Hyperlipidemia In Wistar Rats Research Articles

Effect of Aqueous Extract of Irvingia wombolu Seeds on Lipid Profile and Atherogenic Indices in Hyperlipidemic Wistar Rats

The effect of aqueous extract of Irvingia wombolu seeds on lipid profile and atherogenic indices in hyperlipidemic wistar rats was evaluated. Forty five (45) wistar rats were grouped into five groups of nine rats each. The animals were allowed seven days acclimatization period. Group one was the control group and it received normal rat chow and water throughout the study. Groups 2 to 5 were given high fat diet for 14 days after which they were fed with normal rat chow till the end of the study. At the end of the 14 days, group 2 was not treated while group 3-5 were treated with 250, 500 and 1000mg/kg body weight aqueous extract of Irvingia wombolu seed respectively for 28 days. The lipid profile of animals was assayed three times: first after 14 days induction period (phase 1) i.e day 0 of treatment, second was taken 14 days after treatment (phase 2), third was taken 28 days after treatment (phase 3).The study lasted for 49 days and distilled water was used as a vehicle for the extract.In phase 1, there was a significant decrease (p<0.05) in HDL (high density lipoprotein) level in all groups (2-5) compared to the control.there was a significant increase (p<0.05) in LDL ( low density lipoprotein), Total cholesterol, Triglyceride, VLDL (very low density lipoprotein), Non HDL, Cardic risk factor, Atherogenic coefficient, Atherogenic index of plasma levels in all groups (2-5) compared to the control. All doses of aqueous extract of Irvingia wombolu seed were able to increase HDL level and decrease other lipid profile parameters and atherogenic indices in hyperlipidemic rats. Thus, aqueous extract of Irvingia wombolu seed has antidyslipidemic potential.

The ameliorative potential of aqueous extract of <i>Hunteria unbellata</i> on alloxan—induced diabetes and hyperlipidemia in Wistar rats

The use of aqueous fruit extract of unripe Hunteria umbellata in the therapeutic management of alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rats was investigated. Thirty-five Wistar rats divided into 7 groups of 5 rats each were used for the study. Group 1 was the positive control. Diabetes was induced in Groups 2 -7 using 150 mg kg-1 body weight of alloxan. Glucose levels were monitored for 72 hrs to confirm diabetes mellitus. Rats in group 2 received no treatment and served as the negative control while rats in Groups 3-7 received 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, and 2500 mg kg-1 of aqueous fruit extract of unripe H. umbellata respectively. After 28 days, the animals were anaesthetized with chloroform and blood was collected through cardiac puncture for determination of biochemical and haematological indices. The results showed a significant reduction (p<0.05) in the average weights of the rats from 141.4±2.07 g before alloxan treatment to 130.4±8.14 g. However, treatment with 500-2500 mg kg-1 of H. umbellata significantly (p<0.05) increased the weight of the rats to 141.0±1.41 g. The average fasting blood sugar (FBS) level of the rats before alloxan induction was 5.58±0.73 mmol/l, this increased 72 hours after alloxan treatment to 23.92±5.27 mmol/l. Treatment with 500-2500 mg kg-1 of H. umbellata initiated a significant (p<0.05) dose-related reduction in FBS levels. There was a significant (p<0.05) increase in α-amylase (31.19±2.67 IU) and Glutathione reductase (55.77±9.66 mg/dl) activities in group 6 when compared to group 2 (18.04±0.82 and 18.07±1.94 mg/dl respectively). Total cholesterol (160.51±1.36 mg/dl) in group 2 was reduced to 95.63±1.61 mg/dl in group 5. In conclusion, H. umbellata has the potential to lower blood sugar and may be used in the management of diabetes.

