Hyperbranched Poly Research Articles

Nonuniversal Dynamics of Hyperbranched Metallo-Supramolecular Polymer Networks by the Spontaneous Formation of Nanoparticles.

Various transient and permanent bonds are commonly combined in increasingly complex hierarchical structures to achieve biomimetic functions, along with high mechanical properties. However, there is a traditional trade-off between mechanical strength and biological functions like self-healing. To fill this gap, we develop a metallo-supramolecular polymer hydrogel based on the hyperbranched poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) backbone and phenanthroline ligands, which have unexpectedly high plateau modulus at low concentrations. Rheological measurements demonstrate nonuniversal metal-ion-specific dynamics, with significantly larger plateau moduli, longer relaxation times, and stronger temperature dependencies, compared to equivalent networks based on model-type telechelic precursors, which cannot be explained by the theory of linear viscoelasticity. TEM images reveal the in situ mineralization of metal ions, which nucleate by the ligand complexation and grow thanks to the spontaneous reducing effect of the PEI backbone. Evidently, the complex lifetime works against Ostwald ripening, resulting in the formation of thermodynamically stable smaller particles. This trend is followed by time-dependent network buildup measurements and is confirmed by a kinetic model for particle formation and aggregation. The spontaneous formation of particles with complex lifetime-dependent sizes can explain the nonuniversal dynamics through the interaction of polymer segments and particles at the nanoscale. This work describes how the polymer backbone can affect the strength and stability of supramolecular bonds, promising for combining high mechanical properties and self-healing comparable to natural tissues.

Magnesium Nanocomposite Hydrogel Reverses the Pathologies to Enhance Mandible Regeneration.

The healing of bone defects after debridement in medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a challenging medical condition with impaired angiogenesis, susceptible infection, and pro-inflammatory responses. Magnesium (Mg) nanocomposite hydrogel is developed to specifically tackle multiple factors involved in MRONJ. Mg-oxide nanoparticles tune the gelation kinetics in the reaction between N-hydroxysuccinimide-functionalized hyperbranched poly (ethylene glycol) and proteins. This reaction allows an enhanced mechanical property after instant solidification and, more importantly, also stable gelation in challenging environments such as wet and hemorrhagic conditions. The synthesized hydrogel guides mandible regeneration in MRONJ rats by triggering the formation of type H vessels, activating Osterix+ osteoprogenitor cells, and generating anti-inflammatory microenvironments. Additionally, this approach demonstrates its ability to suppress infection by inhibiting specific pathogens while strengthening stress tolerance in the affected alveolar bone. Furthermore, the enhanced osteogenic properties and feasibility of implantation of the hydrogel are validated in mandible defect and iliac crest defect created in minipigs, respectively. Collectively, this study offers an injectable and innovative bone substitute to enhance mandible defect healing by tackling multiple detrimental pathologies.

Modified cellulose nanofibrils as enhancers for thin UV-curable matte coatings on digital printing decorative panels

To enhance the surface properties of a thin ultraviolet (UV)-curable matte coating film (less than 20 µm) for the digital printing decorative panels, the aldehyde-containing cellulose nanofibril (CNF) coupled with hyperbranched poly (amido amine) grafting was selected as a reinforcing agent. The viscoelastic properties of the coating and physical and mechanical characteristics of the corresponding decorative panels were evaluated. The results revealed that the incorporation of the modified CNF increased the viscosity of nanocomposite coatings at low shear rates, while at shear velocities exceeding 10 1/s, the viscosity approached that of the pure coating. The modified CNFs dispersed well in coatings and the nanocomposite coating showed excellent stability. Moreover, the incorporation of CNF clearly enhanced the tensile strength of the coating film. Additionally, the modified CNF physically and chemically bonded to the polymer chains within the UV-curable coating. Furthermore, the modified CNF facilitated the optimal distribution of silica in the acrylic polymer when added at 5 wt%. The panels with the modified matte coating exhibited marginally improved clarity compared to that of the original boards. Moreover, the inclusion of the modified CNF resulted in reduced gloss, enhanced hardness, and improved yellowing resistance compared to the original panels, thereby enhancing the quality of the new product.

