Hyper Spectrum Research Articles

Microplastics or micro-bioplastics released by wrinkling paper cup

Paper cups have been widely used such as in the fast-food industry for drinking and are generally made of disposable material. To make the paper cup waterproof and prevent leakage, a thin layer of plastic such as polylactic acid (PLA) is commonly coated onto the inner wall surface. This plastic layer can potentially release debris as microplastics, particularly when the cup is wrinkled/crumpled to break and peel off the coating layer, which is tested herein. Using scanning electron microscope (SEM), the broken coating layer can be clearly observed. We then identify the coating material as plastic using mass and Raman spectra. We further employ Raman imaging to identify the released and fallen down debris as microplastics. We cross-check Raman image with SEM image to benefit each other and increase the analysis certainty, because Raman imaging can identify plastic via hyper spectrum to increase the signal-to-noise ratio, while SEM can visualise plastic with a high resolution down to micro-/nano- size. We then employ particle analysis algorithm to estimate the release amount, at approximate 180 microplastic/wrinkle, or micro-bioplastic if considering the main material of PLA as a bioplastic. Overall, we should not wrinkle the paper cup to avoid the potential release of microplastics or micro-bioplastics particularly before and during the drinking process, and the characterisation in this report might be helpful for further research on microplastics.

Microplastics and nanoplastics released from injection syringe, solid and liquid dimethylpolysiloxane (PDMS)

For a plastic syringe, a stopper at the end of plunger is usually made of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS, and co-ingredients). To reduce friction and prevent leakage between the stopper and barrel, short chain polymer of liquid PDMS is also used as lubricant. Consequently, an injection process can release solid PDMS debris from the stopper and barrel, and liquid PDMS droplets from the lubricant, both of which are confirmed herein as solid and liquid micro(nano)plastics. From molecular spectrum perspective to directly visualise those micro(nano)plastics, Raman imaging was employed to analyse hundreds-to-thousands of spectra (hyper spectrum or hyperspectral matrix) and significantly enhance signal-to-noise ratio. From morphology perspective to provide high resolution of image, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was engaged to cross-check with Raman images and increase assignment / quantification certainty. The weak Raman imaging signal of nanoplastics was extracted using image deconvolution algorithm to remove the background noise and average the signal variation. To increase the result’s representativeness and avoid quantification bias, multiple syringes were tested and multiple areas were randomly scanned toward statistical results. It was estimated that thousands of microplastics and millions of nanoplastics of solid/liquid PDMS might be injected when using a plastic syringe of 1 mL. Overall, Raman imaging (along with algorithm and SEM) can be helpful for further research on micro(nano)plastics, and it should be cautious to use plastic syringe due to the increasing concern on the emerging contamination of not only solid but also liquid micro(nano)plastics.

How to Identify and Quantify Microplastics and Nanoplastics Using Raman Imaging?

While microplastics and nanoplastics are emerging as a big environmental concern, their characterization is still a challenge, particularly for identification and simultaneous quantification analysis where imaging via a hyper spectrum is generally needed. In the past few years, Raman imaging has been greatly advanced, but the analysis protocol is complicated and not yet standardized because imaging analysis is different from traditional analysis. Herein we provide a step-by-step demonstration of how to employ confocal Raman techniques to image microplastics and nanoplastics.

Enhanced Asymmetric Light‐Plasmon Coupling in Graphene Nanoribbons for High‐Efficiency Transmissive Infrared Modulation

AbstractGraphene plasmonic modulators can manipulate the mid‐infrared light in transmission mode, which is currently challenging for traditional liquid crystal and digital micromirror devices, opening up a new avenue for infrared scene projection, infrared optical communication, and hyper spectra imaging. Nevertheless, their efficiencies are not high enough due to the single‐layer atomic thickness and low free carrier density of graphene. Here, it is demonstrated that the modulation efficiency can be significantly improved by enhancing the asymmetric light‐plasmon coupling. A general theoretical model is established to describe the modulation behaviors of the modulator, revealing the critical role of the asymmetric coupling rate. By using dielectric environment engineering and graphene structure design experimentally to enhance the asymmetric coupling rate from 0.45×1012 to 7.05×1012 s−1, the modulation efficiency has been improved from 4% to 41% at 1530 cm−1, while maintaining the bandwidth as large as 230 cm−1. The modulator outperforms previous transmission‐type graphene plasmonic modulators in both efficiency and bandwidth, presenting great potential in next‐generation infrared integrated photonics platforms.