Improvement of a diet-induced model of hyperlipidemia in Wistar rats: Assessment of biochemical parameters, the thickness of the abdominal aorta and liver histology

ObjectivesThis study aimed to develop an improved and more reliable atherogenic diet-induced model of hyperlipidemia in Wistar rats for a better insight into pathophysiological changes and their effects on relevant biochemical and histological markers as well as on the thickness of the abdominal aorta. MethodsThe study was conducted on a total number of 24 Wistar rats, three-month-old, weighing 180–230g that were divided into two groups: the standard rodent diet (SD) group (n = 12; 6 males and 6 females) in which rats were fed with commercially available standard rodent diet (SRD), and the atherogenic rodent diet (AD) group (n = 12; 6 males and 6 females) in which rats were fed with our mixture of atherogenic rodent diet (ARD) throughout the study period of 28 days. The body weight of rats was recorded weekly. The blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture and values of total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) were determined at baseline, after the 14 days, and on the last day of the study, while other parameters high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, lowdensity lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, total protein (TP), glucose (GC), alanine transaminase (ALT), and aspartate transaminase (AST) were determined only on the last day of the study. The liver and abdominal aorta were collected after sacrifice and stored for further analysis. ResultsFeeding rats with an ARD for 14 days resulted in the successful development of hyperlipidemia, as the TC and TG values were significantly increased (p < 0.05). Further feeding with an ARD for a total of 28 days resulted in significantly increased levels of TC, TG, LDL, non-HDL, and decreased levels of HDL compared to rats fed with SRD (p < 0.05). Greater risk predispositions for CVDs were documented for rats in the AD group, due to the significant increase in AI and LDL/HDL ratio compared to the SD group (p < 0.05). ConclusionObtained lipid profile and predictors confirm the establishment of a diet-induced model of hyperlipidemia in Wistar rats and prove the suitability of our model for future testing and proving the effectiveness of lipid-lowering agents.

Hypolipidemic Effect of Chloroform Extract of Lagenaria siceraria: Potential Inhibitory Activity of Phytochemicals Targeting the HMG-CoA Reductase Revealed by Molecular Docking and Simulation Studies

Conventional systems of medicine play a crucial role in maintaining healthcare. Herbal medicines are intact and less harmful to human beings than synthetic medicines. This study aimed to investigate the phytochemicals and in vivo hypolipidemic effect of chloroform extract of Lagenaria siceraria in Triton X-100 (100 mg/kg body weight) induced hyperlipidemic Wistar rats. The phytochemical characterization and estimation were performed on the base of the GC-MS approach. The Lagenaria siceraria extract (250 and 500 mg/kg bw) was administered orally to hyperlipidemic-induced rats for 7 days to examine its hypolipidemic activity. The experimental animals did not display any acute toxicity. Atorvastatin (10 mg/kg bw) was used as a standard drug. Administration of Lagenaria siceraria extract lowers the total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipoproteins-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels whereas elevating the high-density lipoproteins-cholesterol (HDL-C) level. Histological studies of the liver and heart also showed the hypolipidemic effect of the extract. On the 8th day, no inflammation of the liver, myocardial necrosis, fibrosis, or atypia was seen. Furthermore, binding affinity and plausible binding mode of stigmastan-3-ol with HMG-CoA reductase were predicted by molecular docking studies which showed the same interaction patterns as atorvastatin. Moreover, the docking results were refined by 100 ns MD simulations which revealed that stigmastan-3-ol extract formed a stable complex with protein and did not induce any conformational changes in protein structure.

Comparative evaluation of carvedilol and pitavastatin for antihyperlipidemic activity in tyloxapol-induced hyperlipidemia in Wistar rats

Aim of the study was designed to investigate the antihyperlipidemic activity of carvedilol and pitavastatin in tyloxapol-induced hyperlipidemia in Wistar rats. The rats were randomly divided into 6 groups. The vehicle control group-I received 2 ​mL of normal saline for eight days. The pathological control group-II received tyloxapol (400 ​mg/kg) on 8th day. The treated group-III received 10 ​mg/kg carvedilol and group-IV received 20 ​mg/kg carvedilol for eight days and tyloxapol (400 ​mg/kg) on the 8th day. The group-V received pitavastatin (0.3 ​mg/kg) for eight days and tyloxapol (400 ​mg/kg) on the 8th day. The group-VI received carvedilol (20 ​mg/kg) only for eight days. After eight days of treatment, triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, very low-density lipoprotein, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and glutathione were estimated in the serum and myocardial tissues along with DNA fragmentation of the liver tissue using gel-electrophoresis. Oral administration of carvedilol to tyloxapol-induced hyperlipidemic rats normalized the changes in the above parameters in a dose dependent manner. Hence, carvedilol with pitavastatin has antihyperlipidemic activity in tyloxapol-induced hyperlipidemia in Wistar rats.

