Salivary Gland Hyperplasia Research Articles

A very rare case of adenomatoid hyperplasia of minor salivary gland in a 55 year old male patient

Adenomatoid hyperplasia of minor salivary glands (AHMSG) is an extremely rare non-neoplastic enlargement of minor salivary glands with uncertain pathogenesis. It is most commonly seen in males around 40–50 years of age. The most common sites are hard or soft palate. Clinically, the lesion presents as a sessile tumor-like nodule which mimics neoplasm with histological findings of benign hyperplasia and hypertrophy of mucous glands. Herein, we report a very rare case of AHMSG in a 55-year-old male patient who presented with asymptomatic swelling over the floor of the mouth since 8 months.

Histopathological correlation in oral biopsies in clinically diagnosed pediatric oral lesions: A 12-year institutional archival study

: The present study was aimed to determine the histopathological correlation in lesions of oral cavity in children aged 14 years and below received for diagnosis in the Oral Pathology Department of the Indira Gandhi Government Dental College Jammu, J&K. : The archives of the Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology were retrospectively analyzed. Biopsy records of all oral lesions from pediatric patients, aged 0–14 years, from Department Of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology & Oral Microbiology, Indira Gandhi Government Dental College Jammu, J&K, from 2011 to 2022 were considered. Descriptive statistical analysis and using computer software Pearson’s Chi‑square test was performed.: 36 biopsies (4.9%) belonged to pediatric population out of the total 727 biopsies that were received during the period. Females (64%) showed greater prevalence compared to males (36%). Affected age group seen were between10–14 years. The most common category of lesions diagnosed were cysts and the odontogenic tumors were the least seen. Mandible showed more predilection compared to maxilla in jaws which was most common location involved, followed by the gingiva, palate, lower lip and labial mucosa. On comparing the histopathological diagnosis, dentigerous cysts (22%) were the most common followed by radicular cysts (17%), fibrous hyperplasia (14%), pyogenic granuloma (11%), central giant cell granuloma (8%), hyperplasia of minor salivary glands (5.6%) and percentage of aneurysmal bone cyst, peripheral giant cell granuloma, peripheral ossifying fibroma, central ossifying fibroma, juvenile ossifying fibroma, cementoblastoma, ameloblastoma and necrotic bone all was equal (2.8%). A statistically significant association of age and gender was seen with the category of the lesion.:The lesions were more common in the mandible with a female predilection and in age group >10 years. The majority of oral and maxillofacial lesions detected in pediatric population were benign similar to the previous reports.

Adenomatoid Hyperplasia of Minor Salivary Glands in the Buccal Region: Case Report and Review of Literature

Adenomatoid Hyperplasia of Minor Salivary Glands in the Buccal Region: Case Report and Review of Literature

Adenomatoid hyperplasia of the upper lip

Objectives: The aim of the present article was to report a rare case of bilateral adenomatoid hyperplasia of minor salivary glands of the upper lip. Materials and methods: Adenomatoid hyperplasia of minor salivary glands is a rare condition characterized by a benign, non-neoplastic enlargement of minor mucous salivary glands. Clinically, the lesion may be misdiagnosed … Continued

Adenomatous hyperplasia of the minor salivary glands presenting as “tongue bump:” A rare case report

The tongue remains the most common intraoral site for oral cancer worldwide, and in several countries, it is still considered a serious public health problem. Any lesion presenting as swelling on the tongue can mimic malignancy on clinical grounds and conclusive opinion requires histopathological examination. Adenomatoid hyperplasia of minor salivary glands is a rare hyperplastic oral lesion that can present anywhere in the oral cavity as an asymptomatic mass or nodule. It mainly involves soft and hard palate but its occurrence in the tongue is very rare with only one case cited in the literature. Here, we report the case of adenomatous hyperplasia of minor salivary glands in a 55-year-old female. The purpose of this case report is to highlight one such case which presented as a nodule on the tongue to make the clinicians and dentists aware of this unusual entity, as at this location, it becomes highly significant to distinguish adenomatous hyperplasia of minor salivary glands from relatively common epithelial and salivary gland neoplasms.

