Hyperreflective Structures Research Articles

Is the presence of peripapillary hyperreflective ovoid mass-like structures (PHOMS) in children related to the optic disc area, scleral canal diameter and refractive status?

Peripapillary hyperreflective ovoid mass-like structures (PHOMS) have been recently described on optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans of the optic nerve. We aim to determine if there is a causal relationship between OCT measurements of the optic disc area (DA), scleral canal diameter (SCD) and refractive error (spherical equivalent, SE) on the presence of PHOMS. Retrospective analysis of OCT scans which were graded for the presence or absence of PHOMS in children with suspected papilledema was undertaken. Data on disc area, DA (mm2) and scleral canal diameter, SCD (µm) were obtained from OCT scans. Statistical analysis was performed on two subgroups: unilateral PHOMS vs contralateral control; all eyes with PHOMS vs all eyes without PHOMS (controls). Logistic regression analysis was performed. In unilateral PHOMS (n = 32), there was a non-significant tendency towards a larger DA and SCD in the eye with PHOMS (3.33mm2, 1701 µm) compared to the contralateral eye in the same patient (2.83mm2, 1556 µm). Wider analysis of all eyes with PHOMS (n = 116) versus all eyes without (n = 104) showed there was a significant difference between the DA (3.38mm2 versus 2.65mm2 p = <.0001) and SCD (1763 µm versus 1571 µm, p = <.0001). Logistic regression showed that SCD made a significant contribution to predicting the presence of PHOMS (OR 1.0042, p = 0.0017). PHOMS are frequently seen in pseudopapilledema. It would be useful to understand their pathophysiology as an accurate diagnosis in the context of the asymptomatic paediatric population is crucial. We report that a wider scleral canal diameter was significantly associated with the presence of PHOMS.

Peripapillary choroidal vascularity of paediatric myopic eyes with peripapillary hyperreflective ovoid mass-like structures.

To assess the peripapillary choroidal vasculature in paediatric myopic patients with and without peripapillary hyperreflective ovoid mass-like structures (PHOMS). This prospective study includes 60 eyes of 60 myopic (spherical equivalent [SE] <-1.00 dioptre [D]) patients with (n = 30) and without (n = 30) PHOMS (PHOMS [+] and PHOMS [-] groups, respectively), and 30 eyes of 30 age- and sex-matched emmetropic children (control group). Peripapillary choroidal parameters, including total choroidal (TCA), luminal (LA), and stromal areas (SA) and choroidal vascularity index (CVI) calculated from vertical and horizontal single-line enhanced depth imaging-optical coherence tomography scans centred on optic nerve head. Peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer thicknesses were not different between the groups (p > 0.05). In the PHOMS (+) group, TCA, LA and SA were lower, and CVI was higher in all quadrants compared to the control (p < 0.05). However, only the mean TCA and LA in the inferior and nasal quadrants and the mean SA in the nasal quadrant were lower in PHOMS (+) than in PHOMS (-) (p < 0.05). In the PHOMS (-) group, higher CVI was observed in all quadrants except temporal compared to the control group. Although the mean CVI of the PHOMS (+) group was also higher than in the PHOMS (-) group, this difference was not statistically significant. This study indicates that choroidal parameters differ in paediatric myopic patients with PHOMS. Further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to understand the details of choroidal parameters in eyes with PHOMS.

Are Peripapillary Hyperreflective Ovoid Mass-like Structures with an Elevated Optic Disc Still a Diagnosis Dilemma?

