Hymenolobium Petraeum Research Articles

Making wood inspection easier: FTIR spectroscopy and machine learning for Brazilian native commercial wood species identification.

The molecular structure of wood is mainly based on cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose. However, low concentrations of lipids, phenolic compounds, terpenoids, fatty acids, resin acids, and waxes can also be found. In general, their color, smell, texture, quantity, and distribution of pores are used in human sensory analysis to identify native wood species, which may lead to erroneous classification, impairing quality control and inspection of commercialized wood. This study developed a fast and accurate method to discriminate Brazilian native commercial wood species using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and machine learning algorithms. It not only solves the limitations of traditional methods but also goes beyond as it allows fast analyses to be obtained at low cost and high accuracy. In this work, we provide the identification of five Brazilian native wood species: Angelim-pedra (Hymenolobium petraeum Ducke), Cambara (Gochnatia polymorpha), Cedrinho (Erisma uncinatum), Champagne (Dipteryx odorata), and Peroba do Norte (Goupia glabra Aubl). The results showed the great potential of FTIR and multivariate analysis for wood sample classification; here, the Linear SVM differentiated the five wood species with an accuracy of 98%. The developed method allows industries, laboratories, companies, and control bodies to identify the nature of the wood product after being extracted and semi-manufactured.

Influence of growth rings position of wood on the determination of its shear strength parallel to grain

This study aimed to determine the longitudinal-radial (LR) and longitudinal-tangential (LT) shear strength properties (fvLR, and fvLT) for three wood species (Hymenolobium petraeum, Erisma uncinatum and Couratari sp) as a way to correlate the strength between planes through the evaluation by analysis of variance and validation tests. Shear strength, compressive strength and anatomical characterization tests were carried out to support the evaluation of correlations. The results revealed that the shear strength was statistically different (p-value <0.05) when the load plane was changed for all three species. Hymenolobium petraeum (fvLT = 6.36 MPa; fvLR = 12.68 MPa) and Couratari sp (fvLT = 11.73 MPa; fvLR = 12.97 MPa) species were stronger in the LR plane than in the LT plane, while E. uncinatum wood was weaker in the LR plane (fvLT = 13.81 MPa; fvLR = 9, 97 MPa). In addition, H. petraeum showed the greatest difference between the characteristic results when two planes were compared each other. Therefore, these species should be always tested in their weakest plane, in order to prevent the undersized design of their cross sections. The correlation between anatomical characteristics and shear strength demonstrated that the width and frequency of rays, axial parenchyma, grouping of vessels and fibrous zones are strong factors that influenced the shear results. Moreover, the correlation between characteristic values of shear strength and compressive strength prescribed by the Brazilian standard code proved to be conservative for hardwoods.

Wood from Forest Residues: Technological Properties and Potential Uses of Branches of Three Species from Brazilian Amazon

Branch wood presents potential volumetry that may have several applications, and its use may improve forest management efficiency in the Amazon. However, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the properties of branch wood when compared to the stem or what its potential applications might be, considering the possible variability of wood formation in branches. This study aimed to characterize physically and mechanically the branch wood of Dipteryx odorata, Hymenolobium petraeum and Hymenaea courbaril and to compare them with their respective stems. No significant statistical differences were observed for the basic density between the branch and stem woods. The branch wood of Dipteryx odorata and Hymenaea courbaril showed a lower coefficient of anisotropy (1.23 and 1.99, respectively) than the stem wood (1.62 and 2.49, respectively). D. odorata showed similar mechanical properties between the branch and stem, except for hardness, while H. petraeum and H. courbaril branch wood showed lower strengths when compared to the stem wood for all mechanical tests, except for the shear strength test. Branch wood has similar potential uses to stem wood and can be used for non-structural purposes such as small artifacts, decorative items, furniture, tools and panels composed of short, glued pieces.

High-precision 14C measurements of parenchyma-rich Hymenolobium petraeum tree species confirm bomb-peak atmospheric levels and reveal local fossil-fuel CO2 emissions in the Central Amazon

Atmospheric radiocarbon (14C) recorded in tree rings has been widely used for atmospheric 14C calibration purposes and climate studies. But atmospheric 14C records have been limited along tropical latitudes. Here we report a sequence from 1938 to 2007 of precisely measured 14C dates in tree rings of the parenchyma-rich Hymenolobium petraeum tree species (Porto Trombetas, 1°S, 56°W) from the Central Brazilian Amazon. H. petraeum has discernible growth ring boundaries that allow dating techniques to be employed to produce calendrical dates. Bomb-peak tree-ring 14C reconstruction coincides with the broader changes associated with reported values of the Southern Hemisphere atmospheric 14C curve (SH zone 3; values within the ±2σ interval), suggesting that inter-hemispheric air-mass transport of excess-14C injected into the stratosphere during intensive atmospheric nuclear tests is relatively uniform across distinct longitudinal regions. From the early 1980s onwards, H. petraeum had lower 14C values than other pantropical 14C records. Through 14C-based estimation, we found a strong influence of fossil-fuel CO2 contributions from Porto Trombetas mining operations and shipping traffic on inland waterways. An increase of at least 6.3 ± 0.8 ppm of fossil-fuel CO2 has been detected by 14C. Our findings invite further 14C analyses using tree rings of tropical tree species as a potential tracer for a wide range of environmental sources of atmospheric 14C-variability.