Study on Effect of Lycopene Rich Tomato Puree Supplementation on Wellbeing/Healthiness in Hyperlipidemic Wistar Rats

Background: The red-colored tomatoes are characterised as a mine of lycopene to manufacture food grade ingredient and projected its placement in a specialty class where nutrient with pharmaceutical value justifies dietary status. Tomato lycopene has justified its status as a potential antioxidant compensating with nutraceutical importance and provided an option for endorsing specialty nutrition. The diversity epidemiological experiments recorded noteworthy modulations in lipid profile and projected risk reduction potential of lycopene against non-communicable diseases. The progressive research efforts to monitor haematological parameters to justify efficacy of tomato lycopene against adverse effects on wellbeing of human body is required for precision governance. The present research work aims to assess the potential of lycopene rich tomato puree in monitoring the haematological parameters in hyperlipidemic Wistar rats. Methods: Wistar rats (Healthy control, high fat diet fed, HFD-Stain treated and HFD-tomato puree treated) were examined for physiological, haematological and blood biochemical parameters on 0, 14 and 28th day of experiment to assess effect of tomato puree administration on wellbeing of rats against healthy, hyperlipidemic and standard drug status. Result: The increased haemoglobin and total erythrocyte count on 14th and 28th day of experiment justifies the erythropoiesis stimulatory effect of tomato puree lycopene. Moreover, increased total leukocyte count in high fat diet-tomato puree fed rats on 14th and 28th day validates the positive effect of tomato puree lycopene to monitor healthiness in Wistar rats. The regulatory mechanism based on haematological specialty features that monitors the risk of physiological disorders and diseases outlined through animal study experimental data provided a logistic option to confirm the efficacy of tomato puree lycopene to protect wellbeing/healthiness of live entity (Wistar rats).

Evaluation of Synergistic Hypolipidemic Activity of Murraya koenigii and Atorvastatin suspension in Hyperlipidemic rats

The purpose of this study is to assess the hypolipidemic potential of formulated suspensions of atorvastatin, alcoholic extract of Murraya koenigii and their combination on hyperlipidemic Wistar rats. Hyperlipidemia was induced in all groups except negative control group, using High Fat Diet (HFD). Formulated suspensions of Murayya koenigii leaf extract, atorvastatin and its combination were administered to HFD fed rats for 28 days. Treatment related changes in body weights were recorded. Extraction of Murraya koenigii was carried out by maceration. After completion of treatments, blood samples were collected immediately and serum separated was used for the estimation of lipid profile and glucose levels. Treatment with all the formulated suspensions shows significant normalization of body weight compared with positive control group (62.5±3.14) in HFD fed animals. The effect of combined suspension was more pronounced (40.08±4.86) and shows significant reduction in body weight gain, P&lt;0.01 than that of Murraya koenigii leaf extract (57.94 ±4.36) or atorvastatin suspensions (45.97± 4.48) alone. Combined suspension also exhibits significant reduction, P&lt;0.001 in serum TC, TG, LDL and VLDL. It also enhanced the cardio protective lipid HDL after 28 days of treatment. A significant reduction in serum glucose levels were noted with suspension of Murraya koenigii leaf extract alone, P&lt;0.05 compared with positive control. It is possible to draw the conclusion from the current study that combining atorvastatin and Murraya koenigii leaf extract in a suspension may have had a synergistic effect on lowering body weight and hypolipidemic activity.