ObjectiveTo identify clinical characteristics that would help make or rule out the diagnosis of Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) in patients referred for papilledema (PE) with peripapillary hyperreflective ovoid mass-like structures (PHOMS) DesignA retrospective cohort study SubjectsAll patient referred for PE excluding PE with Frisén grade ≥ 3, optic neuritis, ischemic optic neuropathy, compressive optic neuropathy. Patients were divided into 2 groups:Group1= isolated PHOMSGroup2= PHOMS associated with IIH MethodsWe analyzed the location of PHOMS based on OCT-EDI and calculated their volume Main outcome MeasuresP RNFL,GCC, PHOMS’ volume Results154 patients (308 eyes) were included, mean age was 29 with female predominance (78%). PHOMS were associated to these etiologies : IIH(38.3%) isolated (35.7%), posterior uveitis (11%),optic disc drusen (ODD)(10%), and tilted optic disc (5%). An MRI was obtained in 83.1% of cases. More than half of the MRIs were interpreted as consistent with IIH. However, only 39.7% of these patients had confirmed IIH with 44.5% of sensitivity and 55.5% of sensibility. PHOMS were overrepresented in the nasal region (95.5%).The location of PHOMS in the superior and/ or inferior quadrant was significantly associated to IIH or optic dusc drusen, while their presence in the temporal or nasal sector was strongly associated to isolated lesions. PHOMS mean and median volume were 1.66 μm3 and 1.50 μm3 respectively. There was a significant difference in PHOMS volume with higher volume in IIH patients (p=0.0037). Follow up of these patients at 3 and 6 months demonstrated no significant changes in visual function, as per visual field mean deviation, and visual acuity measurements as well as Ganglion cell layer (GCL).Mean pRNFL, showed a decrease of -4.225 μm at 3 months and of –6.489 μm at 6 months, when compared to initial measurement independing of the etiology. ConclusionIsolated PHOMS should be considered as a distinct entity. In asymptomatic patients, PHOMS should be carefully studied. Nasal or temporal location, small volume, stable aspect over the course of weeks or months, are so suggestive of this entity. This strategy would considerably reduce the impact on patients’ anxiety and morbidity.

Clinical characteristics of peripapillary hyperreflective ovoid mass-like structures in myopic children.

To describe the characteristics of peripapillary hyperreflective ovoid mass-like structure (PHOMS) in myopic children and to investigate factors associated with PHOMS. This retrospective observational study included 101 eyes of 101 children (age ≤17y) with myopia. All included patients underwent comprehensive clinical examination. Optic nerve canal parameters, including disc diameter, optic nerve head (ONH) tilt angle, and border tissue angle were measured using serial enhanced-depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT). Based on the optic disc drusen consortium's definition of PHOMS, eyes were classified as PHOMS group and non-PHOMS group. PHOMS was categorized according to height. Sixty-seven (66.3%) eyes were found with PHOMS. Small PHOMS could only be detected by optical coherence tomography (OCT). Medium PHOMS could be seen with blurred optic disc borders corresponding to OCT. The most frequent location of PHOMS was at the nasosuperior (91%, 61 of 67 eyes) to ONH disc. The axial length and spherical equivalent were more myopic in the PHOMS group than in the non-PHOMS group (both P<0.001). ONH tilt angle was also significantly greater in PHOMS group than in non-PHOMS group [8.90 (7.16-10.54) vs 3.93 (3.09-5.25), P<0.001]. Border tissue angle was significantly smaller in PHOMS group than in non-PHOMS group [29.70 (20.90-43.81) vs 45.62 (35.18-60.45), P<0.001]. In the multivariable analysis, spherical equivalent (OR=3.246, 95%CI=1.209-8.718, P=0.019) and ONH tilt angle (OR=3.275, 95%CI=1.422-7.542, P=0.005) were significantly correlated with PHOMS. There was no disc diameter associated with PHOMS. In the linear regression analysis, border tissue angle was negatively associated with PHOMS height (β=-2.227, P<0.001). PHOMS is associated with optic disc tilt and optic disc nasal shift in myopia. Disc diameter is not a risk factor for PHOMS. The changes in ONH caused by axial elongation facilitated an understanding of the mechanism of PHOMS.

