Hypoglycemic Activity Of Polysaccharide Research Articles

Isolation, Purification, Structural Characterization, and Hypoglycemic Activity of Polysaccharide from Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. Seed Shell

In this manuscript, polysaccharide (TMSP) was isolated from Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. seed shell. The homogeneous polysaccharide (TMSP-1; molecular weight: 690.239 kDa) was purified by column chromatography (DEAE-cellulose-52 and Sephadex G-150). The result of monosaccharide composition showed that TMSP-1 consisted of D-mannose, D-glucose, D-galactose, and glucuronic acid in a molar ratio of 2.01 : 1.98 : 1.87 : 1. Methylation analysis showed that TMSP-1 was made up of →3)-D-Galp-(1→, D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-D-Manp-(1→, →6)-D-Galp-(1→, →4)-D-Galp-(1→, and →4,6)-D-Manp-(1→. The microscopic conformation of TMSP-1 showed a regular flake-like structure that was inlaid with small holes. The α-glucosidase inhibitory rate of TMSP-1 reached 52.23% when the concentration of TMSP-1 was 8 mg/mL, which confirmed the potential hypoglycemic activity of TMSP-1 in vitro. In vivo results showed that type 2 diabetes causes a significant increase in organ index and TMSP-1 recovered the organ index in mice ( P < 0.05 ). Furthermore, TMSP-1 reversed the increase of liver and kidney weight and the indicators of abnormality. This research lays a foundation for research on the polysaccharides of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. seed shell in hypoglycemia.

Structural characteristics, antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities of polysaccharides from Mori Fructus based on different extraction methods.

The mulberry (Mori Fructus), which is rich in many nutrients needed by the human body, serves as both food and medicine. Polysaccharides, which are considered to be important pharmacological components of mulberry, have received a lot of study for their structure and biological activity. In this study, six mulberry fruit polysaccharides (MFPs) were extracted by different extraction methods, and their physicochemical structures, antioxidant, and hypoglycemic biological activities were investigated and compared. According to the findings, MFP-III exhibited the best α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition, whereas MFP-IV had the strongest scavenging activity against DPPH and ABTS. Scanner electron microscopy (SEM) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that the apparent morphology and monosaccharide content of MFP were significantly impacted by the different extraction techniques. The results of experiments using Congo red, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), and the Congo red experiment showed that the MFP functional groups, glycosidic bonds, triple helix structure, and thermal stability were not significantly different between the extraction methods. According to the aforementioned research, various extraction methods had different effects on the chemical composition and biological activity of mulberry polysaccharides. This information can provide a scientific basis for selecting suitable extraction methods to obtain mulberry polysaccharides with ideal biological activity.

Extraction optimization, physicochemical properties and antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities of polysaccharides from roxburgh rose (Rosa roxburghii Tratt.) leaves

The optimum extraction conditions of polysaccharides from roxburgh rose (Rosa roxburghii Tratt.) leaves (RLP) were obtained by response surface methodology (RSM), which were a liquid to solid ratio of 21.16 mL/g, an extraction temperature of 81.32 °C, and an extraction time of 90.49 min. An RLP yield of 11.04% was obtained under these conditions. DEAE-52 cellulose and Sepharose CL-6B columns were used to purify the RLP, and the purified polysaccharide components RLP-1.2 and RLP-2.1 were obtained. Both RLP-1.2 and RLP-2.1 were composed of galacturonic acid (GalA), glucose (Glc), galactose (Gal), and arabinose (Ara). However, the molar ratios of GalA, Glc, Gal, and Ara in RLP-1.2 and RLP-2.1 were different. At a concentration of 10 mg/mL, the α-amylase inhibitory activities of RLP-1.2 and RLP-2.1 reached 80.74% and 89.85% that of acarbose, respectively, and the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of RLP-1.2 reached 87.91% that of acarbose. In addition, both RLP-1.2 and RLP-2.1 showed good antioxidant activity. These results suggested that RLP-1.2 and RLP-2.1 possess potential as natural hypoglycemic agents or natural antioxidants.

Comparison on characterization and biological activities of Mentha haplocalyx polysaccharides at different solvent extractions

This study aimed to compare the effects of four solvent extractions on the physicochemical properties, antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities of polysaccharides from Mentha haplocalyx (MHPs). The solvent extractions included hot water, citric acid (pH 3.0), 5% NaOH/0.05% NaBH4 and 0.9% NaCl. Four corresponding MHPs named as MHP-W, MHP-C, MHP-A and MHP-S were obtained, respectively. The experimental results showed that the extraction yields, basic chemical components, monosaccharide contents, molecular weights, antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities of four MHPs were significantly different. However, their thermal stabilities, preliminary structural characteristics and monosaccharide types were similar. MHP-A possessed the highest extraction yield of 9.37 ± 0.24% and the smallest molecular weight. MHP-W had the highest uronic acid content and the largest molecular weight. More specifically, MHP-C exhibited the highest sugar content, the most remarkable antioxidant abilities of DPPH radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing power, and the strongest inhibitory activities on α-glucosidase and α-amylase. The above results indicated that MHP-C extracted with citric acid could be served as a promising bioactive substance for applications in the functional food and medicine industries.