Determination of lipid lowering properties of methanol extract of Tephrosia villosa against high fat diet induced hyperlipidemia in wistar rats

Objectives: The present study was performed to determine hypolipidemic potentials of methanol extract of Tephrosia villosa against high fat diet induced hyperlipidemia in wistar rats. Methods: Defatted powdered drug of ariel parts of Tephrosia villosa was subjected to methanol extraction using soxhlet extractor. The high fat diet induced hyperlipidemia in rat model was used for the present investigation in which all experimental rats were ingested with high fat diet (HFD) for entire period of study and were also administered with methanol extract for 21 days. Blood samples were collected from all the animals on day 21st after one hour of administration of the drugs and serum lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL and IDL) was estimated. All animals were sacrificed after the blood sampling and liver samples were collected. Results: The rats of therapeutic groups ingested with extract of Tephrosia villosa and standard drug atorvastatin have shown significant reduction in serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, LDL and increase in HDL indicating its ability to attenuate the effects of high fat diet. Conclusion: The methanol extract of Tephrosia villosa shown significant hypolipidemic effects against high fat diet induced hyperlipidemia wistar rats by inhibiting cholesterol synthesis in liver.

Determination of Lipid Lowering Properties of Methanol Extract of Tephrosia villosaAgainst High Fat Diet Induced Hyperlipidemia in Wistar Rats

The present study was performed to determine hypolipidemic potentials of methanol extract of Tephrosia villosa against high fat diet induced hyperlipidemia in wistar rats. Defatted powdered drug of ariel parts of Tephrosia villosa was subjected to methanol extraction using soxhlet extractor. The high fat diet induced hyperlipidemia in rat model was used for the present investigation in which all experimental rats were administered with single dose of triton (250mg/kg, ip.) on 1st day with methanol extract and upto 21 days. Blood samples were collected from all the animals on the 21stday after one hour of administration of the drugs and serum lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL and IDL) was estimated. All animals were sacrificed after the blood sampling and liver samples were collected. The collected liver samples were homogenized and estimated for protein and m-RNA expression ranges by western-blotting.The rats of therapeutic groups ingested with extract of Tephrosia villosaand standarddrug atorvastatin have shown significant reduction in serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, LDL and increase in HDL indicating its ability to attenuates effect of administration of triton. Administration of methanol extract could also normalize levels of protein and m-RNA expression in therapeutic rats.The methanol extract of Tephrosia villosashown significant hypolipidemic effects against triton induced hyperlipidemia wistar rats by inhibiting cholesterol synthesis in liver.

Evaluation of Hypolipidemic activity of Fragaria vesca Polyphenols in High-Fat Diet-Induced Hyperlipidemia in Wistar Rats

Venkataramana Yella1, S. Rajeshkumar2, K. Jagadeesh3 and C Hemasankar4 Author informationArticle notesCopyright and License information Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Medical College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, INDIA Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, INDIA Department of Pharmacology, Basaveshwara Medical College, Chitradurga, Karnataka, INDIA Department of Physiology, Saveetha Medical College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, INDIA Corresponding

Anti-Hyperlipidemic Effect of Methanol Seed Kernel Extract of Mangifera indica on Wistar Rat Model

The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-hyperlipidemic effect of methanol Mangifera indica seed kernel extract on hyperlipidemic Wistar rats. Mango seed kernels were dried at room temperature before being ground into fine powder. 500 g of mango seed kernel powder was soaked in 500 mL of 98 % methanol and shaken intermittently for 72 h, after which the extract was concentrated. Twenty five adult male wistar rats were divided into five groups of five rats each. Group I: was administered 2 ml of distilled water. Groups II-V were induced hyperlipidemia. However, while Group II was not treated with the extract (negative control), Groups III and IV were treated with 150 and 350 mg/kg body weight of mango seed kernel extract (MSKE) and Group V was administered the standard drug (atorvastatin). Treatment lasted for 21 days, after which rats were sacrificed and blood sample was collected and subsequently analyzed via standard procedures. Hyperlipidemia was characterized by increased levels of total cholesterol and Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL). Oral administration of MSKE significantly (P&lt;0.05) reduced the aforementioned indices to levels which though were significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher than that reported for the normal control group. On the other hand, it was observed that that the levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL) and triacylglyceride (TG) in the negative control (Group II) were significantly (P&lt;0.05) low but increased following oral administration of extract in a dose dependent manner. It was also observed that MSKE of M. indica reduced the body weight of hyperlipidemic rats. In conclusion, it can be deduced from this study that MSKE has the potential to address hyperlipidemia

Methanolic extract of S. securidaca flowers, leaves, and seeds' antihyperlipidemic effects on high fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia in Wistar rats.

