Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale-IV Research Articles

Atypical procedural learning in children with developmental coordination disorder: A combined behavioral and neuroimaging study

While procedural learning (PL) has been implicated in delayed motor skill observed in developmental coordination disorder (DCD), few studies have considered the impact of co-occurring attentional problems. Furthermore, the neurostructural basis of PL in children remains unclear. We investigated PL in children with DCD while controlling for inattention symptoms, and examined the role of fronto-basal ganglia-cerebellar morphology in PL. Fifty-nine children (6–14 years; nDCD = 19, ncontrol = 40) completed the serial reaction time (SRT) task to measure PL. The Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale-IV was administered to measure inattention symptoms. Structural T1 images were acquired for a subset of participants (nDCD = 10, ncontrol = 28), and processed using FreeSurfer. Volume was extracted for the cerebellum, basal ganglia, and frontal regions. After controlling for inattention symptoms, the reaction time profile of controls was consistent with learning on the SRT task. This was not the case for those with DCD. SRT task performance was positively correlated with cerebellar cortical volume, and children with DCD trended towards lower cerebellar volume compared to controls. Children with DCD may not engage in PL during the SRT task in the same manner as controls, with this differential performance being associated with atypical cerebellar morphology.

Turkish reliability and validity study of Barkley’s BAARS-IV self-report current symptoms

ObjectiveRecall bias of patients and their relatives, low reliability of the history, changes in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms or compensatory behaviors, and various comorbidities may be associated with difficulties in diagnosing ADHD in adults. Barkley Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale-IV (BAARS-IV), a relatively new scale, needs to be studied for validity and reliability in different societies and cultures. In this study, we investigated whether the Turkish version of BAARS-IV: Present Symptoms Section is valid and reliable in the medical students who constituted the sample.MethodsAdult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Scale and BAARS-IV: Present Symptoms Section were administered to 402 fifth- and sixth-year medical students. We performed exploratory and confirmatory factor analyzes. Cronbach’s alpha and inter-item correlation were evaluated. Pearson correlation test was used in inter-scale correlation analyses.ResultsFor ADHD items, Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) (0.882), Measuring of Sampling Adequacy MSA (0.819), chi-square (2512.455), and p (< 0.001) values showed that the data were suitable for factor analysis. A three-factor structure with an eigenvalue above 1 and explaining 53.14% of the total variance was obtained. In the correlation matrix reconstructed with eight Sluggish Cognitive Tempo (SCT) items, the determinant of the correlation matrix was 0.025, the KMO determinant was 0.852, the lowest MSA value was 0.750, and the residual rate was 14%. A two-factor structure was obtained explaining 67.451% of the variance. Cronbach’s alpha values of the inattention and impulsivity subscales were 0.839 and 0.752, respectively. Cronbach’s alpha value of 8 questions in the SCT scale was found to be 0.871.ConclusionThe results of our study indicate that the BAARS-IV Self-report Present Symptoms scale is valid and reliable among medical students.

Effects of Group Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Tics in Children With Tourette’s Disorder and Chronic Tic Disorder

ObjectivesComprehensive behavioral intervention for tics (CBIT) is effective in children with chronic tic disorders. This study aimed to assess the effect of group-based CBIT (group-CBIT) on tic severity and comorbid symptoms. We compared the efficacy of group CBIT with that of a control.MethodsThirty children with chronic tic disorder or Tourette’s disorder were enrolled in this study. Eighteen were assigned to the group-CBIT for eight sessions, and 12 were assigned to the control group. Tics and comorbid symptoms were assessed pre- and post-intervention using the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS), Premonitory Urge for Tics Scale, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder Rating Scale-IV, Children’s Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale, and the Korean-Children Behavioral Checklist. We compared the pre- and post-intervention results of each group and determined the difference in the pre- and post-intervention results between intervention and the control group.ResultsThe YGTSS motor and vocal tic interference, global impairment, and global severity scores decreased in the intervention group only. Group CBIT was superior in reducing the motor tic interference, impairment score, and global severity score to the control group.ConclusionThe group-CBIT showed an improvement in tic symptoms, especially in reducing the level of interference and impairment of tics.

Psychometric properties of the Barkley Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale-IV in the Korean population

Discriminating attention-related symptoms is a key factor for the appropriate diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT). The Barkley Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale-IV (BAARS-IV) is the most widely used tool to measure such symptoms. This study investigated the psychometric properties of the BAARS-IV with a sample of 771 participants in the Korean population. We identified a five-factor model for measuring ADHD and SCT, and determined the scale was appropriate for use in the Korean population. Sustained attention (SA) was a unique factor of the Korean version of the BAARSIV. Internal consistency was good and the positive association between the BAARS-IV and an alternative measure of depression/anxiety supported the scale's concurrent validity. To conclude, a cautious approach is needed when applying the BAARS-IV in different cultural contexts.

