC in an active phase. DISCUSSION: Diverticular Colitis is an endoscopically diagnosed pathology and in a pathognomonic way the pattern of inflammation of the colon does not affect the diverticular orifices. There are approximately 200 cases reported worldwide. The average age of presentation is 65 years, the male-female ratio is of 2:4. It typically presents with acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding and abdominal pain. The pathogenesis is uncertain, an overlap hypothesis supports a relationship between IBD and DC. One theory describes stress on the intestinal wall as a trigger for both diverticular disease and inflammation of the mucosa, which, in the genetically predisposed patient, can lead to the development of IBD. DC is classified into four subtypes: Type A or semilunar fold, type B similar to mild-moderate CUCI, type C similar to Crohn's disease, type D similar to severe CUCI. Gore S, and Shepherd N.A. reported 57 cases of CD where 6 progressed to UC in 6-24 months. To the best of our knowledge only 20 cases of progression have been reported, the last one in 2014 by Dr. Tatsuji Maeshiro, and none in Mexican patients. CONCLUSION: DC is a chronic and segmental inflammatory process of the mucosa associated with a diverticular disease. A physiopathogenic relationship between IBD and DC has been proposed. Reason why reporting and studying these cases could help resolve certain aspects of the physiopathologic route probably taken by this disease in a probable sequence of progression, analogue to the adenoma carcinoma sequence in colon cancer. Therefore, one could consider a closer follow-up in patients with diverticular colitis as they may progress to UC as in the previous case reported. This job has no conflict of interest.

Delimiting the concept of organizational commitment: empirical evidence of the overlap between the entrenchment and the continuance mindset

Abstract In the research agenda on organizational commitment, the three-dimensional model of Meyer and Allen is still extensively used, despite the fact that it has been the focus of discussions about conceptual and empirical problems, especially those related to one of its dimensions (continuance commitment). This study introduces to the existing debate the concept of organizational entrenchment, as the worker's tendency to remain due to his evaluation of his employability, his employment alternatives outside the organization, and the costs associated with leaving the company. In the career field, researchers found evidence of overlap between entrenchment and continuance commitment. In this study, we aimed to test the hypothesis of overlap between these constructs within the organizational target, using structural equation modeling. The sample consisted of 721 workers from different organizations and states in Brazil. We used SPSS 13.0 and AMOS 16.0 software. The two covariance models, both with good fit indices, provided evidence of overlap. In spite of the fact that the hypothesis was confirmed, we recommend further studies aimed at gathering additional empirical indicators showing that the continuance component represents the same phenomenon as organizational entrenchment, justifying its detachment from the concept of commitment.

The effect of differential spatiotopic information on the acquisition and generalization of fear of movement-related pain.

Fear of movement-related pain significantly contributes to musculoskeletal chronic pain disability. Previous research has shown that fear of movement-related pain can be classically conditioned. That is, in a differential fear conditioning paradigm, after (repeatedly) pairing a neutral joystick movement (conditioned stimulus; CS+) with a painful stimulus (unconditioned stimulus; pain-US), that movement in itself starts to elicit self-reported fear and elevated psychophysiological arousal compared to a control joystick movement (CS−) that was never paired with pain. Further, it has been demonstrated that novel movements that are more similar to the original CS+ elicit more fear than novel movements that are more similar to the CS−, an adaptive process referred to as stimulus generalization. By default, movement/action takes place in reference to the three-dimensional space: a movement thus not only involves proprioceptive information, but it also contains spatiotopic information. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate to what extent spatiotopic information (i.e., endpoint location of movement) contributes to the acquisition and generalization of such fear of movement-related pain besides proprioception (i.e., movement direction). In a between-subjects design, the location group performed joystick movements from the middle position to left and right; the movement group moved the joystick from left and right to the middle. One movement (CS+) was paired with pain, another not (CS−). Feature overlap between CSs typically reduces differential learning. The endpoint of both CSs in the movement group is an overlapping feature whereas in the location group the endpoint of both CSs is distinct; therefore we hypothesized that there would be less differential fear learning in the movement group compared to the location group. We also tested generalization to movements with similar proprioceptive features but different endpoint location. Following the principle of stimulus generalization, we expected that novel movements in the same direction as the CS+ but with a different endpoint would elicit more fear than novel movement in the same direction of the CS− but with a different endpoint. Main outcome variables were self-reported fear and pain-US expectancy and eyeblink startle responses (electromyographic). Corroborating the feature overlap hypothesis, the location group showed greater differential fear acquisition. Fear generalization emerged for both groups in the verbal ratings, suggesting that fear indeed accrued to proprioceptive CS features; these effects, however, were not replicated in the startle measures.

