Microcytic Hypochromic Research Articles

RBC histogram: Useful diagnostic tool in evaluating anaemia

: Anaemia is a widespread public health problem, more common in developing countries. Red blood cell histogram is a vital part for evaluation and diagnosis of anaemia. Histogram can be a useful modality for arriving at the probable diagnosis of anaemia reporting in short span of time.: To observe various RBC Histogram on haematology Analyser in anaemia and analyse the usefulness of RBC Histogram to correlate with peripheral smear.: A prospective study was done in Department of Pathology of Secondary Care hospital from January 2024 to March 2024 on 300 anaemia patients. RBC Histogram were observed, analysed and correlated with peripheral smear. Out of total 300 patients, Most common anaemia is Microcytic Hypochromic (60%), Normocytic normochromic (21.33%), Dimorphic anaemia (12.33%) and macrocytic anaemia (6%). 95.5% microcytic hypochromic anaemia showed left shifted curve, 84.3% Normocytic normochromic anaemia showed normal curve, 88% macrocytic anaemia showed right shift curve. Considering the speed, reliability and less inter observer variation of the modern haematological analysers RBC histogram are important diagnostic tool for various types of anaemia and provide accurate morphological typing of anaemia in most cases hence presumptive report can be released based on RBC histogram.

Patterns of Geriatric Anemia – A Clinicopathological Study

Background : Anemia is a common condition in elderly especially in hospitalized geriatric patients and is known to be associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The UN agreed cut off to refer to the older population is 60years and above. Anemia in the elderly is defined as a haemoglobin concentration below12 gm/dl in women and below 13gm/dl in men. Objectives: To study the grade and patterns of anemia in Geriatric age group of both sex with clinicopathological correlation. Materials and Methods: It is a Prospective study of 2 years from May 2018 to April 2020 carried out in KIMS, Hubbali. A statistically significant sample size was 400. Results: Among the total geriatric cases of 400, males were 233 (58.25%) and females were 167 (41.75%). In which majority of them were in the age group between 60-69 years that is 237 (59.25%) cases, followed by 121 (30.25%) cases, 38 (9.5%) cases and 4 (1%) cases were in the age group between 70-79 years, 80-89 and above 90 years respectively. The study showed that majority of the cases belonged to the Grade 1 anemia (69.25%). On smear examination most common morphological pattern was Normocytic Normochromic Anemia (75%), followed by Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia (18%). On clinical history correlation, majority of them were asymptomatic 52% and 38% of cases presented with fatigue. Conclusion: The study concludes that diagnosing different morphological patterns of geriatric anemia and its clinical correlation helps in reducing the morbidity and mortality of geriatrics related to anemia and also facilitate the clinicians to improve the treatment protocols and prophylactic therapy. Keywords Geriatrics, Patterns, Anemia

Spectrum of Beta-Thalassemia Mutations in Potential Carriers with Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia from Mazandaran and Golestan, Northern Provinces of Iran.

β-Thalassaemia is the most common genetic disorder and is considered as a major public health concern in Iran. Different countrywide studies have shown a heterogeneous mutational basis of β-thalassaemia with different frequencies in each area. This study is aimed at investigating the common and rare mutations in Mazandaran and Golestan, northern provinces of Iran. 5425 microcytic and hypochromic individuals were investigated from Mazandaran and Golestan provinces. From these, 1323 beta carrier or affected individuals were selected where 938 persons were from Mazandaran and 385 people were from Golestan province, respectively. 53 different mutations were identified, IVSII-1 (G>A) was the most common (59.14%) followed by Cd 22/23/24 (-7 bp) (5.34%), Cd 8 (-AA) (4.93%), Cd30 (G>A) (4.00%), and IVSI-5 (G>C) (3.70%) with a total of 77.11% in Mazandaran Province, respectively. In Golestan Province, IVSI-5 (G>C) was the most frequent (44.62%) followed by IVSII-1 (G>A) (27.18%), Cd 15 (TGG>TAG) (4.36%), Fr 8/9(+G) (3.85%), and Cd 8(-AA) (2.05%) with a total of 82.06%, respectively. From the 53 different mutations, 22 numbers have been observed in both provinces. Two deletions of the beta gene named Sicilian and Asian-Indian have been detected in Mazandaran with a frequency of 0.72% each. The 53 different mutations identified in this study were the most ever reported mutations in the country. Due to diversity of different ethnic groups, there are many varieties of mutation in beta globin gene in Iran. It could be assumed that both founder effect and natural selection caused by migration from neighboring areas have complemented each other to produce the high frequency of unique alleles within each region.