Vitelliform subretinal deposits: shared pathogenesis and clinical diversity

Since its initial description, Best vitelliform macular dystrophy has been strongly linked to characteristic retinal lesions—subretinal yellowish accumulations, with a hyperreflective structure on optical coherence tomography, situated above the retinal pigment epithelium layer. However, research on this topic remains scarce. It is now recognized that, within the common pathophysiological mechanism of vitelliform lesion formation, this process may contribute to the pathogenesis of a broad spectrum of both genetic and acquired conditions.The purpose of this review is to update our understanding of genetically determined and acquired retinal diseases associated with the formation of such lesions.Materials and methods. analysis of scientific publications from databases including PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Cyberleninka was conducted. The review encompasses 16 studies, predominantly from the past decade.Results. Advances in instrumental and genetic diagnostics have revealed that vitelliform subretinal changes are not exclusive to Best disease but serve as another biomarker, indicating disruption in the metabolism of outer retinal layers. It is hypothesized that, irrespective of etiology, the primary triggering factor for lesion formation is the disjunction of outer segments of photoreceptors and impairment of phagocytic function in retinal pigment epithelial cells. This article presents a contemporary perspective on the presumed etiology and pathophysiology of vitelliform lesions, alongside clinical characteristics, manifestations, and prognosis of diseases associated with this phenomenon. Diseases with identified genetic mutations in the BEST1 gene (Bestrophinopathies) and PRPH2, as well as common acquired conditions like age-related macular degeneration and vitreoretinal traction syndrome, are discussed.Conclusions. The provided clinical characteristics, supported by multimodal visualization, are expected to aid in differential diagnosis and prognostication of the disease course.

Prevalence, time course, and visual impact of peripapillary hyperreflective ovoid mass-like structures (PHOMS) in pediatric patients with optic nerve pathologies

BackgroundPeripapillary hyperreflective ovoid masslike structures (PHOMS) are a recently defined optical coherence tomography (OCT) finding. The purpose of this study was to characterize the presence of PHOMS and their visual significance in pediatric patients with and without optic nerve pathologies. MethodsThis retrospective study evaluated 400 patients (<18 years of age) including normal control subjects and patients with optic neuritis, papillitis, optic nerve head drusen (ONHD), and papilledema. Information on demographics, visual function, and structural parameters were obtained. ResultsPHOMS were found in 7 of 2,582 of normal control eyes (7%), 9 of 59 eyes with optic neuritis (15.3%), 58 of 76 eyes with ONHD (76.3%), 3 of 11 eyes with papillitis (27.3%), and 180 of 308 eyes with papilledema (58.4%). PHOMS were more prevalent in the papilledema (P < 0.001), ONHD (P < 0.001), and optic neuritis (P = 0.028) eyes than in control eyes. We identified 5 cases where PHOMS developed de novo. This occurred over an average of 2.3 years (range, 0.2-7.4 years). Sixteen cases of PHOMS resolved over an average of 1.1 years (range, 0.3-4.0 years). Cross-sectionally, PHOMS were not associated with visual acuity (P = 0.551), retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (P = 0.068), ganglion cell volume (P = 0.375), or visual field mean deviation (P = 0.795). ConclusionsPHOMS are present in a majority of children with papilledema or ONHD. PHOMS are dynamic and may form de novo over time with optic nerve pathology and may resolve either through treatment or atrophy. There was no relationship between the presence of PHOMS and poor visual function in our study cohort.

Intraocular Epithelial Ingrowth after Traumatic and Surgical Corneal Injuries.

Intraocular epithelial ingrowth is a rare but serious complication of eye surgery or trauma. The diagnosis is challenging but can be aided by techniques such as anterior optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT). This study aimed to compare clinical and histopathological diagnostic data to evaluate the accuracy of AS-OCT. This retrospective analysis focused on patients presenting with suspected epithelial invasion between 2017 and 2022. Clinical data and histopathological findings were analyzed for diagnostic confirmation. Immunohistochemistry using the corneal-specific marker cytokeratin 3 and the conjunctival-specific marker cytokeratin 13 helped to identify the type of invading epithelial cells. Statistical analysis was used to evaluate the effectiveness of AS-OCT for diagnosis. This study included 51 patients who underwent keratoplasty or enucleation. Sixteen cases (31%) of epithelial ingrowth were histologically confirmed. The most common type was the cystic form (82%). Enucleation was required in 25% of patients, mainly due to diffuse epithelial invasion. Immunohistochemistry revealed a conjunctival origin in 82% of the infiltrated cells. AS-OCT showed a sensitivity of 78% and a specificity of 26% in detecting hyperreflective structures associated with epithelial invasion. This study highlights the diverse manifestations of epithelial ingrowth and the need for improved diagnostic techniques, with AS-OCT showing promising results but requiring further validation to avoid misdiagnosis.