ADENOMATOID HYPERPLASIA OF THE PALATE: AN UNCOMMON LESION OFTEN MIMICKING SALIVARY GLAND TUMOR

Adenomatoid hyperplasia of the minor salivary glands is an uncommon benign proliferation of mucous glandular tissue. This lesion may clinically resemble a neoplasm of salivary gland origin. We present a case of an adenomatoid hyperplasia of minor salivary glands on the palate. A 42-year-old female patient was referred after presenting with a painless swelling of approximately 1.5 cm diameter in the left side of the hard palate. An excisional biopsy was performed. Microscopically, the specimen presented several lobules of minor salivary gland, all almost constituted by mucinous acini. At the periphery, hyperkeratotic stratified squamous epithelium lining, with mild chronic inflammation in the underlying connective tissue, was observed. The patient continues to be observed, and there has been no evidence of recurrence after 6 months’ of follow up. The adenomatoid hyperplasia pathogenesis remains unknown; however, clinicians should be aware of this condition, which may mimic a salivary gland neoplasm. Adenomatoid hyperplasia of the minor salivary glands is an uncommon benign proliferation of mucous glandular tissue. This lesion may clinically resemble a neoplasm of salivary gland origin. We present a case of an adenomatoid hyperplasia of minor salivary glands on the palate. A 42-year-old female patient was referred after presenting with a painless swelling of approximately 1.5 cm diameter in the left side of the hard palate. An excisional biopsy was performed. Microscopically, the specimen presented several lobules of minor salivary gland, all almost constituted by mucinous acini. At the periphery, hyperkeratotic stratified squamous epithelium lining, with mild chronic inflammation in the underlying connective tissue, was observed. The patient continues to be observed, and there has been no evidence of recurrence after 6 months’ of follow up. The adenomatoid hyperplasia pathogenesis remains unknown; however, clinicians should be aware of this condition, which may mimic a salivary gland neoplasm.

Cheilitis glandularis of upper and lower lip in young female: Case treated with systemic steroids with follow-up of 1 year

There are a number of pathological conditions that may affect the lips. Cheilitis glandularis (CG) is a rare disorder characterized by hyperplasia of the labial mucous glands and mixed salivary glands as well as by ectasia of salivary glands ducts. It is a rare condition and most commonly involves the lower lip of adult males with little predilection for females. The exact etiology of this condition is unknown, but various agents have been linked. In this paper, we report a rare case of CG of the superficial suppurative type in a 20-year-old Indian female affecting upper and lower lip which was diagnosed based on clinical and histopathological findings and was treated with steroids. The present case is different because of its occurrence in a young aged female with the involvement of both lips. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment and frequent monitoring and follow-up are necessary to prevent further complications.

Cheilitis Glandularis of the Lower Lip

Cheilitis glandularis is an uncommon disease most commonly affecting the lower lip caused by hyperplasia of minor salivary glands with the presence of inflammatory component. UV rays have been considered the primary cause for CG. It has categorized into 3 clinical types: simple, superficial suppurative, and deep suppurative. [1]. The lack of sufficient data makes the diagnosis and treatment of the disease cumbersome. Hereby we report a case of actinic cheilitis of the lower lip and discuss its diagnostic and therapeutic aspects.

Prevalence of salivary gland hypertrophy syndrome in laboratory colonies and wild flies of Glossina pallidipes in Ethiopia.

Glossina pallidipes salivary gland hyperplasia (GpSGH) syndrome caused by the salivary gland hyperplasia virus reduces the reproduction potential of tsetse flies, posing a serious threat for rearing of sufficient colonies for use of tsetse and trypanosome control using the sterile insect technique. This research was conducted in the Kaliti Tsetse Mass Rearing and Irradiation Centre in Ethiopia with the objective of studying the prevalence of GpSGH syndrome in laboratory colonies of G. pallidipes (Tororo and Arbaminch) reared for release in the implementation of the sterile insect technique and a field strain of G. pallidipes Arbaminch. Presence or absence of GpSGH was determined when pathological features of the salivary gland were revealed after dissection. The overall prevalence of GpSGH syndrome in laboratory colonies was 48.3% (747/1548) with a statistically significant (z = 17.30, p = 0.001) prevalence of 70.2% (544/775) in Arbaminch colonies and 26.26% (203/773) in Tororo colonies. The prevalence of GpSGH in laboratory flies fed according to the clean blood feeding protocol was 68.9% and 22.4% in Arbaminch and Tororo strains respectively. It was 70.5% and 27.2% respectively in laboratory colonies of Arbaminch and Tororo strains fed according to the standard membrane feeding protocol. The difference in prevalence of the disease between the two feeding protocols was not statistically significant in either Arbaminch (z = 0.361, p = 0.359) or Tororo (z = 1.22, p = 0.111) strains. The prevalence of SGH in wild G. pallidipes Arbaminch strain was 3% (15/500) and was significantly (z = 23.61, p < 0.001) lower than in the laboratory strain. The effect of age and density-related stress on the development of GpSGH was not statistically significant. The prevalence of GpSGH in the newly emerging (teneral) flies in the laboratory colonies was 66.7% and 20% in the Arbaminch and Tororo strains respectively. For all considered risk factors, the prevalence was much higher in G. pallidipes Arbaminch laboratory colonies.