Hemoglobin Variants in Patients With Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia: A Review of Indian Studies.

Microcytic hypochromic (MCHC) anemia with hemolytic components is common in clinical practice. Hemoglobinopathies and variants are one of the important underlying causes of MCHC anemia. The Indian population, by large, as various studies reported, showed a plethora of hemoglobinopathies with regional predilections for its types. The present systematic review is carried out for the evaluation of MCHC anemia for its underlying causes of hemoglobinopathies and their loco regional comparisons. The review was carried out by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method with selected keywords through the Google advanced search matchable to the objectives of the present systematic review. Upon the systematic review, it was observed that β thalassemia trait (βTT) remained the highest reported hemoglobinopathy. The other abnormal hemoglobin variants, though rare, also have been reported in the reviewed articles. It is concluded that patients with MCHCrefractory to its regular treatment should be subjected to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in exclusion of underlying hemoglobinopathy and abnormal hemoglobin variants.

Diagnostic Value of Upper and Lower Endoscopy in Assessment of Patients with Microcytic Hypochromic Anaemia without Site-specific Gastrointestinal Manifestations

Diagnostic Value of Upper and Lower Endoscopy in Assessment of Patients with Microcytic Hypochromic Anaemia without Site-specific Gastrointestinal Manifestations

Anemia: Prevalence and Characteristics Among Koranic School Children in Dakar, Senegal

Background and objectives: Anemia are highly prevalent among two billion people in the world. It affects especially low-middle income countries where prevalence of 50% are found in children under 4 years old and 45% in school children. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of anemia and iron deficiency among children in Koranic schools. Materials and methods: We led a retrospective, cross-sectional study, from January 2018 to October 2018, conducted in some Koranic schools of Dakar (Capital of Senegal) and at Hematology and Biochemistry departments of Aristide Le Dantec Hospital. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using SPSS software (version 20). Results: Our sample contained 833 boarders from Koranic schools in the urban and semi-urban areas of Dakar, aged between 3 and 15 years and predominantly male. Asthenia was the most common sign found in 44.7% followed by perleche and pruritus in respectively 37.8% and 20.8% of cases. Out of 833 Koranic school residents, 98 had a hemoglobin level below the WHO threshold, accounting for a prevalence of anemia at 11.76%. The anemia was mild in the majority of cases (60.2%) and severe in only 2.04% of cases. The risk of anemia did not depend on the age or sex of the child, but its severity was significantly associated with the female sex (p = 0.019). The anemia found in the children was predominantly hypochromic microcytic (67.3%). Serum iron and Ferritinemia performed in 54 of the 66 cases of microcytic anemia showed iron deficiency anemia in 59.26% of cases and inflammatory anemia or hemoglobinopathy in the other cases of microcytic anemia. Conclusion: At the end of this study, we found a prevalence of anemia of about 11.76% among children in Koranic schools in the Dakar region. This shows that anemia is still a public health concern.

Disorders Presenting as Anaemia among Paediatric Population at a Tertiary Care Centre, Kerala, India: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Anaemia is a condition marked by low Haemoglobin (Hb) concentration and is an important risk factor for the poor health and development of children and adolescents. Anaemia is not a diagnosis, but merely an objective sign of disease. The correct treatment requires an understanding of the pathogenesis of the condition. Aim: To identify disorders presenting as anaemia in paediatric population. Also to analyse the data by grading of anaemia and to calculate the proportion of anaemia in various paediatric age groups. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Government Medical College, Ernakulum, Kerala, India, from September 2017 to February 2018, on 211 paediatric patients of age groups from newborn upto 18 years. After a detailed clinical history and examination, Complete Blood Count (CBC), peripheral smear preparation, reticulocyte count, renal function tests, liver function tests, and if necessary, radiological and bone marrow examination were done. The mean haemoglobin in the categories were compared with Comprehensive National Nutritional Survey Data. The data obtained were entered in Microsoft excel 365 and further analysed. Categorical variables were analyzed by Fisher’s- exact test and continuous variables by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Kruskal-Wallis test and the significance level was set at p-value ≤ 0.05. Results: Of the 211 patients, 120 (56.87%) were males and 91 (43.13%) were females. The average haemoglobin level varies across age groups and sex. In the case of newborns, average Hb was 9.31 g/dL in males and 10.4 g/dL in females. A total of 211 patients presented with 339 disease conditions, with respiratory disorders in 98, followed by 83 nutritional diseases, 49 infections and 35 systemic diseases. Total of 132 patients in age group of 6 months to 4 years, presented with maximum disorders (206). A total of 186 (54.8%) cases presented with Microcytic Hypochromic Anaemia (MHA), 149 (43.95%) with Normocytic Normochromic Anaemia (NNA) and only 4 (1.18%) with Haemolytic Anaemia (HA). No cases of macrocytic anaemia were noted. Conclusion: Total of 76.8% cases of MHA (42.1% of total anaemia cases) are associated with Nutritional, Respiratory and Infectious conditions which can be managed by public health measures. The haemoglobin levels in neonates and less than 6 months age group were significantly less than population mean which needs to be addressed. In similar manner, girls in school going age group had significantly lower Hb than boys.