Comorbid symptoms of internet addiction among adolescents with and without autism spectrum disorder: a comparative study

ABSTRACT This study investigates the prevalence of internet addiction and compares its related factors among adolescents with and without autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Between January 2017 and December 2019, outpatients (n = 102), aged 12–15, completed the basic information questionnaire, Internet Addiction Test, and Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Self-Report Japanese version (QIDS-J). Their parents completed the Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale-IV (ADHD-RS). The scores of adolescents with and without ASD were compared. Internet addiction was prevalent among 40.0% and 23.9% of adolescents in the ASD and non-ASD groups, respectively. No potential risk factors for internet addiction were statistically significant in the ASD group. However, QIDS-J and ADHD-RS scores were significantly correlated with internet addiction in the non-ASD group. Factors related to internet addiction were symptoms of depression and ADHD in the non-ASD group.

Reliability and Validity of the Simplified Chinese Version of the Aberrant Behavior Checklist in Chinese Autism Population.

Background: The Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) is a widely used scale in autism clinical intervention research for the assessment of core symptoms and comorbid emotional and behavioral problems among people with autism. The aim of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Simplified Chinese version of the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (SC-ABC) using a sample of people with autism in a Chinese population.Methods: In total, we enrolled 799 patients aged 1.5–33 years old. We collected data using the SC-ABC (n = 799), Autism Behavior Checklist (n = 743), Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale-IV (ADHD-RS-IV) (n = 433) and Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) (n = 319). Eighty-four patients were separately assessed with the SC-ABC by two caregivers simultaneously. Forty-four patients were assessed with the SC-ABC again by same caregiver 2 weeks after the first assessment. SC-ABC data from the whole sample were used for confirmatory factor analysis. We evaluated criterion validity using Spearman's correlation coefficient between scores of the SC-ABC and scores of the Autism Behavior Checklist, ADHD-RS-IV and CBCL separately in the whole sample and different age groups. We calculated the intragroup correlation coefficients and Spearman's correlation coefficient for interrater reliability in 84 samples and test-retest reliability in 44 samples. We conducted Cronbach's α for internal consistency.Results: For the SC-ABC, the intragroup correlation coefficients of five subscales and the total score in interrater and test-retest reliability ranged from 0.87 to 0.92 and from 0.93 to 0.97 (all P < 0.01). The Spearman's correlation coefficient of five subscales and the total score in interrater and test-retest reliability ranged from 0.78 to 0.85 and 0.86 to 0.94, respectively (all P < 0.01). Cronbach's α of five subscales and the total score ranged from 0.75 to 0.96 (all P < 0.01). The Spearman's correlation coefficient for criterion validity for the whole sample and different age groups ranged from 0.39 to 0.76 (all P < 0.01). The model fit for the original five factor model was acceptable, with fit indices of SMR = 0.062 and RMSEA = 0.052.Conclusions: The SC-ABC has satisfactory psychometric properties and can be used in the assessment of core symptoms and comorbid emotional and behavioral problems in patients with autism.

Internet addiction and attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder symptoms in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder

AimSeveral studies have reported that internet addiction (IA) is more prevalent in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, the characteristics of ASD adolescents with IA are unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of IA in ASD adolescents, and compare the characteristics between the IA and the non-IA groups in adolescents with ASD. MethodsThe study included 55 participants who were outpatients at Ehime University Hospital and Ehime Rehabilitation Center for Children in Japan, aged 10–19 years, diagnosed with ASD. Patients and their parents answered several questionnaires including the Young's Internet Addiction Test (IAT), Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ), and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale-IV (ADHD-RS). ResultsBased on the total IAT score, 25 out of 55 participants were classified as having IA. Although there were no significant differences in AQ and Intelligence Quotient, the higher scores of ADHD symptoms in SDQ and ADHD-RS were observed in the IA group than the non-IA group. The IA group used portable games more often than the non-IA group. ConclusionThe ADHD symptoms were strongly associated with IA in ASD adolescents. More intensive prevention and intervention for IA are needed especially for the ASD adolescents with ADHD symptoms.