Structural surface overlap and derivational complexity in crosslinguistic transfer: Acquisition of English genitive alternation by Egyptian Arabic-speaking learners

This article adopts the surface overlap and derivational complexity hypotheses to study crosslinguistic transfer in the adult second language (L2) acquisition of English genitive alternation (between the s-genitives and the of genitives) by intermediate and advanced Egyptian Arabic-speaking learners. While the s-genitive (e.g. the boy’s shirt) and the of-genitive (e.g. the shirt of the boy) are allowed in principle to denote possession, the s-genitive is the native option when the possessor is human and the possessum is nonhuman. In standard syntactic analyses, the s-genitive is held to be more complex than the of-genitive, since it involves raising the possessor in the determiner phrase (DP). Egyptian Arabic is also known for its genitive alternation; it uses the synthetic genitive (the construct state), and the analytic genitive (the free state) that both overlap partially or significantly with the of-genitive. The results of an elicited production task showed that the intermediate group tended to produce the of-genitives in contexts in which the s-genitives were the target construction. The advanced group, on the other hand, produced the more complex s-genitives. These findings suggest that the surface overlap involved between the of-genitives and the corresponding genitive constructions in Egyptian Arabic conspired to trigger this crosslinguistic transfer. Also, resorting to the overlapping of-genitive option can be viewed as a strategy to avoid the more complex s-genitive option. The results of the advanced group imply that the acquisition of English genitive alternation undergoes two developmental stages. In the first, learners favor the less complex and overlapping of-genitives. In the second, they acquire the syntactic derivation in the s-genitives that raises the possessor in the DP.

M1 - FIVE NOVEL LOCI ASSOCIATED WITH ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER ARE REVEALED BY LEVERAGING POLYGENIC OVERLAP WITH EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental condition that affects about 5% of children and adolescents worldwide. Despite its high heritability little is known about underlying genetic factors. Among other things ADHD is tightly associated with educational failure. However, potential genetic overlap between ADHD and educational attainment has not been examined in detail so far. Exploiting epidemiological similarity between ADHD and educational attainment we aimed to improve discovery of ADHD-associated genetic factors and investigated genetic overlap between these phenotypes. We used ADHD data from the PGC (2064 trios, 896 cases, 2455 controls) and educational attainment data from the SSGAC (N=328917). To investigate polygenic overlap between ADHD and educational attainment we constructed fold-enrichment plots and conditional QQ plots in both directions: conditioning ADHD on educational attainment and vice versa. To explore the nature of the polygenic overlap and test a hypothesis that investigated traits correlate genetically we calculated correlations between z-scores of ADHD and educational attainment variants for nested strata of variants, representing subsets of SNPs with increasing significance of p-values in one of the traits. Additionally we supported this hypothesis by estimating genetic correlation between ADHD and educational attainment using LD score regression. We applied condFDR/conjFDR method to identify specific loci associated with ADHD and loci associated with both ADHD and educational attainment simultaneously. Consistency of effect directions for top association signals detected in our condFDR/conjFDR analyses was tested in the independent GWAS of ADHD symptoms from EAGLE consortium (N=17666). Using condFDR/conjFDR method we identified five novel loci associated with ADHD, three of these being shared between ADHD and educational attainment. Leading variants for four of five identified regions are located in introns of protein coding genes: KDM4A, MEF2C, PINK1, RUNX1T1, while the remaining one is an intergenic SNP on chromosome 2 at 2p24. Four of five loci have opposite directions of effect in ADHD and educational attainment and consistent directions of effect in the independent GWAS of ADHD symptoms from the EAGLE consortium. A hypothesis of polygenic overlap between ADHD and educational attainment was supported by significant genetic correlation (rg=-0.403, p=7.90E-8), consistent pleiotropic enrichment in conditional QQ plots, >10-fold mutual enrichment of SNPs associated with both traits and growing negative correlation of association z-scores for the nested SNP strata with increasing significance in both phenotypes. We found five novel loci associated with ADHD and provided evidence for a shared genetic basis between ADHD and educational attainment, implicating three genetic loci in this overlap. Four of five identified loci showed consistent effects in the independent data set of ADHD symptoms, and inverse correlation with educational attainment. The latter is in line with prior epidemiological and genetic studies. We belive that altogether these findings provide new insights into the relationship between ADHD and educational attainment, suggesting shared molecular genetic mechanisms. Further research is required to clarify the biological effects of the identified genetic variants and how these may influence educational attainment and ADHD pathogenesis.