Haematological Profile in Microcytic Hypochromic Anaemia in Children

INTRODUCTION: The most common disorders presenting with microcytic hypochromic anaemia are iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) and β-Thalassemia trait (β-TT), and each of them has different pathogenesis and treatment modality. Here we intend to see the haematological profile in microcytic hypochromic anaemia in children apart from IDA and Thalassemia with respect to age and gender. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 95 pediatric patients between the ages of 2 to 12 years with microcytic hypochromic anaemia were included in the study. Blood samples obtained from each patient were evaluated for various haematological and biochemical profiles along with haemoglobin electrophoresis. It was a hospital based observational cross-sectional study done for a period of 18 months from January 2019 to July 2020. RESULTS: Severe anaemia was seen in 55 (57.89%) cases, followed by 38 (40.00%) cases with moderate anaemia and 2 (2.11%) cases with mild anaemia. Majority of the cases showed IDA, which were 85 (89.5%) cases, followed by 6 (6.3%) cases with β-TT and 4 (4.2%) cases with β-TM. RBC count, hematocrit and RDW showed significant variation between IDA, β-TM and β-TT. Most number of correctly diagnosed cases were shown by Ricerca Index with 90 (94.74 %). CONCLUSION: Our study concludes RBC count and RDW, along with Srivasthava Index, Ricerca Index and RDW Index could be used as reliable indices to differentiate between iron deficiency anaemia and β-Thalassemia. Red cell indices, serum iron profile and haemoglobin electrophoresis complement each other for the precise diagnosis of underlying cause of microcytic hypochromic anaemia.

Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, University of Riau

In pregnant women there is a twofold increase in iron requirements due to increased blood volume without the expansion of plasma volume. Pregnant women are very prone to suffering from iron deficiency anemia. Iron deficiency anemia generally has an erythrocyte index which represents hypochromic microcytic. This study aimed to determine the effect of three-month iron tablet supplementation as a therapy against microcytic hypochromic anemia in pregnancy. This was a quantitative quasi-experimental study using pre-test and post-test design. The study was conducted in May-September 2020 at the Arifin Achmad Regional General Hospital, Riau Province, Indonesia. Subjects were 30 pregnant women with microcytic hypochromic anemia. Primary data were analyzed using statistical paired sample t-tests. Results showed that there was an increase in hemoglobin levels after the supplementation of iron tablet from an average of 9.1 ± 1.2 gr/dl to 11.8 ± 1.0 g/dl. This change was significant based on the results of the T-test (p-0.003) Thus, iron supplementation for three month significantly increases hemoglobin levels in pregnant women.

Detection of the HBB: c.393T>G Mutation in Two Patients with Hypochromic Microcytic Anemia

A novel mutation, HBB: c.393T>G on the HBB gene, was detected in two hypochromic microcytic anemia patients from Yulin, in the Guangxi Province of the People’s Republic of China (PRC), by next-generation sequencing (NGS). It is a nonsense mutation causing a stop codon at amino acid 131 in exon 3 of the HBB gene. It was found in a heterozygous state in two patients who both presented severe anemia during pregnancy and moderate anemia before pregnancy; Hb A2 levels were slightly increased (more than 4.0%) in both patients. It was also detected in the father of one of the patients. This mutation was pathogenic, and caused the dominant thalassemia-like phenotypes in the two patients.