Effects of extraction methods on physicochemical properties and hypoglycemic activities of polysaccharides from coarse green tea.

Coarse tea is made of mature tea plant (Camellia sinensis L.) shoots and is generally discarded as a worthless crop product, but has been proved an excellent material for the treatment of diabetes. This study aims to evaluate the effects of the extraction techniques WE (water extraction), UAE (ultrasound-assisted extraction), MAE (microwave-assisted extraction), and EE (enzyme extraction) on the physicochemical properties and antidiabetic activities of polysaccharides from coarse tea (CTPSs). The results showed that all four CTPSs had homogeneity in the monosaccharide types and similar IR (Infrared spectroscopy) characteristic absorption peaks, but differed in monosaccharide proportion and molecular weight distribution. Compared with the other three extraction techniques, CCTPS extracted by EE had the lowest protein content, the highest total sugar content of 71.83% and a polysaccharide yield of 4.52%. In addition, EE-CTPS had the best hypoglycemic activity that was better than ordinary green tea polysaccharides, the α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities of EE-CTPS were highest in the range of 2-10mg/mL compared with the other three CTPSs, which may be related to its smaller molecular weight and porous structure. The results suggested that the EE method was a good way to extract polysaccharides from coarse tea for food and pharmaceutical production.

Physicochemical characterization, potential antioxidant and hypoglycemic activity of polysaccharide from Sargassum pallidum

A polysaccharide, designated as PSP-1, was isolated and purified from Sargassum pallidum. Physicochemical characterization showed that PSP-1 with the average molecular weight of 1.036 × 106 Da was composed of fucose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, xylose, mannose, galacturonic acid and glucuronic acid in a molar ratio of 18.45:2.15:19.06:1.89:16.07:1.00:5.74:20.09. The results of antioxidant assays indicated that PSP-1 had good DPPH radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, cellular antioxidant activity, and reactive oxygen species inhibition activity, and could significantly improve cellular antioxidant enzymes of ABAP-induced HepG2 cell model. The results of hypoglycemic assays showed that PSP-1 possessed favorable α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities, and could remarkably enhance glucose consumption, glycogen synthesis and the activities of pyruvate kinase and hexokinase in insulin-resistance HepG2 cells. The results suggest that PSP-1 can be exploited as a potential antioxidant and hypoglycemic candidate for functional and nutraceutical applications.

Ultrafiltration isolation, hypoglycemic activity analysis and structural characterization of polysaccharides from Brasenia schreberi

Brasenia schreberi (B. schreberi) is a rare and precious vegetable, which coat with a gelatinous mucilage. This study is aiming to investigate the relationship between structural characteristics and hypoglycemic activities of polysaccharides with different molecular weight (Mw) range. Three polysaccharides fractions, namely BSP-U100 (50–100 kDa), BSP-U50 (10–50 kDa) and BSP-U10 (<10 kDa), were isolated from B. schreberi mucilage using ultrafiltration method. Compared to other polysaccharide samples, only BSP-U100 had a triple helix structure and existed as the ordered structure in aqueous solution. Furthermore, BSP-U100 exhibited higher α-amylase (IC50 = 0.4414 mg/mL) and α-glucosidase (IC50 = 0.5993 mg/mL) inhibitory activity. A heteropolysaccharide BSP-1a, which average Mw was 83.98 kDa, was purified from BSP-U100 by DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow and Sephadex G-75 column. D-galactose (66.85%), d-glucose (2.05%) and D-mannose (1.65%) were three main monosaccharides of BSP-1a. Structural characterization of BSP-1a showed that BSP-1a might be a kind of L-D-pyranose type galactose and mainly composed of α-1 → 6-linked Galp, α-1 → 3-linked Manp and α-1 → 4-linked Glcp. This study provided a theoretical basis for the development and application of B. schreberi polysaccharides as a potential anti-diabetic supplement.

Sulfated modification, characterization, antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities of polysaccharides from Sargassum pallidum

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sulfated modification on the in vitro antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities of Sargassum pallidum polysaccharides (SPP). Three sulfated derivatives (S-SPP1–4, S-SPP1–6 and S-SPP1–8) were prepared using chlorosulfonic acid-pyridine method under different reaction conditions. Physicochemical characterization indicated that sulfated modification had successfully occurred. The degrees of substitution (DS) of S-SPP1–4, S-SPP1–6 and S-SPP1–8 were determined to be ranging from 0.85 to 1.19. Sulfated modification resulted in some changes in chemical component, molecular weight and monosaccharide composition of SPP. Among these sulfated polysaccharides, S-SPP1–4 exhibited the best DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities, while S-SPP1–8 exhibited the best α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and promoting-effect on glucose consumption in insulin resistant (IR)-HepG2 cells. Furthermore, all the sulfated derivatives exhibited better hypoglycemic ability than native SPP. These results suggest that appropriately sulfated modification could enhance the antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities of S. pallidum polysaccharides, which might be used as an alternative derivative of natural antioxidant and hypoglycemic agent.