Preparation of novel fluorinated highly branched (A3 + B3)‐type hyperbranched poly(amide‐imides) for electrochromism and iodine adsorption

AbstractIn this study, a series of (A3 + B3)‐type fluorinated hyperbranched poly(amide‐imides) were successfully synthesized with carbazole and fluorene units as end‐capping moieties. All synthesized end‐capping hyperbranched PAIs showed over 70% branching as determined by 1H NMR, demonstrating good solubility and thermal stability (Tgs: 242–263°C, T10%: 576–629°C). The HOMO and LUMO energy levels of hyperbranched PAI films were measured at 4.65–4.73 and 1.51–1.66 eV, respectively, suggesting favorable reoxidation and reduction characteristics. PAI‐2 demonstrates a 46.6% transmittance variation (∆T, 418 nm), along with a coloring/bleaching process time of 2.3 s/1.6 s, a coloring efficiency (CE) of 310 cm2/C, and exceptional redox stability over 100 cycles. Furthermore, the synthesized PAIs containing electron‐withdrawing groups exhibited a high iodine adsorption capacity as determined by iodine adsorption tests (PAI‐1: 534 mg/g, PAI‐2: 579 mg/g, PAI‐3: 490 mg/g).

Photoactive hyperbranched poly(azo‐ester) urethanes as fluorescent staining agent for plant cells

Photoactive hyperbranched poly(azo‐ester) urethanes as fluorescent staining agent for plant cells

Novel hydroxyl-terminated hyperbranched polymer as a synergistic modifier with tannin for preparation of casein-based films with superior performance

A hyperbranched poly (titanium oxide) (HBPTi) with hydroxyl terminal groups was synthesized via polycondensation reaction as a synergistic modifier with tannin to promote performance of casein-based composite film. The synergistic effects of HBPTis, acquiring different hyperbranched structures, with tannin on the microstructure, mechanical characteristics, barrier against water vapor, and thermal stability of casein-based film were investigated in this work. The tensile strength of the composite films increased from 7.6 MPa to 22.1 MPa, which accounts for 190.79 % increase after the addition of HBPTi compared to casein-tannin films modified with glycerol. The casein-tannin films with the help of HBPTi presented excellent water vapor permeation, thermal stability, and showed nearly 100 % UV absorption in the range 200–400 nm. Additionally, the microstructure of HBPTi modified casein-tannin films tend to be more compact due to the promoted interaction of casein-tannin composite aided by covalent bonding and/or other types of bonding between casein, tannin and HBPTi. Therefore, associative modification using such hyperbranched polymers and tannins provides extendable application value for casein-based films especially as food packaging materials and for other fields as well.

Self-Assembly of Hydrophobic Hyperbranched PLMA Homopolymer with -COOH End Groups as Effective Nanocarriers for Bioimaging Applications.

Nanomedicine is a discipline of medicine that applies all aspects of nanotechnology strategies and concepts for treatment and screening possibilities. Synthetic polymer nanostructures are among the many nanomedicine formulations frequently studied for their potential as vectors. Bioimaging is a valuable diagnostic tool, thus, there is always a demand for new excipients/nanocarriers. In this study, hydrophobic hyperbranched poly(lauryl methacrylate) (PLMA) homopolymers comprised of highly hydrophobic LMA moieties with -COOH polar end groups were synthesized by employing reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) was utilized as the branching agent. End groups are incorporated through the RAFT agent utilized. The resulting amphiphilic hyperbranched polymer was molecularly characterized by size exclusion chromatography (SEC), Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Pyrene, curcumin, and IR-1048 dye were hydrophobic payload molecules successfully encapsulated to show how adaptable these homopolymer nanoparticles (prepared by nanoprecipitation in water) are as dye nanocarriers. This study demonstrates a simple way of producing excipients by generating polymeric nanoparticles from an amphiphilic, hyperbranched, hydrophobic homopolymer, with a low fraction of polar end groups, for bioimaging purposes.