Weirdness of disgust sensitivity items predicts their relationship to purity moral judgments

Disgust sensitivity predicts judgments of moral issues, especially when they concern transgressions of the purity domain. The reason for this domain-specific relationship is unclear. One potential explanation is that measures of disgust sensitivity and purity transgressions share an important characteristic: They are weird. We test this “weirdness overlap” hypothesis by examining whether weirdness of disgust sensitivity items relates to purity moral judgments (total N = 805). Weirder disgust sensitivity items were more strongly associated with moral judgments of purity, but not care, transgressions, suggesting support for the weirdness overlap hypothesis. However, the implications of this finding are limited as we find that eliminating the weirdest items from disgust sensitivity measures does not affect the tendency for the association between disgust sensitivity and moral judgments to be especially pronounced for purity transgressions. Although weirdness of disgust sensitivity items is associated with the disgust sensitivity-purity link, it cannot explain why disgust sensitivity is more strongly related to moral judgments of purity transgressions.

IS SPECIES GEOGRAPHIC OVERLAP CONSTANT ACROSS LATITUDE? A HOMAGE TO E. H. RAPOPORT

E. H. Rapoport's seminal book, Areography , was significant for the foundation of macroecology and development of geographical ecology. Indeed, one of the most studied macroecological patterns is the so-called Rapoport's rule -- the tendency of species geographic ranges to be smaller towards lower latitudes. However, several of Rapoport's pioneering ideas have been rarely studied or completely overlooked. Related to the ecogeographical rule that carries his name, he proposed the existence of a latitudinal geographical trend in the overlap of species ranges of the same genus: the constant overlap hypothesis. Such constancy, he argued, appears despite the existence of both latitudinal gradients in species richness and range size. This overlap pattern has not, to our knowledge, being revisited and tested. Here, we intend to honor his legacy by revisiting this particular hypothesis. Using current data for the original rodent genera that Rapoport studied and for phyllostomid bat genera, we applied this framework along with modern macroecological tests to evaluate the overlap among species of the same genus across latitude. We conducted correlation and linear regression analyses to describe this pattern and compared our results to a null model of simulated range construction and placement. Based on the observed vs. simulated pattern comparison, we found that Rapoport's original idea of a constant overlap across latitudinal bands is actually the expected pattern under the conditions of our null model. This may suggest that range cohesion and size, the only range properties kept in the null model, are sufficient to explain the overlap patterns among species of the same genus across latitude. We discuss our findings in light of potential biological and methodological explanations. In doing so, we highlight the enduring legacy that E. H. Rapoport had and will continue to have on our investigations of geographical ecology and macroecology.