Preliminary characterization and antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities in vivo of polysaccharides from Huidouba.

Here, the antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities of polysaccharides from Huidouba were preliminarily characterized. Two novel polysaccharides, HDBP-1 and HDBP-2 (127.33 kDa and 9.703 kDa, respectively), were purified by ultrafiltration using a Sephadex G-200 column and then characterized by high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), GC-MS, NMR and the Congo red test. HDBPs (crude Huidouba polysaccharide (CHDBP), HDBP-1 and HDBP-2) exhibited significant antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities in vitro. In addition, in vivo hypoglycemia experiments in mice revealed that CHDBP, HDBP-1 and HDBP-2 demonstrated active roles in reversing diabetic symptoms. These polysaccharides decreased the serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and significantly improved oral glucose tolerance (OGT), indicating that HDBPs suppressed obesity and alleviated insulin resistance. Moreover, HDBP-2 with lower molecular weight performed better in antioxidant capacity, α-glucosidase-inhibiting activity and hypoglycemic activity. These results suggest that HDBPs have the potential to be functional foods with hypoglycemic properties.

Hypoglycemic Activity of Polysaccharide from Fruiting Bodies of the Shaggy Ink Cap Medicinal Mushroom, Coprinus comatus (Higher Basidiomycetes), on Mice Induced by Alloxan and Its Potential Mechanism.

Three polysaccharide fractions from fruiting bodies of Coprinus comatus-CC30, CC60, and CC80-are obtained by water extraction and ethanol precipitation with ethanol percentages of 30%, 60%, and 80%, respectively. The hypoglycemic activity of the three fractions was tested based on mice with alloxan-induced diabetes. Results indicate that fraction CC60 is the most effective fraction in water extract from C. comatus; it can remarkably reduce the blood glucose concentration in 120 min at a dosage of 1000 mg/kg administered orally. It also presents a long-term hypoglycemic effect during 21 days of injection at the same dosage. This polysaccharide fraction provide a novel path to improve the treatment currently used for patients with diabetes. The data on mice spleen lymphocyte proliferation and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B)-inhibiting activity of fractions indicate that the hypoglycemic activity of CC60 is possibly activated through immune stimulation, not PTP1B inhibition.

Hypoglycemic activity of polysaccharide, with antioxidation, isolated from cultured Cordyceps mycelia

Cordyceps sinensis, a well-known traditional Chinese medicine, possesses anti-tumor, immunostimulant and antioxidant activities; however, the identities of active components have not been determined. In our previous study using antioxidant activity-guided fractionation [Li et al., 2003. A polysaccharide isolated from Cordyceps sinensis, a traditional Chinese medicine, protects PC12 cells against hydrogen peroxide-induced injury. Life Sci. 73, 2503-2513], a polysaccharide of molecular weight approximately 210kDa was isolated from cultured Cordyceps mycelia by ion-exchange and sizing chromatography. The isolated polysaccharide, named CSP-1, which has strong anti-oxidation activity, contains glucose, mannose and galactose in the ratio of 1:0.6:0.75. In the present study, we demonstrated the hypoglycemic effect of CSP-1 on normal and alloxan-diabetic mice and streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats. The basal glucose level did not differ significantly among the normal mice. CSP-1 (at 200 and 400mg/kg body wt./day for 7 days, p.o.), however, significantly reduced the blood glucose level by 12.0+/-3.2% and 22.5+/-4.7% in normal mice, respectively (p<0.05). When administered at a dose of higher than 200mg/kg body wt. daily for 7 days, CSP-1 produced a significant drop in blood glucose level in both STZ-induced diabetic rats and alloxan-induced diabetic mice. The serum insulin levels in diabetic animals were also increased by administration of CSP-1 (p<0.05). CSP-1 with hypoglycemic properties increased circulating insulin level in diabetic animals, which suggests that CSP-1 may stimulate pancreatic release of insulin and/or reduce insulin metabolism.

Antitumor and Hypoglycemic Activities of Polysaccharides from the Sclerotia and Mycelia of Inonotus obliquus (Pers.: Fr.) Pil. (Aphyllophoromycetideae)

Protein-containing polysaccharides from Inonotus obliquus (Chaga), sclerotia and mycelia were extracted and partially purified. They were examined as potential inhibitors of the cell cycle regulatory enzymes cdc25 and cdc2/cyclin B and for their hypoglycemic effect, and the following results were obtained. The enzyme inhibitory activity and the hypoglycemic effects in normal mice were detected in both water-soluble and water-insoluble polysaccharides. The active principles were β-glucan, heteroglucan, and their protein complexes. No clear antienzymic traits were recognized by polysaccharides prepared from mycelia, but the hypoglycemic effect maintained for 3−48 h by the injection was recognized.