Silver/tannic acid nanoparticles/ poly-L-lysine decorated polyvinyl alcohol-hydrogel as a hybrid wound dressing

Hydrogels containing antimicrobial materials have emerged as attractive platforms for wound treatment in the past decade due to their favorable bio-mimicking properties, excellent modulation of bacterial infection, and ability to minimize bacterial resistance. Herein, a hybrid combination of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), hyperbranched poly L-lysine (L), tannic acid decorated AgNPs (AgTA NPs), loaded with Allantoin (Alla) is used to fabricate PLAg-Alla hydrogel dressing via the freeze-thaw method without use of any chemical cross-linker. The PLAg-Alla hydrogel possesses a great structure, is biodegradable, and safe, and exhibits high antibacterial potential, all required for efficient wound healing. The incorporation of AgTA and poly L-lysine (L) within the hydrogel contributes to the enhancement of antibacterial ability, as well as effectively promoting the wound healing. This hybrid hydrogel possessed favorable physicochemical features, robust antibacterial properties, and accelerated wound healing in vivo as promising dressing for the clinical application.

Enzyme‐Assisted Activation Technique for Producing Versatile Hydrogel Microparticle Scaffolds with High Surface Chemical Reactivity

AbstractAdvancing the integration of nonliving and living components relies heavily on functional hydrogel materials with biocompatibility and customizability. In this study, an enzyme‐assisted surface activation method is developed to produce reactive hydrogel microparticles (HMPs) comprising thiolated hyaluronic acid and hyperbranched poly(β‐hydrazide esters). Fluorescence labeling analysis reveals an over six‐fold increase in surface‐active functional group density on the hydrogels and three‐fold on HMPs after enzyme activation. This enhancement improves accessibility of active elements, facilitating post‐functionalization and optimizing their capacity to support initial cell adhesion and spreading as carriers for cell cultures. Additionally, by utilizing the exposed reactive double bonds on the HMP surfaces post‐enzymatic treatment, thiolated HMPs are produced through a thiol‐ene coupling reaction with thiolated polymers. These thiolated HMPs bond together spontaneously, resulting in the formation of annealed granular hydrogels with interconnected large‐pore networks and a tunable storage modulus (G’) from tens to hundreds of pascals, compatible with most soft tissues. Integrated with 3D bioprinting, this hydrogel ink generates prints that foster cell adhesion, migration, growth, and network formation. Moving forward, integrating various granular hydrogel scaffold systems with the enzyme‐assisted activation technique holds significant promise for enhancing performance and expanding applications in regenerative medicine and innovative living materials.

Intrinsically reactive hyperbranched interface governs graphene oxide dispersion and crosslinking in epoxy for enhanced flame retardancy

Enhancing the flame retardancy of epoxy (EP) resins typically entailed a trade-off with other physical properties. Herein, hyperbranched poly(amidoamine) (HPAA) and phytic acid (PA) were used to functionalize graphene oxide (GO) via electrostatic self-assembly in water to prepare a phosphorus-nitrogen functionalized graphene oxide nanosheet (PN-GOs), which could be utilized as high efficient flame-retardant additive of epoxy resin without sacrificing other properties. The PN-GOs demonstrated improved dispersion and compatibility within the EP matrix, which resulted in significant concurrent enhancements in both the mechanical performance and flame-retardant properties of the PN-GOs/EP nanocomposites over virgin EP. Notably, the incorporation of just 1.0 wt% PN-GOs yielded a 20.4, 6.4 and 42.7 % increases in flexural strength, flexural modulus and impact strength for the PN-GOs/EP nanocomposites, respectively. Furthermore, simultaneous reductions were achieved in the peak heat release rate (pHRR) by 60.0 %, total smoke production (TSP) by 43.0 %, peak CO production rate (pCOP) by 57.9 %, and peak CO2 production rate (pCO2P) by 63.9 %. This study presented a facile method for the design of GO-based nano flame retardants, expanding their application potential in polymer-matrix composites.

PH-Responsive Charge Convertible Hyperbranched Poly(ionic liquid) Nanoassembly with High Biocompatibility for Resistance-Free Antimicrobial Applications.