Discriminant Red Cell Indices for Microcytic Hypochromic Anaemia in Distinguishing Beta Thalassaemia Trait and Iron Deficiency Anaemia: A Systematic Review

Introduction: Numerous red cell indices are in practice for surveillance of Microcytic Hypochromic (MCHC) anaemia in determination of their aetiology to the Iron Deficiency Anaemia (IDA) and Beta Thalassaemia Trait (BTT). The studies have revealed that there exists the discrepancies for Sensitivity (SN) and Specificity (SP) for any single index conclusive to classify them to the categories of IDA and BTT. A comparative review is needed as to know which index is suitable to discriminate between above two major entities under MCHC anaemia, which can be put to the practice in resource poor laboratories. Aim: A systematic review was planned for diagnostic reliability of red cell indices that segregates IDA from BTT in a morphological classification of MCHC anaemia. Materials and Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in a database that yielded 36 studies dealing with one or more of the five included indices (Mentzer index, Bessman index, Green and King index, Srivastava index and Sirdah index) in the present analysis. The data for SN and SP of these indices were collected and compared from their performance at discrimination between IDA and BTT and Youden index was calculated to compare the performance of individual index. Results: Of these five indices, the comparative statistics has shown Green and King index works well at the SN of 79.37% and SP of 82.54% as compared to the rest of the indices. The second closest index that is practicable at discriminating IDA from BTT is Mentzer index. Conclusion: None of the indices can be completely relied upon to achieve a conclusive segregation. However, Green and King and Mentzer indices can be used for screening the suspected population to identify patients which may need the specialised tests to confirm the diagnosis to bring this population under proper treatment either for IDA or BTT.

Report of Salmonella Meningitis in 3-Month-Old Children

Salmonella meningitis is a rare infection, unusual manifestation of salmonellosis and mostly among infants and young children. Meningitis due to Salmonella carries a higher morbidity and mortality than that caused by other bacteria. Salmonella is more commonly found in contaminated food and is included in gram-negative rods. The diagnosis is made based on the findings of Salmonella bacteria on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Salmonella meningitis therapy requires antimicroba that are able to penetrate the blood brain barrier and minimum treatment for at least 4 weeks to prevent death, recurrence and permanent adverse outcomes. Early diagnose of acute complications and a follow-up plans for early assessment of development are very important. Among survivors, common complications are seizure, hydrocephalus, subdural empyemas and permanent disabilities suc as retardation, paresis, athetosis and visual disturbances. We present a 3 months-old male with main complain seizure, fever, and bulging of fontanelle. Neurological examination found no abnormalities, no meningeal sign, physiologic reflex was normal and no sign of lateralization. Complete blood count found with normal leukocytes and mild anemia hypochromic microcytic. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis showed positive Pandy and None tests, high cell count, low glucose level, high protein level. The results of CSF culture and blood culture found Salmonella sp. Head CT scan reveals subchronic subdural hygroma with brachycephaly. Patient treated with third generation of cephalosporins (ceftriaxone) for 4 weeks. Prompt use of targeted antibiotics with adequate dosage and duration plays a significant role on prognosis. Patient discharge form hospital with no sign of sequele and good prognosis.

Anemia in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2dm) and its association with vitamin B12 deficiency

Introduction: India is the diabetic capital of the world. Vitamin B12 deficiency has been recognized since many years ago as an important side effect in diabetic patients who take metformin for more than 5-10 years.This research aimed to determine the prevalence of anemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its association with vitamin B12 deficiency due to use of Metformin. Materials and Methods: Total 200 type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) males and females were included in the study.Blood collection for Fasting blood glucose and Hba1c levels were measured from all participants in tubes without anticoagulant. Hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume (MCV) were measured by automated cell counters. Measurement of vitamin B12 level was done only in those patients who presented with Macrocytic anemia. Results: Among 200 patients, 113 patients were on vegetarian. The prevalence of anemia in this study population was 65(32.5%). 11(16.9%) were diagnosed as Normocytic Normochromic anemia, 22 (33.8%) with Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia, 26(40%) with Macrocytic Anemia and 6(9.2%) with Dimorphic anemia. Among these 32 patients, who presented with macrocytic and dimorphic anemia, vitamin B12 levels were measured. For 23 vitamin B 12 level was200 pg/ml. 149 patients were on Metformin. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that correction of anemia may have a significant role in prevention of other diabetic complications, thus we recommend that treatment criteria for diabetes should include routine hematological tests and annual screening of Vitamin B12 deficiency along with supplementation should be adopted while treating T2DM. Keywords: Macrocytic Anemia, Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Ribavirin Induced Anemia among Patients with Hepatitis-C at Tertiary Care Hospital.