Line‐field confocal optical coherence tomography and optical coherence tomography for distinguishing basal cell carcinoma from dermal nevus: A case report

AbstractBasal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most frequent skin cancer with a rising incidence. It can imitate benign lesions for example, dermal nevus clinically and dermoscopically. Both entities show specific morphologic features in line‐field confocal optical coherence tomography (LC‐OCT) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). The aim was to differentiate both lesions via noninvasive imaging to prevent unnecessary surgery. A 63‐year‐old woman presented with a light brownish nodule on the left cheek and a brownish nodule on the right nasal slope/cheek, which were both evident since a few months. The clinical and dermoscopic appearance of both lesions was very similar including the differential diagnosis of a dermal nevus or BCC. Dynamic OCT of the lesion on the left cheek showed multiple hyporeflective nodules in the dermis with hypervascularization. Using LC‐OCT several hyporeflective round to ovoid nodules with hyporeflective clefting embedded in a hyperreflective surrounding connective tissue could be observed. These specific morphological criteria called millefeuille pattern led to the diagnosis of a nodular BCC. The lesion of the right cheek presented with a thickened epidermis and elongated rete ridges in dynamic OCT. Upon LC‐OCT examination a so‐called large wave like pattern presenting as undulating hyporeflective and hyperreflective lobular structures could be identified. Therefore, the diagnosis of a dermal nevus was made. Both lesions were identified correctly as confirmed histopathologically after shave excision. Since BCC can imitate benign lesions for example, dermal nevi, the use of OCT and LC‐OCT can facilitate the identification of BCC and its imitators. Noninvasive imaging can help to avoid unnecessary biopsy especially in areas where the skin is vulnerable to punch biopsy.

Application of novel non-invasive ophthalmic imaging to visualize peripapillary wrinkles, retinal folds and peripapillary hyperreflective ovoid mass-like structures associated with elevated intracranial pressure.

Elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition, for which clinically useful non-invasive measures have been elusive, in some cases due to their inadequate sensitivity and specificity. Our aim was to evaluate novel non-invasive ophthalmic imaging of selected pathological features seen in elevated ICP, namely peripapillary hyperreflective ovoid mass-like structures (PHOMS), peripapillary wrinkles (PPW) and retinal folds (RF) as potential biomarkers of elevated ICP. This single-center pilot study included subjects with untreated or incompletely treated high ICP. The retinas of these subjects were evaluated with averaged en-face optical coherence tomography (OCT), OCT retinal cross-sections (OCT B-scans), adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO), and fundus photos. Seven subjects were included in the study. 6 subjects with high ICP (5 idiopathic intracranial hypertension, 1 medication induced, 30.8 ± 8.6 years, 75% female, 5 with papilledema) and 1 control (20-25 years) were included. PHOMS, PPW and RF were present in all subjects with papilledema, but neither in the high ICP subject without papilledema nor in the control subject. Averaged en-face OCT scans and AOSLO were more sensitive for PPW and RF than OCT B-scans and commercial fundus photos. PPW, RF and PHOMS volume have potential as non-invasive biomarkers of ICP. Novel imaging modalities may improve sensitivity. However, lack of automated image acquisition and processing limits current widespread adoption in clinical settings. Further research is needed to validate these structures as biomarkers for elevated ICP and improve clinical utility.