Early Gene Expression in Salivary Gland After Isoproterenol Treatment

Isoproterenol, a β-adrenergic agonist, has been shown to induce salivary gland hyperplasia. However, the mechanism involved in this pharmacological phenomenon is not well understood. To gain a better understanding of the underlying changes, including genes, networks and pathways altered by isoproterenol, microarray-based gene expression analysis was conducted on rat parotid glands at 10, 30, and 60 min after isoproterenol injection. After isoproterenol treatment, the number of differentially expressed genes was increased in a time-dependent manner. Pathway analysis showed that cell hyperplasia, p38(MAPK), and IGF-1 were the most altered function, network and pathway, respectively. The balanced regulation of up- and down-expression of genes related to cell proliferation/survival may provide a better understanding of the mechanism of isoproterenol-induced parotid gland enlargement without tumor transformation.

Mandibulofacial dysostosis (Treacher‐Collins syndrome) in the fetus: Novel association with pectus carinatum in a molecularly confirmed case and review of the fetal phenotype

Treacher Collins syndrome is the most common mandibulofacial dysostosis of autosomal dominant or, rarely, recessive inheritance. Affected fetuses may be identified by prenatal ultrasound or diagnosed at autopsy in case of perinatal death or pregnancy termination. We describe the ultrasonographic, autopsy, and molecular findings in a 25-week-gestation affected fetus, and review the clinical, prenatal, and postmortem findings in 15 previously reported fetal and perinatal cases. A nearly complete spectrum of the typical facial characteristics can be present by the early second trimester of gestation, including subtle defects such as lower eyelid colobomas. Mandibular hypoplasia and bilateral auricle defects were constant findings in the affected fetal population. Downslanting palpebral fissures were the second more common feature, followed by midface hypoplasia, polyhydramnios, and ocular defects. Association with Pierre Robin sequence was common (38%) in the reviewed series. Previously unreported pectus carinatum was noted in our case bearing a heterozygous TCOF1 mutation. Other unique reported findings include salivary gland hyperplasia, single umbilical artery, and tracheo-esophageal fistula, all in molecularly unconfirmed cases. Treacher Collins syndrome can be prenatally detected by ultrasound and should be included in the wide range of genetic syndromes that can be diagnosed at perinatal autopsy. Affected fetuses tend to have a more severe phenotype than living patients. The reported association of Treacher Collins syndrome type 1 with pectus carinatum expands the phenotype, provides information on genotype-phenotype correlation, and suggests possible pathogenetic interactions between neural crest cell disorders and the formation of the sternum that merit investigation.

Sublingual gland hyperplasia interfere with mandibular interforaminal implants

Preprosthetic surgeries after dental implant placement in mandibular anterior area for overdenture prosthetic needs are specially designed procedures. Sublingual salivary gland hyperplasia makes routine procedures less effective. In the present paper, bilateral sublingual salivary glands removal with simultaneous lowering floor of mouth after dental implant placement in anterior mandibular area is explained.

Isoproterenol modulates matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and its tissue inhibitor-2 (TIMP-2) in rat parotid gland

ObjectiveChronic isoproterenol treatment causes hypertrophy and hyperplasia of rodent salivary glands. Cell-extracellular matrix interactions play a critical role in salivary gland proliferation and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are known to be involved in cell proliferation. The present study was undertaken to investigate the expression of MMP-2 and the tissue inhibitor metalloproteinase (TIMP)-2 in rat parotid gland following isoproterenol treatment. DesignFemale Wistar rats were daily treated with isoproterenol (25mg/kg body weight) for 0, 1, 3, and 7 days. Expression of parotid gland MMP-2 and its tissue inhibitor TIMP-2 was analysed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry. ResultsOur results suggest that isoproterenol modulates expression of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 mRNAs, as well as their protein expression levels in a time dependent-manner. Interestingly, at day 1 of treatment, MMP-2 and TIMP-2 expression were higher in comparison to untreated gland. At days 3 and 7, we can observe a gradual decrease of mRNA and protein levels of MMP-2 and TIMP-2. ConclusionsOur results suggest the presence of a isoproterenol-dependent modulation of extracellular matrix components. Such a modulation seems to be associated with β-adrenergic agonist-induced hyperplasy, occurring during the first 24h of agonist treatment, and hypertrophy of the parotid gland.