As a potential alternative to antibiotics, hyperbranched poly(ionic liquid)s (HPILs) have demonstrated significant potential in combating bacterial biofilms. However, their high cation density poses a high risk of toxicity, greatly limiting their in vivo applications. In this study, we constructed a biocompatible HPIL (HPIL-Glu) from a hyperbranched polyurea core with modified terminals featuring charge-convertible ionic liquids. These ionic liquid moieties consist of an ammonium-based cation and a gluconate (Glu) organic counter. HPIL-Glu could form a homogeneous nanoassembly in water and exhibited a pH-responsive charge conversion property. Under neutral conditions, Glu shielded the positively charged surface, minimizing the toxicity. In a mildly acidic environment, Glu protonation exposes cationic moieties to biofilm eradication. Comprehensive antimicrobial assessments demonstrate that HPIL-Glu effectively kills bacteria and promotes the healing of bacteria-infected chronic wounds. Furthermore, prolonged exposure to HPIL-Glu does not induce antimicrobial resistance.

Synthesis of Aldehyde‐Functionalized Fluorescent Micelles by Self‐Assembly of a Hybrid Polymer Constructed by Hyperbranched Conjugated Polymer Core with Aldehyde End groups and Polyethylene Glycol Shell

AbstractWater‐dispersible fluorescent nano‐/microspheres have been widely used as fluorescent probes in many fields. In this paper, aldehyde‐functionalized fluorescent micelles are synthesized by self‐assembly of end‐modified hyperbranched poly(m‐phenyleneethynylene‐alter‐p‐phenyleneethynylene)(hb‐PMPE). First, hb‐PMPE with ‐Br end‐groups(hb‐PMPE‐Br) is obtained by the polymerization of AB2 monomer PhBr2–C≡C–Ph–C≡CH, then the reaction of hb‐PMPE‐Br with 4‐ethynylbenzaldehyde (EBA) gives end aldehyde‐functionalized hyperbranched polymer hb‐PMPE‐CHO. Hence, hb‐PMPE‐CHO is reacted with aminooxy methoxypolyethylene glycol‐2000 (NH2O‐MPEG2000) to link poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains to the ends of hb‐PMPE‐CHO with partial residual aldehyde end‐groups, resulting in aldehyde‐functionalized amphiphilic polymer hb‐PMPE‐PEG. Fluorescent micelles with aldehyde‐containing fluorescent hb‐PMPE core and PEG shell are obtained by self‐assembling hb‐PMPE‐PEG in water. The micelle diameter is determined by the PEG content in hb‐PMPE‐PEG, which can be controlled by the reaction weight ratio of NH2O‐MPEG2000/hb‐PMPE‐CHO. When the ratio of NH2O‐MPEG2000/hb‐PMPE‐CHO > 0.75/1, micelles with a diameter < 50 nm are obtained. The water dispersion of hb‐PMPE‐PEG‐1/2 micelles (28.9 nm) emits bright green fluorescence with λmax ≈ 490 nm under UV irradiation, and the emission intensity increases with increasing concentration.

Synthesis and end-group control of soluble, high-molecular-weight hyperbranched poly(phenylene thienylene)s by non-stoichiometric A2 + B3 Suzuki-Miyaura polycondensation without gelation

Non-stoichiometric Suzuki-Miyaura polycondensation of tribromo monomer 1, containing a thienylene group, with diboronic acid (ester) monomer 7 in the presence of tBuPPd catalyst, which has a propensity for intramolecular catalyst transfer on a π-electron face, was investigated. We anticipated that the presence of thienylene groups in the obtained hyperbranched polymer would increase the detection sensitivity in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry and enable the analysis of the polymer end groups up to the high-molecular-weight region. We first conducted Suzuki-Miyaura reaction of several kinds of 1 with phenylboronic acid 2 in the presence of tBuPPd precatalyst 3. The reaction of tris(5-bromo-4-hexylthien-2-yl)benzene 1c with 2 afforded exclusively tri-substituted product 4c, indicating that the tBuPPd catalyst undergoes intramolecular catalyst transfer on 1c after the first and second substitutions of 1c with 2. The polycondensation of equimolar 1c and pinacol phenylenediboronate 7a (reaction site ratio of Br:BPin = 1.5:1.0 (BPin = pinacol boronate)) was then carried out in the presence of 3 for 3 h, affording hyperbranched polymer with Mn = 37500 without gelation. The product was purified by precipitation. The degree of polymerization (DP) was calculated from the absolute molecular weight, determined by multi-angle light scattering (MALLS) analysis, to be 200, which is a far higher than would be predicted from the Flory-Stockmayer theory at the critical gel point (DP = 6.6). Furthermore, the MALDI-TOF mass spectra showed two series of peaks due to polymer with boronate ends and boronate ends along with one cyclic unit up to m/z of about 7500, as we had expected. The absence of peaks due to polymer with Br ends indicates that the degree of branching (DB) of this hyperbranched polymer is 100 %.