Peripapillary hyperreflective ovoid mass-like structures with cystoid macular edema: a case report

BackgroundPeripapillary hyperreflective ovoid mass-like structures (PHOMS) are newly characterized lesions wedged around the optic discs, which used to be misdiagnosed. Better understanding and identifying PHOMS are important for monitoring the condition of optic nerve.Case presentationA young female presented to the ophthalmic clinic with blurred vision of both eyes. Protrusions resembling “C-shaped donut” were found circling the optic discs bilaterally. These lesions were homogenous hyperreflective on OCT, while they were also hypoautofluorescent and hypoechogenic. Meanwhile, cystoid macular edema (CME) was also identified in both eyes. The patient was then diagnosed as PHOMS with CME. A short-term glucocorticoids therapy was prescribed systemically. The logMAR best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of both eyes reached 0.0 in 4 months with recovery of CME, while the PHOMS remained.ConclusionsThere is currently no report on PHOMS with CME. More attentions should be paid to PHOMS, for they are potential biomarkers for axoplasmic stasis involved in different diseases of the optic nerve.

Multimodal Imaging of Optic Nerve Head in Retinitis Pigmentosa

ABSTRACT Background A pallor optic nerve head (ONH) is one of the three features of retinitis pigmentosa (RP). This study aimed to assess the ONH prospectively by color tone, presence of hyper-reflective tissue, blood flow, retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, ganglion cell complex (GCC) and investigate the change in these parameters with and without ONH pallor. Methods The presence of ONH pallor was assessed by three independent examiners through careful examination using fundus photographs. The presence of a hyper-reflective structure on the ONH was carefully evaluated using a volume scan optical coherence tomography (OCT). RNFL thickness and ellipsoid zone (EZ) width around the macula were also evaluated by OCT. Laser speckle flowgraphy was used to measure the mean blur rate of the entire ONH area, which was subsequently divided into the vessel area (MV) and tissue area (MT). Results Twenty-eight eyes of 28 patients with RP (55.4 ± 16.23 years of age) were included. The pale ONH was observed in 10 (35%) eyes. Hyper-reflective structures were observed in seven (25%) eyes. No significant correlation was found between the pale ONH and the presence of a hyper-reflective structure (Pearson’s chi-squared test, p = .364). The average of the ONH area, MV, and MT was 8.65 ± 3.08 AU, 17.81 ± 7.54 AU, and 6.4 ± 2.66 AU, respectively, which significantly decreased in patients with pallor ONH (all p < .05). The global RNFL thickness was 73.54 ± 18.82 μm. The nasal and superior quadrants and global RNFL thickness in patients with a pale ONH were significantly thinner than in patients without a pale ONH (all p < .05). The global and superior and inferior GCC thickness in patients with a pale ONH were significantly thinner than in patients without a pale ONH(all p < .05).There was no difference in the EZ width between patients with and without a pale ONH (p = .107). Conclusion We conducted multiple assessments of the ONH in RP patients and investigated its clinical significance. Our findings suggest that ONH pallor may indicate a comprehensive change that emerges alongside the progression of retinal degeneration in RP. Trial registration This trial was retrospectively registered in the UMIN Clinical Trial Registry (UMIN ID: 000048168).

Peripapillary Hyperreflective Ovoid Mass-Like Structures in Stickler Syndrome

To report a previously undescribed finding of peripapillary hyperreflective ovoid mass-like structures (PHOMS) in Stickler syndrome. Noncomparative case series. Twenty-two eyes with anomalous optic disc from 11 Stickler syndrome patients were identified and imaged. Peripapillary hyperreflective ovoid mass-like structures were graded using enhanced-depth imaging OCT (EDI-OCT) according to the consensus recommendations of the Optic Disc Drusen Studies Consortium. All EDI-OCT scans were obtained using the Heidelberg Spectralis (Heidelberg Engineering) with a dense horizontal raster (15 × 10°, 97 sections) centered on the optic nerve head and graded by 2 independent assessors. In case of disagreement, the image was graded by a third assessor. The presence of any coexisting optic disc drusen was also assessed using EDI-OCT and autofluorescence. The presence of PHOMS, clinical characteristics and genetic mutations. A pilot sample of 22 eyes with phenotypic optic disc abnormalities from 11 Stickler syndrome patients were identified and imaged. Eight patients were female and 3 were male. The mean age was 31 years (13-58 years). Peripapillary hyperreflective ovoid mass-like structures were present in 91% (n= 20) of imaged eyes. Seventy percent (n= 14) were type 1 Stickler syndrome and 30% (n= 6) were type 2 Stickler syndrome. All eyes were myopic and the degree of myopia did not seem to affect whether or not PHOMS was present in this cohort. One eye with PHOMS had retinal detachment, and 77.3% (n = 17) of eyes had undergone 360o prophylactic retinopexy. Thirty-two percent (n= 7) of eyes with PHOMS were present in patients with coexisting hearing loss and 22.7% (n= 5) had orofacial manifestation of Stickler syndrome in the form of a cleft palate. Seventy-seven percent (n= 15) of eyes with PHOMS were present in patients who reported joint laxity or symptoms of arthritis. No coexisting optic disc drusen were identified and raised intracranial pressure was also excluded after neurological investigation. These data suggest that PHOMS are a novel finding in Stickler syndrome patients and should be considered when evaluating the optic nerves of these patients. Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.