Chromosomal aberrations in adenomatoid hyperplasia of palatal minor salivary gland

Adenomatoid hyperplasia of minor salivary glands is rare, idiopathic, and benign, and typically presents as a tumour-like mass in the hard or soft palate. Its exact nature is not clear and histological examination usually shows an excess of normal-appearing minor salivary glands. To our knowledge, cytogenetic analysis of it in a minor salivary gland of the palate has not previously been reported. We present the cytogenetic analysis of adenomatoid hyperplasia in the hard palate of a 52-year-old woman.

MMTV promoter-regulated caveolin-1 overexpression yields defective parenchymal epithelia in multiple exocrine organs of transgenic mice

Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is a major structural protein of caveolae, specialized plasma membrane invaginations that are involved in a cell-specific fashion in diverse cell activities such as molecular transport, cell adhesion, and signal transduction. In normal adult mammals, Cav-1 expression is abundant in mesenchyme-derived cells but relatively low in epithelial parenchyma. However, epithelial Cav-1 overexpression is associated with development and/or progression of many carcinomas. In this study, we generated and characterized a transgenic mouse model of Cav-1 overexpression under the control of a mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) long terminal-repeat promoter, which is predominantly expressed in specific epithelial cells. The MMTVcav-1 + transgenic mice were fertile, and females bore litters of normal size with no obvious developmental abnormalities. However, by age 11 months, the MMTVcav-1 + mice demonstrated overtly different phenotypes in multiple exocrine organs when compared with their nontransgenic MMTVcav-1 − littermates. Cav-1 overexpression in MMTVcav-1 + mice produced organ-specific abnormalities, including hypotrophy of mammary glandular epithelia, bronchiolar epithelial hyperplasia and atypia, mucous-cell hyperplasia in salivary glands, elongated hair follicles and dermal thickening in the skin, and reduced accumulation of enzymogen granules in pancreatic acinar cells. In addition, the MMTVcav-1 + transgenic mice tended to have a greater incidence of malignant tumors, including lung and liver carcinomas and lymphoma, than their MMTVcav-1 − littermates. Our results indicate that Cav-1 overexpression causes organ-specific, age-related epithelial disorders and suggest the potential for increased susceptibility to carcinogenesis.

Chronic idiopathic macrocheilia associated with simple lip enlargement and salivary gland hyperplasia

Chronic macrocheilia is a relatively rare condition of chronic lip enlargement. It can be cosmetically and functionally problematic, and often poses a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge to clinicians especially when its etiology is unclear. We describe a 40-year-old Korean man who presented with a 4-year history of lower lip swelling and was diagnosed as having chronic idiopathic macrocheilia after excluding other disease entities based on histopathological and clinical findings. We believe that the present case has a unique clinico-histopathological feature that differentiates it from other cases of chronic cheilitis, namely, simple lip swelling showing minor salivary gland hyperplasia only, suggesting the possibility of a new disease entity.

A Time to Divide: Does the Circadian Clock Control Cell Cycle?

A variety of molecular, genomic and epidemiological evidence has linked cell cycle regulation to circadian rhythms. In a recent issue of Molecular Cell, Koeffler and colleagues show that PER1 sensitizes human cancer cells to ionizing radiation-induced apoptosis. In addition, PER1 expression was found to be downregulated in human tumors, suggesting a tumor suppressor role for the PER1 protein. The significance of PERs, clocks, and cell cycle control is discussed.

035. Circadian rhythms and the early life programming of adult physiological systems

We are all familiar with the idea that the external environment influences many diverse physiological systems. For example, the level of nutrition can not only influence adult health directly, but also fetal development and subsequently many adult functions in the offspring. Maternal stress can affect fetal outcomes as can the administration of drugs during pregnancy. Until recently, however, the daily changes in environmental light have been considered to really only influence the time that we sleep and in many other species the optimal time to mate. The impact of circadian rhythms on life trajectory has had little attention. In the last 5 years it has become clear that circadian rhythmicity is entrenched in virtually every cell of our bodies. A suite of clock gene transcription factors that include Clock, Bmal1 and the period and cryptochrome genes, generate a robust daily cycle of transcription and translation of hundreds of proteins. This cellular clock system is synchronised with the external photoperiod through retinal light perception, the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and neural and hormonal pathways. Most importantly when the clock system in peripheral tissues is disrupted, a growing list of detrimental consequences are being uncovered. As an example, mice with mutations in either Clock or Bmal1 have non-rhythmic peripheral tissues and exhibit mild to severe reproductive failure and metabolic dysfunction. Null per2 mice have a higher incidence of salivary gland hyperplasia, teratomas and increased susceptibility to radiation induced lymphomas. It is also apparent that intrauterine insults (e.g. cocaine administration, poor nutrition and stress) can have long term effects on the central circadian timing system in the SCN. Whether this involves alterations in neural development or gene function is not known. Nevertheless it is time we paid more attention to the temporal nature of our environment as a possible contributor to lifetime disorders and diseases.