Introduction: Hepatitis C is among one of the major global health issues; which may cause chronic liver disease, end stage liver disease, and hepatocellular carcinoma; subsequently requiring liver transplant. For HCV, standard treatment is a combination therapy of ribavirin and interferon for six months. Ribavirin fostered hemolysis is a major treatment-associated adverse effect.Objective: To assess ribavirin induced anemia among Hepatitis C patients visiting Civil Hospital, Karachi (CHK).Methodology: This hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2017 to January 2018. 106 Hepatitis C patients; through non-probability convenient sampling technique; visiting CHK, a public sector tertiary care hospital were enrolled. Results: Among106 patients, 53 (50.0%) were males and 53 (50.0%) were females. Mean ±SD age was 37.05 ±10.793. Mean ±SD duration of ribavirin use was 3.03 ±1.523 months. Around 16.0% had ribavirin dose reduction. All of them experienced weakness, fatigue and light-headedness, 59.4% developed microcytic hypochromic anemia, 23.6% had severe anemia. Mean ±SD hemoglobin (g/dL) level before the onset of treatment was 12.78 ±1.555. Mean hemoglobin level during treatment was 10.72g/dL. Mean reduction in hemoglobin levels was 2.07g/dL. The reduction in hemoglobin levels and the duration of therapy were correlated (p-value <0.05). The severity of anemia was related to age of the patients (p-value <0.05) but not with gender and morphology of red blood cell.Conclusion: Ribavirin induces anemia, its severity is related to the duration of ribavirin therapy and initial hemoglobin levels. It is sometime severe enough to warrant dose reduction and consequently suboptimal dose of ribavirin affect efficacy.
 Key Words: Hepatitis C, Ribavirin, Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia.

INCIDENCE OF ANEMIA IN PATIENT WITH NASOPHARYNGEAL CARCINOMA AT ENT-HNS DEPARTMENT WEST NUSA TENGGARA

Introduction
 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is common in China and Southeast Asia, includingIndonesia. The cases are often diagnosed in an advanced stage with a poor prognosis.
 Objective
 The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of anemia in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients in the ENT-HNS Department West Nusa Tenggara Hospital.
 Methods
 The methods of this research are a descriptive study that used data from the medical record of West Nusa Tenggara Hospital. The data were obtained between April 2017 to September 2017.
 Result
 During the study periods, we obtained 32 cases. 75% of patients were male and 25% female, with ratio 3: 1. According to the age, patients were distributed from 28 to 69 years old with peak incidence at 41-60 years old. Most patients were stage IV (68.75%). There was 87.51% patient with anemia in this research. However,the highest number was found mild anemia 59.38% and the most types of anemia were hypochromic microcytic.
 Conclusion
 The incidence of anemia in a patient with nasopharyngeal cancer in West Nusa Tenggara Hospital is 87.51%. Most of them were mild grade and hypochromic microcytic type

Causes of Hypochromic Microcytic Anemia in Children and Evaluation of Laboratory Parameters in the Differentiation.

Most common causes of microcytic anemia in children are iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and thalassemia. Differentiation of these and detection of coexistence is essential for genetic counseling and to set a treatment plan. Aim is to characterize the frequency of IDA and thalassemia trait (TT) in children presenting with hypochromic, microcytic anemia and to define the significance of blood count parameters in differential diagnosis. Of the 200 enrolled, 107 were male (53.5%). In total 154 had IDA (77%), 27 had β-TT (13.5%), and in 11 (5.5%) both conditions coexisted. Eight patients had α-thalassemia gene mutations, 3 of these also had IDA. RBC, MCV, Mentzer index, serum iron, TIBC, ferritin were significantly different between IDA and β-TT patients (P<0.001); however, RDW was not different between the 2 groups (P>0.05). Sensitivity and specificity of Mentzer index for the detection of β-TT were 100% and 69.4%, respectively. The positive and negative predictive values of Mentzer index in diagnosing β-TT were 36.6% and 100%, respectively. Differential diagnosis of microcytic anemia is important in children, especially in regions where IDA and thalassemia are both prevalent. We found that 7% of children referred to our clinic for hypochromic, microcytic anemia had both TT and IDA. Our data showed that serum iron, ferritin, TIBC, MCV, and Mentzer index were all valuable markers in diagnosing IDA and were significantly different compared with β-TT patients; RDW was not different between the 2 groups.