Peripapillary hyperreflective ovoid mass-like structures: multimodal imaging and associated diseases.

Growing evidence has demonstrated that peripapillary hyperreflective ovoid mass-like structures (PHOMS) are novel structures rather than a subtype of optic disc drusen. They correspond to the laterally bulging herniation of optic nerve fibers and are believed to be the marker of axoplasmic stasis. PHOMS present in a broad spectrum of diseases, including optic disc drusen, tilted disc syndrome, papilloedema, multiple sclerosis, non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, optic neuritis, Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, and so on. We focus on the multimodal imaging features, pathophysiological mechanisms of PHOMS, and their association with multiple diseases and healthy people in this review to deepen the ophthalmologists' understanding of PHOMS. Additionally, we provide some new directions for future research.

Features of Peripapillary Hyperreflective Ovoid Mass-Like Structures in Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy Patients and Normal Controls.

To determine the characteristics of peripapillary hyperreflective ovoid mass-like structures (PHOMS) in patients with nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) and in normal adults. A total of 406 included eyes were divided into four groups: acute NAION group, chronic NAION group, unaffected group, and normal eyes group. PHOMS were detected on optical coherence tomography slices from optical coherence tomography angiography scans centered on the optic nerve head (ONH). The differences in age, sex, and ONH parameters were investigated between eyes with PHOMS and eyes without PHOMS among groups. The prevalence of PHOMS in acute eyes (43.48%) and fellow eyes (28.20%) was significantly higher than that in normal eyes (11.76%) (acute vs. normal, P < 0.001; fellow vs. normal, P = 0.014). In the acute group, the PHOMS score of size was negatively correlated with age in acute eyes (r = -0.486, P = 0.03). The size of PHOMS was negatively correlated with age and cup/disc ratio and positively correlated with retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in the nasal and inferior sectors in the normal groups. No differences in age, sex, ONH parameters, or visual field defects were found between eyes with PHOMS and eyes without PHOMS. The prevalence of PHOMS increased significantly in acute nonoptic disc drusen (NODD)-NAION eyes and fellow eyes. PHOMS could also be found among normal adults. PHOMS may be a nonspecific sign secondary to ONH edema and axoplasmic stasis. The high prevalence of PHOMS in acute NODD-NAION eyes may indicate axoplasmic stasis secondary to tissue edema.

Optical coherence tomography in papilledema: A probe into the intracranial pressure correlation.