Enhanced Interlayer Adhesion of 3D Printed Poly(lactide acid) with Ultralow Hyperbranched Poly(ester imide)s

The layer-by-layer process of fused deposition modeling (FDM) is well-known for introducing anisotropy in 3D printed parts due to weak interlayer adhesion. Moreover, the existing physical blend modification methods still face the side effects caused by the heavy use of additives, such as high cost, poor biocompatibility and weakening of primary properties. In this study, hyperbranched polymers poly(ester imide)s (HBPEIs) were blended into the poly(lactic acid) (PLA) matrix to enhance the interlayer adhesion of 3D printed parts. The application effect of HBPEIs in different processing modes was discussed. The effect of different amounts of HBPEIs on the mechanical properties of PLA specimens was investigated. Results showed that by adding just 0.1 wt% HBPEIs, the maximum tensile strength for samples printed with a 90° raster orientation increased from 23.1 MPa to 46.6 MPa while maintaining an isotropic behavior at around 95.9 %. Microstructures, rheological behaviors, and thermal properties of the printed specimens were characterized and compared to understand the underlying enhancement mechanism. It suggested that HBPEIs significantly improved interlayer adhesion by promoting chain diffusion and cold-crystallization between layers. This study showed that using ultralow additives can significantly enhance the interlayer adhesion in FDM parts.

Cover Image, Volume 62, Issue 9

By adjusting the concentration of the solution of hyperbranched poly(o‐hydroxyamide)s and spin‐coating the solution on a silicon wafer, the ultrathin films could be obtained. After heating, the obtained ultrathin films could be converted to the corresponding polybenzoxazole ultrathin films, which have high thermal stability, good durability, and toughness. They are expected to find applications in various fields in the near future. The cover design was created by the first author, Mr. Hiroyuki Maekawa. DOI: 10.1002/pol.20230659 image

Reducing hydroxide transport resistance by introducing high fractional free volume into anion exchange membranes

The efficiency of ion transport in solid polyelectrolytes is significantly hindered by tight polymer chain entanglement compared to that in liquids. In this study, a series of hyperbranched poly(aryl piperidinium) anion exchange membranes (AEMs) with 1,3,5-triacetylbenzene as a branching point were synthesized. The hyperbranched structure results in weaker chain entanglement and a larger interchain correlation distance, leading to a higher fractional free volume, thereby greatly reducing ion transport resistance. Consequently, a remarkably higher OH− conductivity of the as-prepared hyperbranched AEM (296 mS cm−1) is achieved compared to that of non-hyperbranched AEMs (180 mS cm−1). Furthermore, the hyperbranched AEMs exhibit excellent fuel cell and water electrolysis performance, with a peak power density of 1.53 W cm−2 in AEMFCs and a current density of 1 A cm−2 at a voltage of 2 V in AEMWEs, respectively.

Mixed hyperbranched poly(aryl ether ketone) results in high toughness and excellent thermal resistance in epoxy resin

Epoxy resins are well used in many fields, but their problem of poor toughness restricts the further expansion of their applications. Facing this problem, this study successfully prepared high toughness epoxy resins using hydroxyl-terminated hyperbranched poly(aryl ether ketone) (HBPAEK-OH) as a toughening agent. Firstly, HBPAEK-OH was synthesized based on molecular structure design, combined with the optimized conditions of heat resistance and solubility. Then HBPAEK-OH was mixed with bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (DGEBA) to prepare a series of epoxy resins (HBP/DGEBA-n) with superior thermal properties, whose glass transition temperature (Tg) can reach 113.9 °C, which is about 38 °C higher than that of HBP/DGEBA-0. The tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength, and elongation at break of HBP/DGEBA-n showed a tendency to increase and then decrease with the increase of HBPAEK-OH content, and the highest values reached 86.43 MPa, 128.50 MPa, 57.03 kJ/m2, and 7.15 %, respectively. Among them, the impact strength and elongation at break increased by 179.3 % and 87.2 %, indicating that the toughness of HBP/DGEBA-n was significantly improved. This study explores a new method for toughening epoxy resins, which improves their toughness and heat-resistant properties and provides new possibilities for their expansion in different applications.