Development of an Optical Multispectral Remote Sensing System for Measuring Volcanic Surface Phenomena – Promotion Project for Next Generation Volcano Research B2 (Subtopic 2-2)

In 2016, we launched the “Promotion Project for Next Generation Volcano Research B2 (Theme B: Development of Cutting-edge Volcano Observation Technology, subtheme 2: Development of Remote Sensing Techniques for Volcano Observation), subtopic 2-2 (Development of Remote Sensing Techniques for Surface Phenomena of Volcano)” under the “Integrated Program for Next Generation Volcano Research and Human Resources Development” [1], aiming at the development of an optical multispectral remote sensing system for measuring volcanic surface phenomena. With subtopic 2-2, we are planning to develop a new observation device called a surface phenomena imaging camera (SPIC), which is technically superior to current remote sensing techniques, i.e., optical remote observation techniques used to observe volcanic surface phenomena from aircrafts or ground. We are also aiming at applying the developed observation system to quantify volcanic activities and determine volcanic eruption potentials (degrees of urgency) or branching of event trees for volcanic crises with high accuracy, contributing to better predictions of volcanic eruption transitions. To achieve the above-mentioned aims, we started the development of the SPIC by equipping it with camera-type sensors, based on preliminary analyses of the experimental observations made with the airborne spectral imaging system ARTS-SE, which consists of a pushbroom scanner and a camera system, developed by the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience in FY 2015. We have already developed its components, such as the prototype filter-type multiband cameras SPIC-UC, a prototype uncooled infrared camera, SPIC-C, a cooled camera, and SPIC-SS, a visible-light camera. The SPIC-UC is a two-band camera with the function of visualizing temperature and SO2 gas concentration distributions. The SPIC-C has the function of measuring temperatures between 2 and 1075◦C with high accuracy (noise equivalent temperature difference, NETD: 16 mK); it is equipped with a sensor and a filter wheel that work in the middle wave infrared region (MWIR). The SPIC-SS is a six-lens multiband camera system that estimates the measured images from multiband spectra (6 bands) to hyper spectra (300 bands). Further, we studied a method to estimate digital surface model with a ∼30-m error. As our plan has progressed as scheduled, we intend to complete the prototype SPIC by 2020.

ANALYSIS OF THE TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL CONTROLLING FACTORS IN AFFECTING THE ACCURACY OF LANDSLIDE PREDICTING MODEL AT TAIWAN

Abstract. Most of the landslides are triggered by rainfall, earthquake or the joint effect from both. Landslide inventory map by GIS via remote sensing offer the spatial distribution of it across certain external event. The landslide model thus been trained to link the occurrence and non-occurrence of individual mass wasting on top of proposing factors/layers. Chosen factors with various calculated weighting values becomes as the base of predicting the region and condition for future landslide called as Landslide Susceptibility Mapping (LSM). It is found that the temporal factor has less AUC values than spatial factors at Taiwan, after examining the 20 years catalog and thousand cases of landslide island wide. Different resolution of DEM and NDVI from satellite image, hyper spectrum and LiDAR are utilized to resolve the degree of impact of it. The require accuracy and resolution of base map is directly link to the accuracy and also minimum mapping size of catalog, and the non-linear relationship of external factors still cannot be well predicted by the training model. To achieve better accuracy of LSM the temporal and non-linearity properties should be addressed, especially under the influence of global warming.