Significant risk factors for atherosclerosis include hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress, which together rank as three of the most significant risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Securigera securidaca lowers cholesterol levels in diabetic rats' blood. This investigation's objective was to determine how methanolic extracts affected the flowers, leaves, and seeds of plants in rats that were fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Five groups of animals were created (n = 5). A total of 35 days, divided into two intervals, were used for the study. Rats received HFD during the first 15-day interval, while during the second 20-day interval, they also received extracts or the Atorvastatin reference drug. The extract of seeds has a high phenol content as well as DPPH radical antioxidant activity. Extracts were given at a dose of 200 mg/kg; p.o. Methanolic treatment of S. securidaca flowers, leaves, and seeds in HFD-induced hyperlipidemic rats resulted in significant reductions in total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDLC, and VLDL-C levels. HDL-C levels increased significantly because of the leaves. While in hyperlipidemic rats, seeds significantly reduced the activities of the enzymes ALT and ALP. The findings showed that, to a certain extent, seeds, flowers, and leaves may have benefits in reducing hyperlipidemia brought on by HFD in terms of lipid profiles and liver function enzymes. The findings of this study indicate a promising application prospect, but more research is needed to determine the exact mechanism of these novel compounds as antihyperlipidemic agents and to clarify their potential combination effect with synthetic drugs such as Atorvastatin. Combinations can reduce the dose of chemical medications required, which lowers the risk of side effects.

Moroccan pomegranate (sefri variety) polyphenols prevent hyperlipidemia, oxidative stress and enhance cholesterol efflux processes

Background and Aims : The present study aimed to investigate the effect of phenolic-rich extract from pomegranate peels (PEPP) and arils (PEPA) on lipid profile in high fat-high fructose diet (HFFD) induced hyperlipidemia in Wistar rats and to provide a molecular explanation for their effects.

Phytochemical screening, proximate composition, and antihyperlipidemic activity of the barley-rich nutraceutical combination in triton X-100-induced hyperlipidemic Wistar rats

Effect on Hepatic Parameters and Hepatocytes following administration of antihypertensive, hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic drugs in combination (Part II)Afshan Siddiq and Rafeeq Alam Khan

Ameliorative activities and safety of Moringa Oleifera oil and Nigella Sativa oil on diet-induced hyperlipidemic male wistar rats

Ameliorative activities and safety of Moringa Oleifera oil and Nigella Sativa oil on diet-induced hyperlipidemic male wistar rats

Phytochemical screening and the effect of Trichosanthes dioica in high‐fat diet induced atherosclerosis in Wistar rats

AbstractTrichosanthes dioica fruit pericarp has a powerful hypolipidemic and antioxidant properties. Wistar rats were divided into five groups (n = 30). The normal control group received vehicle and standard diet throughout the experimental period. Groups II, III, IV, and V were given a high‐fat diet and free access of water for 21 days. Experimental groups IV and V were given high‐fat diet along with T. dioica extract 400 and 800 mg/kg, respectively. Blood was collected at 21 days, and lipid profile estimation was performed. The phytochemical screening was performed by different phytochemical screening methods. Lipid peroxidation and catalase activity were done by taking a liver tissue sample. The phytochemical screening of extract showed good results and indicated the presence of phytoconstituents in extract. 2,2‐Diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity of T. dioica was found to be 65.79% at a concentration of 100 μg/ml extract, whereas that of the control was 94.06%. The Wistar rats fed with a high‐fat diet with T. dioica showed a significant decrease in total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), very‐low‐density lipoprotein (VLDL), and low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) levels and an increase in high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) level. The lipid peroxidation and catalase activity of methanol extract of T. dioica were significantly reduced with individual comparison with all groups. The methanol extract of T. dioica has the hypolipidemic effect, which showed a decrease in TC, TG, VLDL, and LDL levels and an increase in HDL level in Wistar rats. It also has antioxidant properties. In this study, we have evaluated the antioxidant and the antihyperlipidemic activities of T. dioica in high‐fat diet induced hyperlipidemia in Wistar rats.