Controllable Dopamine Conjugation Boosts Fluorescence, Biocompatibility, and PET Imaging‐Guided Toxicity Assessment of Polycations

AbstractAs well known in bioactives delivery and cancer/inflammation theranostics, polycations have recently extended their biomedical potentials in reducing visceral fat, embolizing body fluid, modulating blood coagulation, and ameliorating hyperammonemia. However, positive charges that dominate various action mechanisms, often raise risks in biosafety concerns. Also, the lack of intrinsic imaging properties of polycations makes it challenging to uncover their pharmacokinetic profiles in living objects. Herein, dopamine conjugation is demonstrated controllable and highly efficient in boosting the fluorescence or even white color emission of various polycations including hyperbranched poly(amido amine) (HPAA), polyethyleneimine and poly‐L‐lysine. By shielding partial surface positive charges, increasing hydrophobicity, and inducing aqueous self‐assembly, dopamine conjugation can significantly enhance the biocompatibility and decrease the toxicity and immunogenicity of polycations. Furthermore, the catechol‐metal binding interaction facilitates the accessibility of polycation‐based positron emission tomography (PET) probes. Different tissue uptake and biodistributions of gallium‐68‐radiolabeled HPAA before and after dopamine conjugation indicate that PET imaging can be a useful supplement to evaluate the dynamic toxicities of polycations.

A hydrogel-based ratiometric fluorescent sensor relying on rhodamine B labelled AIE-featured hyperbranched poly(amido amine) for heparin detection

The fluorescent flexible sensor for point-of-care quantification of clinical anticoagulant drug, Heparin (Hep), is still an urgent need of breakthrough. In this research, a hyperbranched poly(amido amine) (HPA) was decorated with tetraphenylethene (TPE) and Rhodamine B (RhB), constructing a ratiometric fluorescent sensor (TR-HPA) for Hep. When the sensor was exposed to Hep, the TPE units within the probe skeleton would aggregate, resulting in an increasing fluorescent emission at 483 nm. The 580 nm of fluorescence came from RhB enhance, simultaneously, due to the fluorescence resonance energy transfer. As a result, there are two good linear correlation between the fluorescence emission ratio (E483/E580) of TR-HPA and the Hep concentration over a range of 0–1.0 μM, with a low limit of detection of 3.0 nM. Furthermore, we incorporate the TR-HPA probe into a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel matrix to create a flexible fluorescent sensing system platform, denoted as TR-HPA/PVA. This approach offers a straightforward visual detection method by causing a fluorescence color change from pink to blue when trace amounts of Hep are present. The hydrogel-based fluorescent sensor streamlines the detection procedures for Hep in biomedical applications. It shows great potential in rapid and point-of-care human blood clotting condition monitoring, making it suitable for next-generation wearable medical devices.

Hyperbranched poly (aryl ether ketones) with large volume fluorene approach to excellent solubility and thermal performance

Hyperbranched polymers (HBPs) have the characteristics of low viscosity, high fluidity, and excellent solubility, which enable them to have many potential applications in various fields. In this study, unequal activity 3,4′,5-trifluoro dibenzophenone (B’B2) monomers and large volume 9,9-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) fluorene (A2) monomers were used to prepare hyperbranched poly (aryl ether ketones) (HBPAEKs) through nucleophilic substitution reaction, and three different hyperbranched HBPAEKs with hydroxy-terminated, fluoro-terminated, and epoxy-terminated groups were synthesized. The properties of the three HBPAEKs were systematically characterized by FT-IR, NMR, GPC, TGA, DSC and others. The solubility test shows that the synthesized HBPAEKs were soluble in most common organic solvents. Thermal analysis results showed that the fluorine-terminated HBPAEKs had excellent thermal stability, with a 5% weight loss temperature of 568 °C (Td5% = 568 °C), which is equivalent to that of poly (ether ether ketone) (PEEK, Td5% = 573 °C). Moreover, by adding HBPAEKs, the Melt Flow Rates (MFR) of PEEK was increased by 59%, which can greatly improve the processability of PEEK.