A siloxyl bis-pocket thiolate-tailed Fe(III) porphyrin complex

We report the synthesis and characterization of a bis-pocket iron(III) porphyrin complex that has a covalently attached siloxy thiolate group as the axial ligand. As a new cytochrome P450 model compound, this siloxyl bis-pocket thiolate-tailed iron(III) porphyrin is easily synthesized and is surprisingly stable under air due to the extreme steric protection of the siloxy pockets on both faces of the porphyrin. A single-crystal XRD structure has been determined; the Fe–S bond distance is 2.237 (7) Å with Fe–N bond distances of 2.100 (8) and the Fe is 0.5 Å out of the mean porphyrin plane. The Fe–S bond distance in the siloxy thiolate-tailed iron(III) porphyrin is very similar to that in cytochrome P450 and this structure represents a very rare crystallographically-characterized five-coordinate high spin alkylthiolate-tailed ferric porphyrin. EPR spectrum of this compound showed g values and an E/D ratio very similar to those of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzyme, demonstrating the importance of using a very basic thiolate group as the axial ligand in P450 model studies. UV-vis studies of its reduced form with carbon monoxide shows a hyper spectrum, which is characteristic of carbonyl complexes of Fe(II)porphyrin thiolates.

Urvey of HIS Method in Image Change Detective Algorithms Using Kernel Techniques

 Abstract—This article is studied changes detection used in hyper spectrum images. Change Detection (CD‬),‬ processing of identity and non-dependent studies and spectral changes in the signal. Sensors hyper‬spectrums‬of‬image‬‬(HSI)‬ are able to collect data on thousands of narrow-band spectrum. Also‬ the‬ sensors‬ provide High spatial resolution and immaterial valuable data that can be useful for CD. This process developed and used in algorithms to detect changes in hyper spectrum images for The main objective of this study is to investigate HSI differences in algorithms of detect changes. Studied methods in this article including differing image, the image processing, the principal component analysis, identifying changes of linear chronogram, correlation‬ coefficient‬ of‬ the‬ possibility,‬ scale‬ of detect differences of coronel changes. Algorithms in MATLAB is displayed and their efficiency shows with a false alarm clauses rate and deleted changes.

Estimation of Leaf Thickness with Remote Sensing

Leaf thickness is one important index of describing plant growing conditions. But the measurements now are all tedious and destructive. In order to carry out real-time, live, non-destructive testing of leaf thickness, the study took cotton leaves as the research object. The correlations of leaf thickness with reflectance, vegetable index and spectral figure index were analyzed separately. And then the cause of correlation was studied. Three regression models were set up with the 3 parameters which had high correlation with leaf thickness. Among these models, the highest relative error is 7.4%, and the RMSE is 0.051 mm. It is feasible to measure alive leaf thickness untouchably with Hyper spectrum.

A First TDDFT Study of Metallocorrole Electronic Spectra: Copper meso‐Triarylcorroles Exhibit Hyper Spectra

AbstractThe Soret maxima of a number of metallotriarylcorrole derivatives, notably the copper corroles, are exquisitely sensitive to substitutions on the meso phenyl groups. In contrast, the Soret maxima of silver triarylcorroles are essentially invariant with respect to phenyl‐group substituents. TDDFT calculations indicate that the substituent sensitivity in the copper case results from significant phenyl‐to‐metal charge‐transfer character in the main peaks of the Soret region. In other words, copper triarylcorroles exhibit so‐called hyper spectra. By contrast, the Soret region in the silver case is largely π→π* in nature. DFT calculations suggest that the difference in nature of the Soret bands reflects the energy difference between the LUMOs of the copper and silver complexes, which, in both cases, may be described as an antibonding metal(d)‐corrole(π)‐based MO. Strong support for this picture comes from electrochemistry: the reduction potentials of silver triarylcorroles are about 0.7–0.8 V more negative than for the analogous copper complexes. In the same vein, the “electrochemical HOMO–LUMO gaps” are ca. 1 eV for the silver corroles and only 0.8 eV for their copper analogues.