Effect of Transdermal Methylphenidate Wear Times on Sleep in Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Sleep disturbances are common among children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. This study sought to evaluate the effects of individualizing wear times of the methylphenidate transdermal system on sleep parameters. In this open-label, randomized trial, 26 children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and sleep disturbances were randomized (after dose optimization) to one of four groups with different sequences of patch wear times (i.e., 9, 10, 11, and 12 hours per day wear times each for week in different sequences). The primary endpoint comprised sleep latency. Secondary endpoints included total sleep time, sleep quality, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and related signs (assessed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale-IV and Connor's Global Impression-Parent). A mixed-effects regression model evaluated the effects of patch wear time on sleep and symptom measures. Patch wear time exerted no significant effect on sleep latency or total sleep time, although a trend toward improved sleep quality was evident (P = 0.059) with longer patch wear times. Sleep parameters were not adversely affected by longer methylphenidate transdermal system patch wear times. Thus, if replicated in larger samples, the individualization of patch wear times should be considered according to the needs and responses of patients.

부모의 음주문제와 자녀의 행동 및 심리사회적 특성

Objectives: Alcohol problems of parents have an influence on not only their psychological problems but also on their children's psychosocial adaptation. The purpose of this study was to compare the emotional and behavioral problems, including school bullying and social skills, between children of alcoholics (COAs) and children of non-alcoholics (non-COAs). Methods: We recruited <TEX>$4^{th}$</TEX> grade children (n=741) from 7 primary schools in Seoul and their parents as subjects. The self-rated psychiatric symptoms were assessed with the Korean version of the Children of Alcoholics Screening Test (CAST-K), the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), the Rosenberg's Self-esteem Scale (RSES), the School Bullying Scale, the Social Skill Rating Scale and the Korean version of Alcohol Expectancy Questionnaire-Adolescent (AEQ-A). The Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale-IV (ARS) was completed by the parents. Results: 518 children were non-COAs and 223 were COAs. The COAs showed higher CDI and ARS-IV scores and lower RSES scores than the non-COAs. Especially, the COAs also showed higher school bullying scale scores and lower cooperative scale scores on the social skill rating scales. But there was no difference of alcohol expectancy between the COAs and non-COAs. Conclusion: It was plausible that the COAs had more behavioral & psychosocial problems than the non-COAs among the school aged children. It is important to identify and intervene to solve the problems of peer relationships of school age COAs in order to prevent victimization by bullying and to improve psychosocial adaptation.

Modafinil Film-Coated Tablets in Children and Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

The objective of this fixed-dose study was to determine the efficacy and safety of a new formulation of modafinil (modafinil film-coated tablets) in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In addition, the effect of abrupt discontinuation of modafinil was evaluated in a 2-week observation period. Patients aged 6 to 17 years with DSM-IV-TR-defined ADHD were randomly assigned to 7 weeks of double-blind treatment with modafinil or placebo in a 2:1 ratio, followed by abrupt discontinuation of modafinil and a 2-week, double-blind observation period in which 46% of patients receiving modafinil were switched to placebo without tapering and half continued to receive modafinil. Study drug was administered once daily and titrated over the first 7 to 9 days to daily doses of 340 mg for patients < 30 kg or 425 mg for patients > or = 30 kg. Assessment instruments included the Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale-IV (ADHD-RS-IV) School and Home Versions and Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement scale (CGI-I). The study was conducted from November 2003 to June 2004. A total of 190 patients were randomly assigned to receive modafinil (340 mg, N = 44; 425 mg, N = 82) or placebo (N = 64). 189 patients were evaluated for safety. Modafinil significantly improved symptoms of ADHD as shown by reductions in ADHD-RS-IV School Version total scores compared with placebo at all visits (p < or = .009), including the final visit of the double-blind phase (p < .0001). With modafinil, ADHD-RS-IV School Version mean total scores changed from 37.8 at baseline to 29.3 at week 1 and 20.7 at final visit; corresponding placebo values were 36.6, 32.8, and 28.4, respectively; effect size at final visit was 0.76 (95% CI = 0.63 to 0.88). Total scores on the ADHD-RS-IV Home Version were also significantly reduced at all visits (p < or = .022) and final visit (p = .001) in patients receiving modafinil compared with those receiving placebo. Significantly higher proportions of patients receiving modafinil were rated "much improved" or "very much improved" in overall clinical condition (CGI-I) at all visits compared with patients receiving placebo (p < .001). No withdrawal symptoms were observed when modafinil was abruptly discontinued at the beginning of the final 2-week observation period. Modafinil was generally well tolerated. Insomnia, headache, and decreased appetite were the most commonly reported adverse events. Sixty-three percent of patients who received modafinil completed the study; 13% discontinued because of lack of efficacy; 10%, because of adverse events; and 13%, for other reasons (e.g., consent withdrawn, lost to follow-up). Modafinil significantly improved symptoms of ADHD both at school and at home and was well tolerated by children and adolescents. Abrupt discontinuation of modafinil was not associated with symptoms of withdrawal or with rebound of symptoms of ADHD.