To study the optic nerve head characteristics on optical coherence tomography (OCT) in patients with papilledema and correlate them with intracranial pressure (ICP). A retrospective hospital-based study of 46 eyes of 23 patients with bilateral optic disc edema secondary to increased ICP. The clinical profile and the OCT features in terms of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFL), ganglion cell inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness, and enhanced depth imaging (EDI) B scan images of the optic nerve head were studied and correlated with the ICP. Papilledema was secondary to idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) ( n = 20), obstructive hydrocephalus ( n = 2), and communicating hydrocephalus ( n = 1). The mean ICP in 20 IIH patients was 347 mmH 2 O. The ICP and RNFL thickness in all four quadrants were found to be weakly positively correlated: superior RNFL r (38) = 0.17, P = 0.30, and nasal RNFL r (38) = 0.30, P = 0.05, inferior RNFL r (38) = 0.29, P = 0.07, and temporal RNFL, r (38) = -0.001, P = 0.99. The GCIPL layer thickness and the ICP were weakly negatively correlated in all sectors: superior (38) = -0.23, P = 0.16, superonasal, r (38) = -0.07, P = 0.67, inferonasal r (38) = -0.08, P = 0.64, inferior r (38) = -0.21, P = 0.19, inferotemporal r (38) = -0.23, P = 0.17, superotemporal, r (38) -0.21, P = 0.20. Descriptive features on the B scan, such as peripapillary hyperreflective ovoid mass-like structures and microcystic spaces, were observed most commonly with an ICP of 251-350 mmH 2 O, and the hyperreflective dots in the RNFL layer and Bruch's membrane inward denting were observed more commonly with an ICP of 351-450 mmH 2 O. The RNFL thickness in all four quadrants had a weak positive correlation, and the GCIPL layer had a weak negative correlation with the ICP. The EDI descriptive features on OCT may vary with ICP.

Peripapillary hyperreflective ovoid mass-like structures and the retinal nerve fiber layer thinning.

We describe a report of three cases of bilateral Peripapillary Hyperreflective Ovoid Mass-Like Structures (PHOMS), their respective multimodal imaging, and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) analysis over time. We performed an elaborated multimodal imaging of three pediatric patients with PHOMS. We performed a visual acuity testing, followed by a biomicroscopic and fundus examination, an additional Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), fundus autofluorescence (FAF), infra-red (IR), fluorescein angiography (FA), Scanning laser Ophtalmoscopy (SLO), and retro-mode imaging. Furthermore, we analyzed RNFL thickness over several consecutive visits. The multimodal approach exhibited similar characteristics of PHOMS in all eyes, namely a torus-like shaped that was particularly demarcated and well visualized using SLO and retro-mode tool. In all the eyes, we found a downward trend of the RNFL over time. In both the right and left eye, RNFL at presentation averaged at 152.33 ± 25.42 and 130 ± 18.33 microns, respectively. Several weeks after, it averaged at 142 ± 30.34 and 125.67 ± 14.84 microns, respectively. Our report shows a thinning trend of the RNFL thickness over time in patients with PHOMS.

Understanding pseudopapilledema on spectral domain optical coherence tomography.

Optic nerve head drusen (ONHD), peripapillary hyperreflective ovoid mass-like structures (PHOMS), and horizontal hyperreflective lines (HHL) are commonly seen in eyes with pseudopapilledema on enhanced depth imaging (EDI) spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT). The objective of this study is to assess the frequency of ONHD, PHOMS, and HHL on spectral domain OCT in the eyes diagnosed to have pseudopapilledema. A retrospective case-control study included patients diagnosed as pseudopapilledema and had EDI SD OCT imaging of the optic nerve head (n = 48 eyes) and controls (n = 20 eyes). OCT scans through the optic nerve head were studied to diagnose ONHD, HHL, and PHOMS. One proportion z test was used to find the difference in proportions. Forty eight eyes of 27 subjects were studied. ONHD as described by the optic disc drusen Studies consortium was noted in 19 eyes (39.48%), P value-0.032, PHOMS in 31 eyes (64.6%), P value 0.043, HL in 19 eyes (39.48%), P value 0.032, and none of the normals had ONHD, PHOMS, and HHL. PHOMS are more frequently seen than ONHD and HHL in eyes with pseudopapilledema.

Optic Nerve Head Abnormalities in Nonpathologic High Myopia and the Relationship With Visual Field.