Frequency of Beta Thalassemia Trait in Pregnant Females Presenting With Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia in First Trimester

Frequency of Beta Thalassemia Trait in Pregnant Females Presenting With Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia in First Trimester

Frequency of Anemia and Obstetric Outcome in Young Primigravida

Pregnancy and childbirth is an event celebrated worldwide. During pregnancy physiological changes and increasing demand causes fall in hemoglobin level leading to anemia and adverse pregnancy outcome especially in young girls. Anemia is a major public health problem. Around 58.27 million women worldwide are anemic during pregnancy 95% of whom live in countries that are developing. To know the frequency of anemia, and obstetric outcome in terms of preterm delivery, low birth weight and rate of caesarean section in young Primigravida. It was a cross sectional study, conducted in the department of Gynae &amp; Obstetric unit 5 King Edward Medical University Lahore during a period of one year from May2013 April 2014. All primigravida young 15-24years with anemia enrolled for the study. Anemia is defined as hemoglobin&lt; 10.5g/dl (WHO Criteria), Iron deficiency Anemia is defined as serum ferritin level less than 12 micro gram per ml and on Red Blood Cell indices, i.e. decrease in MCV, MCH and MCHC, and Microcytic Hypochromic cells in Peripheral Smear. Megaloblastic anemia was labeled when Macrocytic Hypochromic cells seen. Obstetric outcome in terms of Preterm delivery defined as delivery at &lt;37 weeks of gestation (36 +6 weeks) and birth weight &lt;2500g mand a need for operative delivery. Patients fulfilling the selection criteria as per operational definition were included in the study after taking informed consent using non probability consecutive sampling technique. Data was collected on a pre-designed questionnaire. A total of 3855 deliveries during study period in which 1318 were primigravida. Mean age in study group was 15 to 24 years. We observed mild anemia in 46% of woman, moderate anemia in 41% and severe anemia in 13% in young primigravida. Preterm delivery was noted in 25% of the females and low birth weight babies were noted by 33% in teenage and young primigravida. Statistically significant relationship was found between maternal age, education and socio economic status. Anemia in pregnancy nowadays is still a common problem in adolescent and young primigravida and associated with adverse pregnancy outcome. Prompt measure should be taken by the stake holders at local and national level to prevent and treat this problem in order to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with it.

A Study on Microcytic Hypochromic Anaemia with the Help of Parameters: CBC with RBC Indices, Biochemical Markers (Iron Profile) and HPLC - A Hospital Based Observational Study

A Study on Microcytic Hypochromic Anaemia with the Help of Parameters: CBC with RBC Indices, Biochemical Markers (Iron Profile) and HPLC - A Hospital Based Observational Study

English

In India, There Are Around 20 Million Carrier Cases Of -Thalassaemia And Around 8000-10,000 Children Are Born Every Year With -Thalassaemia Major, Lokeshwar M.R. Shah N, Kanakia N. Et.Al 2006. The Birth Of A Thalassaemia Child Places Considerable Health And Economic Strain Not Only On The Affected Child And His/Her Family But Also On The Community. Since, Thalassaemia Is A Severe And Incurable Disease, Emphasis Has To Be Shifted From The Treatment Of An Affected Child To The Prevention Of Such Births In Future. Identifying Carriers For - Thalassaemia Patients, Thus Plays An Important Role In Preventing This, Verma IC Et.Al (1992). - Thalassaemia Trait Presents With Microcytic Hypochromic Blood Picture Similar To The Picture Of Iron Deficiency Anemia And Anemia Of Chronic Diseases. The Differentiation Between These Conditions Becomes Mandatory Which Usually Relies On The Measurement Of Serum Ferritin, Serum Iron, Total Iron Binding Capacity And Hb A2 Levels. These Diagnostic Methods Are Costly And Hence Constitute A Significant Burden On Public Health Economy Particularly In Developing Countries Like India. This Made The Way For Developing A Simple And Economic Screening Test For The Detection Of Carriers Of - Thalassemia. In 1988 Mehta BC Et Al Developed A Simple Cost Effective Screening Test For The Detection Of Cases Of -Thalassemia Trait Based On Reduced Osmotic Fragility. This Is Called NESTROFT (Naked Eye Single Tube Red Cell Osmotic Fragility Test). We Have Tried To Assess The Usefulness Of This Screening Test In Our Paediatric Cases Presenting With Anemia.