LAI Estimation from HS-Data using Group Division Method

With recent population growth and global warming, stable food supply is an urgent requirement on a global scale. To cope with this demand, effective use of remote sensing data attracts attention. Among all, Leaf Area Index (LAI) extracted from remotely sensed data may contribute to the increase of yield and adjustment of quantity of manure, if we can automatically estimate the LAI over a wide area to grasp a yield of paddy. Therefore the purpose of this study is to estimate the LAI through remote sensing. In this paper, “Group division method” is proposed to decide a set of bands to be used for the LAI estimation, because the information obtained by a hyper spectrum sensor is enormous. This technique is to decide an index by comparing the order of ground truth data with that of the index based on spectral data. An effective index to estimate LAI is made by reflectances in 545nm, 1170nm and 1290nm using the data from the rice field of Sakata City, Yamagata Pref. as training data. Furthermore, we applied the index to the data set obtained in Furukawa, Miyagi Pref. to verify the effectiveness of the method. Finally we show a “LAI estimate map” and examine whether this study can contribute to estimate the LAI distribution over the wide area.

Spectrum Characteristics of Cotton Canopy Infected with Verticillium Wilt and Applications

Hyper spectrum remote sensing with fine spectrum information is an efficient method to estimate the verticillium wilt of cotton. The research was conducted in Xinjiang, the largest cotton plant region of China, by using the data which were collected both by canopy spectrum infected with verticillium wilt and severity level (SL) in the year 2005-2006. The quantitative correlation was analyzed between SL and canopy of reflectance spectrum or derivative spectrum reflectance. The results indicated that spectrum characteristics of cotton canopy infected with verticillium wilt changed regularly with the increase of SL in different periods and varieties. Spectrum reflectance increased in the visible light region (620-700 nm) with the increase of the SL, which inverted in near-infrared region and was extremely significant in the region of (780-1 300 nm). When SL attained b2 (DI = 25), cotton canopy infected with verticillium wilt was used as a watershed and diagnosed index in the beginning stages of the disease. The results also indicated that there were marked different characteristics of the first derivative spectrum in these SL, it changed significantly in the red edge ranges (680-760 nm) with different SL, i.e., red edge swing decreased, and red edge position equally moved to the blue. In this study 1 001-1 110 nm and 1 205-1 320 nm were selected out as sensitive bands for SL of canopy. Inversion models established for estimating cotton canopy infected with verticillium wilt reached the most significant level. Finally, the different spectrum characteristics of cotton canopy infected with verticillium wilt were marked, some inversion models were established, which could estimate SL of canopy infected with verticillium wilt. The best recognized model was the first derivative spectra at (FD 731 nm - FD 1 317 nm), and it might be used to forecast the position of cotton canopy infected with verticillium wilt quantitatively.

Estimating Aboveground Fresh Biomass of Different Cotton Canopy Types with Homogeneity Models Based on Hyper Spectrum Parameters

AGB (aboveground fresh biomass) is one of the most important parameters of the crop condition monitored with remote sensing. Hyper spectrum remote sensing with the fine spectrum information becomes the efficient method estimating the vegetation AGB. The research was conducted in Xinjiang, the largest cotton planting region of China. The paper analyzed the correlation between the cotton AGB and reflective spectrum and the first derivative spectrum, and the variation coefficient of the waveband reflectance. According to the analysis above, all of 23 parameters, including the hyper spectrum reflectance, the first derivative spectrum parameters and normalization vegetation indexes, were established. And then the estimation models on cotton AGB of relaxing and compact canopy type were established and tested respectively. The tested results showed that F 901, [901, 502], [901, 629], [901, 672] among the reflective spectral parameters and D 525, D 956, D 1019, D 1751 among the first derivative spectral parameters had the homogenous effect on different cotton canopy types, and the determination coefficients of the models above all arrive at the significant level of 0.99 confidence interval. At last, the tested results of the homogeneity models for different canopy types indicated the parameters of [901, 502], [901, 629], [901, 672] have more satisfying veracity than others, and the relative errors are as low as 17.0, 16.3 and 16.7% correspondingly; in contrast, the estimation veracity of the first derivative spectrum parameters of single waveband is low.