Downregulation of Circadian Genes, PER1, PER2, and PER3, in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia.

Circadian rhythm is present in all eukaryotic and some prokaryotic life forms. This time-keeping system is organized in a hierarchical fashion and composed of a self-sustained central pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus and peripheral oscillators in most body cells. A recent study demonstrated that mice deficient in the clock gene mPer2 are cancer prone and display a deregulated temporal expression genes involved in cell cycle regulation, such as c-Myc, Cyclin D1, Cyclin A, and Mdm-2. These mice display salivary gland hyperplasia, and a large portion of them develops lymphomas. The results revealed that Per2 is an essential circadian gene and it is associated with proliferation control in mammals. In a more recent study, it was demonstrated that an age-dependent decay of the circadian clock both at the behavioral and the molecular levels was observed in mPer1−/−mCry2−/− double-mutant mice. To gain further insights into the roles of circadian genes in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), we analyzed peripheral blood from 21 healthy individuals and 35 CML patients (18 in blastic crisis and 17 in chronic phase) by real-time quantitative RT-PCR for the expression of circadian genes PER1, PER2, and PER3. In blastic crisis cases, the expression levels of all three PER genes were significantly impaired than in healthy individuals (PER1, 1:5.97, p < 0.005; PER2, 1:13.51, p < 0.0001; PER3, 1:2181.33; p < 0.0001); whereas, in chronic phase, only the expression levels of PER2 and PER3 were significantly impaired (PER1, 1:1.23, p > 0.5; PER2, 1:2.47, p < 0.05; PER3, 1:14.22; p < 0.0001). Mutational analysis of the whole gene and methylation analysis of CpGs sites at the promoter area were further performed to investigate the possible mechanisms. No mutation was found within the coding regions of the three PER genes in all CML cases. Methylation analysis using methylation-specific PCR and direct sequencing showed no methylation in the promoter areas of both PER1 and PER2 genes. In contrast, most of the CpG sites were methylated in the promoter area of PER3 gene in CML cases and none of these CpG sites were methylated in healthy individual cases. In addition, the methylated CpG frequencies of PER3 gene differed in patients at blastic crisis and at chronic phase (CpG, 8.24 ± 0.73 vs. 4.48 ± 0.48, p < 0.0001; T/CpG, 10.47 ± 0.67 vs. 14.67 ± 0.46, p < 0.0001; TG, 1.24 ± 0.32 vs. 0.81 ± 0.16, p > 0.05). Demethylation by treatment of hypermethylated K562 cells with 5′-aza-2′-deoxycytidine resulted in partial reactivation of PER3 expression. Our results suggest that the downregulated PER3 expression in CML was due to the inactivation of PER3 gene by methylation and the differential expression was correlated to the ratio of methylated CpG sites at the promoter region. We hope to explore the role of circadian genes in the tumorigenesis of leukemia and to establish circadian genes as novel and useful markers for diagnosis and references for therapies in leukemia.

下唇に生じた小唾液腺過形成の１例

Hyperplasia of minor salivary glands is an uncommon clinicopathological entity first described by Giansanti et al. in 1971. We encountered a 47-year-old man who had a mass of the lower lip. The patient's medical history included alcoholic hepatitis, gastric ulcer, and HBs antigen positive. He received therapy irregularly at Tagawa Municipal Hospital, without the use of drugs. He recognized a mass of the left lower lip 1 week ago. The mass was covered with normal mucosa, multiple, and measured 2×1cm in longest diameter. Blood examination results were within normal limits without a positive reaction for HBs antigen. He had smoked cigarettes and drunk beer daily for more than 20 years. CT showed a low density mass and MR T 2 imaging showed a high intensity mass in the lower lip. The clinical diagnosis was a benign tumor of the lower lip. Excision was performed by a Nd: YAG laser with the patient under general anesthesia. The pathological diagnosis was salivary gland hyperplasia.