Different Methods of Preparation, Evaluation and Comparison of One Traditional Oral Liquid Formulation for Potential Antihyperlipidemic Activity in Hyperlipidemic Wistar Rats

Kashayam are unique Ayurvedic Formulation, most of them Polyherbal oral dosage form, used as a medicinal rationale. One of them Kokilaksha Kashayam, Quality of Kokilaksha Kashayam depends only on quality of starting materials, processing of ingredients, meticulous crushing, heating cycle.In traditional system of medicine like Ayurveda, Kokilaksha Kashayam is one of the traditional Indian medicine which is a polyherbal preparation treated with plant extract. It is generally used in the treatments of disorders related to Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic,heart, cancer etc. however detailed characterization studies after preparation &amp; comparison with marketed formulation are significant which can express authenticity of the product. Here the research work deals with the preparation of Kokilaksha Kashayam as per the procedure mentioned in the Ayurvedic text and modern method of preparation. Prepared Kokilaksha Kashayam was characterized and identified by different Analytical techniques, then evaluate preclinical pharmacological studies and also compared with Marketed formulations. Special steps concerned in the preparation of Kokilaksha Kashayam include Upakara (Preparation), Jaran (Heating &amp; Stirring), Shoshan (Purification), Dravyaguna parlksa (Pharmacological experiments), tulana parlksa (comparison Study) by traditional or conventional as well as modern methods of preparation. These products obtained from Jaran (Heating &amp; Stirring), Shoshan (Purification) by water extraction (Decoction process) and marketable sample were analyzed for quality control checks, the parameters mentioned in Ayurvedic texts as well as in modern techniques of evaluation, and pre-clinical pharmacological studies such as Assay of lipid per- oxidation, Hypolipidemic Activity etc were done to find out nature and form of the prepared formulation. Analyzed the in-vitro with in-vivo Anti-hyperlipidemic activity, bio-accessibility of Kokilaksha Kashayam were also determined. The Study reveals that the prepared Kokilaksha Kashayam-T and Kokilaksha Kashayam-M was shown the antioxidant activity was expanded in focus subordinate way. Kokilaksha Kashayam -T and Kokilaksha Kashayam-M repressed the ferrous sulfate prompted lipid per-oxidation in a measurements subordinate way and demonstrated inhibitory focus (IC50) esteem 166.173 and 170.284 µg/ml individually observed from graphical representation. By Oral Administration of Kokilaksha Kashayam-T and Kokilaksha Kashayam-M for nine weeks at the measurement of 2 ml/kg fundamentally decreased serum cholesterol, serum LDL and serum triglycerides while indicated critical ascent in serum HDL when contrasted with high fat eating routine encouraged control gathering. Marketed Kokilaksha Kashayam additionally demonstrated critical decline in serum cholesterol, serum LDL, serum triglycerides and indicated noteworthy ascent in serum HDL. Atorvastatin (1.2 mg/kg, p.o.) was utilized as standard antihyperlipidemic drug.The Study confirmed prepared two kinds of Kokilaksha Kashayam as Kokilaksha Kashayam-T and Kokilaksha Kashayam-M and Compared with Marketed Formulation indicated noteworthy decrease in atherogenic record when contrasted with high fat eating routine bolstered control amass which emphatically underpins antiatherosclerotic property of Kokilaksha Kashayam. Hence, it is concluded that Kokilaksha Kashayam can be very useful as cardiac disorder and extending the freshly prepared more active than Marketed formulation.

THE EFFECT OF SEMBUNG LEAF EXTRACT (BLUMEA BALSAMIFERA) ON THE NUMBER AND DIAMETER OF RATS LEYDIG CELLS INDUCED BY HIGH-FAT DIET