Photoacoustic investigations on self-organization effects in metalloporphyrins on glass substrates

Self-organization and other processes of aggregation in metalloporphyrins are of recent interest in view of their scope for several new applications. The technique of photoacoustic spectroscopy is used in the present work to investigate the optical properties of FeTPPCl aggregates on glass substrate. The observed features in the photoacoustic spectrum of the aggregates are compared with those of the porphyrin in solution and powder forms. Spectral shifts and broadening of the bands indicating aggregation as well as well-resolved features of hyper spectra are observed clearly in the photoacoustic spectra.

The development of a portable line spectrum radiometer

Remote sensing is technology which acquires the physical information of a measuring object indirectly based on the radiation acquired by a remote sensor. Therefore, to systematize the technology of converting the radiation to physical quantity is an important subject for remote sensing to spread in all the natural science fields. When acquiring vegetation and soil information by the satellite-borne and airborne remote sensor, accumulation of the knowledge in wide range temporal and spatial scale is required about the spectrum characteristic of a measuring object to the improvement in the measuring accuracy. For this reason, field measurements which measure the spectrum characteristic are indispensable to remote sensing research. The field spectrum radiometer needs to satisfy the measurement specification which is equivalent to the latest satellite-borne and an airborne sensor (hyper spectrum sensor etc.) .This paper reports the development of a portable line spectrum radiometer which can acquire line spectrum of the specific line of measurement target. Line spectrum radiometer can measure not only line spectrum but also three bands image of measurement target. Three bands image gives the detailed information about geometry and structure of measurement target, such as vegetation, background soil, shadow etc.

Porphyrin Complexes with p, d, and fMetals in High Oxidation States: Structures, Electronic Absorption, and IR Spectra

This paper is a review of data obtained by the authors and of the literature data on the molecular structure of porphyrin complexes with p, d, and f metals in oxidation states from two to five and on complexation as revealed from the absorption spectra of porphyrins in UV, visible, and IR regions. It was shown that, depending on the type of donor–acceptor bonds, the EAS of metalloporphyrins can be divided into three groups and classified as common, hypso, or hyper spectra. The high-frequency or low-frequency shifts of bands of metal-sensitive porphyrin vibrations in IR spectra of complexes correlate with the type of electronic spectrum; therefore, they were used to study the electronic aspects of coordination interaction in the porphyrin complexes.

Application of Hyper Spectrum Remote Sensing for Assessment of Deteriorated Concrete

Application of Hyper Spectrum Remote Sensing for Assessment of Deteriorated Concrete

Cobalt-substituted cytochrome P-450cam.

Reconstitution of the apo-cytochrome with cobalt protoporphyrin provides a faithful P-450cam analogue as characterized by optical, ligand-binding, and enzymatic parameters. The thiol and cyanide complexes exhibit Soret "hyper" spectra, not previously observed in cobalt porphyrins. Substrate-induced spectral changes and limited stereospecific hydroxylation activity are retained in the cobalt P-450cam. The EPR (electron paramagnetic resonance) spectra of the reduced cobaltous protein indicate clearly an endogenous axial ligand other than a nitrogenous base and support an assignment of thiolate coordination. A thiolate ligand is also indicated by EPR measurements in the oxygenated cobaltous analogue. By analogy, these studies suggest that the native ferrous and oxygenated P-450cam states retain a thiolate axial ligand.

Proton activities for three states of cytochrome P-450cam

Changes in proton concentration during the binding of dioxygen, carbon monoxide, and for the exchange of dioxygen by carbon monoxide, at ferrous-cytochrome P-450cam were measured by direct titration. Insufficient proton release was observed to support protonation-deprotonation of an axial cysteinyl sulfur donor as a mechanism for generation of hyper spectra in only the carbonylated ferrous state. Measurement of the P 1 2 value for CO binding as a function of pH (the carbon monoxide Bohr effect) confirms the direct titration data.