To describe the optic nerve head (ONH) abnormalities in nonpathologic highly myopic eyes based on swept-source optical coherence tomography (OCT) and the relationship with visual field (VF). Secondary analysis from a longitudinal cohort study. Highly myopic patients without myopic maculopathy of category 2 or higher were enrolled. All participants underwent a swept-source OCT examination focused on ONH. We differentiated between 3 major types (optic disc morphologic abnormality, papillary/peripapillary tissue defect, and papillary/peripapillary schisis) and 12 subtypes of ONH abnormalities. The prevalence and characteristics of ONH abnormalities and the relationship with VF were analyzed. A total of 857 participants (1389 eyes) were included. Among the 1389 eyes, 91.86%, 68.61%, and 34.92% of them had at least 1, 2, or 3 ONH abnormalities, respectively, which corresponded to 29.55%, 31.79%, and 35.67% of VF defects, respectively. Among the 12 subtypes of the 3 major types, peripapillary hyperreflective ovoid mass-like structure, visible retrobulbar subarachnoid space, and prelaminar schisis were the most common, respectively. Perimetric defects corresponding to OCT abnormalities were more commonly found in eyes with peripapillary retinal detachment, peripapillary retinoschisis, and peripapillary hyperreflective ovoid mass-like structure. Glaucoma-like VF defects were more common in eyes with deep optic cups (28.17%) and with optic disc pit/pit-like change (18.92%). We observed and clarified the ONH structural abnormalities in eyes with nonpathologic high myopia. These descriptions may be helpful to differentiate changes in pathologic high myopia or glaucoma.

Peripapillary hyperreflective ovoid mass-like structures (PHOMS) in patients with acute Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy.

Peripapillary hyperreflective ovoid mass-like structures (PHOMS) represent an optical coherence tomography (OCT) finding that has been characterized in different forms of pseudopapilledema. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of PHOMS in patients affected by acute LHON using structural OCT, and to provide a detailed description of these findings. Patients with a clinical and molecularly confirmed diagnosis of acute LHON (visual loss having occurred less than 6months) were enrolled from the neuro-ophthalmology clinic at San Raffaele Scientific Institute. Patients had a complete ophthalmologic evaluation, including imaging with structural OCT. Our analysis included 16 patients (21 eyes-8 males and 8 females) with acute LHON. Structural OCT exhibited PHOMS in 12 eyes from 9 patients with a prevalence rate of 57.1%. In a subsequent topographical assessment in the peripapillary area, the most common location of PHOMS was the temporal region (12 out of 12 eyes), while the nasal region was affected in 2 eyes (16.7%). Considering the 12 eyes with PHOMS, mean ± SD temporal peripapillary RNFL thickness was 87.5 ± 28.4 microns. The temporal peripapillary RNFL thickness was significantly lower in eyes without PHOMS (63.7 ± 32.2 microns; P = 0.40). At the 12-month follow-up visit, PHOMS disappeared in 10 out of 12 eyes. Acute LHON eyes have PHOMS which are mainly confined to the temporal peripapillary sector. PHOMS may represent swelled retinal fibers that have herniated or are in stasis.

Acquired perforating dermatosis: A clinicopathologic study, and the features of dermoscopy and reflective confocal microscopy of 37 cases.

Acquired perforating dermatosis (APD) is a rare skin condition characterized by degenerated materials eliminated from the dermis. Several retrospective studies on APD have been reported; however, few data are available on Chinese APD and their features on dermoscopy and reflective confocal microscope (RCM) assays. The aim of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the clinical and histopathologic data of 37 acquired perforating dermatosis cases, and assess their features on dermoscopy and RCM. Thirty-seven APD patients were retrospectively enrolled in our study. We characterized the clinical histopathological features, concomitant diseases, treatment responses, and the dermoscopy and RCM findings. Pruritus was the most common symptom, with the lower extremities as the most predilectionsites (86.5%, n=32; 91.9%, n=34, respectively). Concomitant diseases were found in 34 patients (92.6%), among which diabetes mellitus was the most common, followed by thyroid nodules, allergic dermatosis, and chronic renal insufficiency. Dermoscopy and RCM assays were performed in 11 patients. The typical RCM images were hyperreflective cord-like structures from the epidermis to dermis. Dermoscopy features of fully developed lesions showed central ulceration with peripheral hairpin-like or loop-like capillaries with characteristic garland arrangements. APD is an uncommon skin disorder associated with various systemic conditions in Chinese individuals. Thyroid disorders are an overlooked complication and may play an important role in the development of APD. The results of this study indicate that noninvasive dermoscopy and RCM examination are helpful in the rapid diagnosis and early intervention of APD.