This study aims to determine the morphology of Leydig cells in hyperlipidemic wistar rats after having administered with sembung (Blumea balsamifera) extract orally. This study utilised a randomized post-test only control group design. The sample in this study were 16 adult male wistar rats (Rattus novergicus) aged 3-4 months with a body weight of 150-200 grams, which were equally and randomly divided into two groups, namely control group (hyperlipidaemia and sterile aquadest) and treatment group (hyperlipidaemia and sembung leaf extract). Hyperlipidaemia was induced with lard administration for 50 days. Data were analysed statistically using the Independent t-test. The results showed that the number of Leydig cells in the treatment group was higher than the control group with 68.13 ± 1.89 and 55.63 ± 1.92 cells respectively (P &lt;0.05). In addition, the mean Leydig cell core diameter of the control group, 5.00 ± 0.34 µm, was smaller compared to the treatment group which was 5.80 ± 0.20 µm (P &lt;0.05). It can be inferred that sembung leaf extract provides a protective effect against damage to Leydig cells due to hyperlipidaemia.

Huoxue Huatan Decoction Ameliorates Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Hyperlipidemic Rats via PGC-1α-PPARα and PGC-1α-NRF1-mtTFA Pathways.

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to eluc\\idate the preventive and therapeutic effects and the underlying mechanisms of Huoxue Huatan Decoction (HXHT) on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in hyperlipidemic rats.MethodsAn I/R model was established in hyperlipidemic Wistar rats. After 4–8 weeks of HXHT treatment, the physical signs of rats were observed. Lipid metabolism, myocardial enzyme spectrum, cardiac function, myocardial histomorphology, and mitochondrial biosynthesis were investigated by a biochemical method, ultrasonography, electron microscopy, pathological examination, real-time PCR, and Western blot.ResultsHXHT can affect lipid metabolism at different time points and significantly reduce the levels of cholesterol (CHO), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipid-cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipid-cholesterol (LDL-C) in hyperlipidemic rats (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01); it can significantly reduce the levels of creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), reduce the myocardial infarct size and myocardial ischemic area, and improve cardiac function. The results of myocardial histomorphology showed that HXHT could protect myocardial cells, relieve swelling, reduce the number of cardiac lipid droplets, and improve myocardial mitochondrial function. HXHT could significantly increase the levels of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), increase CuZn-superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD) and glutathione-peroxidase (GSH-Px) levels, and decrease the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) (P < 0.05); it could increase the mRNA and protein expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1), and mitochondrial transcription factor A (mtTFA) (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), and increase the synthesis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) (P < 0.01).ConclusionHXHT can reduce myocardial I/R injury in hyperlipidemic rats. The protective mechanisms may involve a reduction in blood lipids, enhancement of PGC-1α–PPARα pathway activity, and, subsequently, an increase in fatty acid β-oxidation, which may provide the required input for mitochondrial energy metabolism. HXHT can additionally enhance PGC-1α–NRF1–mtTFA pathway activity and, subsequently, increase the antioxidant capacity, promote mtDNA synthesis, and reduce mitochondrial damage. The two pathways use PGC-1α as the intersection point to protect mitochondrial structure and function, reduce I/R-induced injury, and improve cardiac function.

Purine Metabolism in Platelets and Heart Cells of Hyperlipidemic Rats.

Hyperlipidemia, characterized by an increase in circulating lipid levels, doubles the chance of developing cardiovascular diseases. It prompts inflammation, immune activation, and oxidative stress in the bloodstream and organs of rats. Thus, we theorized that the metabolism of purines, an immunomodulatory mechanism, is altered in cells involved in the development of cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, we induced acute hyperlipidemia in Wistar rats with Poloxamer-407 and euthanized the animals 36h later. The leucocyte differential, the rate of purine metabolism on the surface of platelets and heart cells, and markers of oxidative stress in the heart tissue were evaluated. These parameters were also assessed in animals pretreated for 30days with curcumin and/or rutin. Hyperlipidemia increased the hydrolyses of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) in platelets. In heart cells, the metabolism of ATP and adenosine (ADO) were increased, while ADP hydrolysis was reduced. Additionally, lipid damage and antioxidant defenses were increased in heart homogenates. Hyperlipidemic rats alsoexhibited a reduced percentage of eosinophils and lymphocytes. Together, these findings are indicative of an increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases in hyperlipidemic rats. The pretreatments with antioxidants reverted some of the changes prompted by hyperlipidemia preventing detrimental changes in the cells and tissues. Graphical Abstract.