Factors Influencing Directional Tree Felling in the Tapajós National Forest, Amazon, Brazil

Given its complexity, directional felling is considered one of the most dangerous activities in the exploratory phase of forest management projects for timber obtention. Therefore, detailed studies of the variables influencing its execution are necessary. The present research was conducted in the Tapaj&amp;oacute;s National Forest, Brazilian Amazon, and analyzed 1,075 trees logged using the directional felling technique in a 504.30 ha area. To better understand directional felling, the studied variables were subjected to descriptive analyses and principal component analysis, a multivariate procedure that enables the simultaneous evaluation of several variables. While the diameter, basal area, and stem and branch volume explained most of the variability concerning directional felling, the commercial height influenced the least. Trees of the species Hymenolobium petraeum (angelim pedra) strongly correlated with the dendrometric variables diameter and stem and branch volume. Those of the species Hymenaea courbaril (jatob&amp;aacute;) showed a strong correlation with the commercial height. Pseudopiptadenia psilostachya (fava timborana), Dipteryx odorata (cumaru), Hymenaea parvifolia (jutai mirim), and Astronium lecointei (muiracatiara) had a strong correlation with the basic wood density. Trees of the species Couratari guianensis (tauari), Lecythis pisonis (sapucaia), Astronium lecointei (muiracatiara), Mezilaurus itauba (ita&amp;uacute;ba), and Goupia glabra (cupi&amp;uacute;ba) showed lower correlations with the time needed for planning, cutting, and felling. They also had a reduced correlation with the angular differences between the natural and effective and the intended and effective felling directions. The latter results suggest that these species do not follow a defined pattern concerning the directional felling technique. However, trees of the other species followed a different tendency. In general, the logged trees lacked correlation with the directional felling cutting and total operation time. The analyses suggest that as the diameter of a tree increases, the chances of completing its directional felling decrease.

Chemical investigation and anatomical aspects of wood residues from Hymenaea courbaril L, Platymiscium ulei Harms, Hymenolobium petraeum Ducke

In recent years, the interest in the propagation of native forest species has intensified with the aim of recovering degraded areas and the restoration of the landscape. As such, some species of Fabaceae are considered promising woody species for planting in reforestation programs and agroforestry systems. In the present paper, the authors complement the need for studies related to secondary metabolites of the woody species Hymenaea courbaril L. Platymiscium ulei Harms and Hymenolobium petraeum Ducke. Thus, the phytochemical study of H. courbaril led to the isolation and identification of diterpenes eperuic acid (1) and methyl eperuate (2); triterpenes oleanolic acid (3) and hederagenin (8); flavonoides quercetin (4), fisetinediol (5), liquiritigenin (6) and 3-methoxy-5,7,3',5'-tetrahydroxyflavanonol (7). P. ulei gave pterocarpane homopterocarpin (9) and coumarin scoparone (10); H. petraeum gave isoflavan sativan (11), in addition to the amino acid tyrosine (12). Flavonoids were the predominant constituents in the three species of Fabaceae; however, the presence of isoflavonoids in Platymiscium ulei and Hymenolobium petraeum is probably associated with the resistance of this high density wood to pathogenic fungi.

Vis spectroscopy and CIELAB parameters of six wood species of the Fabaceae family marketed in the Brazilian Amazon

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of colorimetry to characterize six species (Hymenolobium petraeum, Dipteryx odorata, Ormosia sp., Enterolobium maximum, Hymenaea courbaril e Pseudopiptadenia suaveolens) of the Fabaceae family. Wood samples were collected in extractivist communities in Pará state, Brazil. Colour data were obtained randomly on the three anatomical sections, along with reflectance spectra in the range of 360–740 nm. All analyses were carried out with RStudio. In general, reflectance spectra were similar for all species. However, for the Principal Component Analysis results, P. suaveolens stood out. The colorimetric parameters L*, b* and C*, in radial sections, are more important on colour results of the majority of wood samples. Colorimetry spectroscopy showed potential for characterizing some Fabaceae species. Therefore, the technique can serve as a support tool for better identification of this group, contributing to the reduction of ecological and socio-economic damage.

Influence of provenance on physical and mechanical properties of Angelim-pedra (Hymenolobium petraeum Ducke.) wood species

This research aims to investigate, with the aid of the Brazilian standard NBR 7190, analysis of variance (ANOVA—5% significance) and the regrouping bootstrap technique, the influence of the provenance regions Bonfim, Mucajai and Claudia on the physical and mechanical properties (twenty properties and 720 determinations) of Angelim-pedra (Hymenolobium petraeum Ducke.) and to assess the possibility of estimating, via regression models (152 in all), the physical and mechanical properties investigated as a function of apparent density (ρ12) and compressive strength parallel to the grain (fc0). The results indicated equivalence in most of the physical and mechanical properties, evidencing the small influence of the tree harvest regions. From the regression models, some were considered significant by ANOVA (at the 5% level of significance), which implies that variations in ρ12 and fc0 explain variations in the values of the other estimated properties; however, the low precision indicates that it is not feasible to estimate the variables just based on the ρ12 or fc0.

Seleção de espécie, temperatura e tempo de carbonização na produção de carvão vegetal com resíduos madeireiros da Amazônia

A atividade florestal na Amazônia gera grandes quantidades de resíduos, desde a exploração florestal até o beneficiamento das toras, sendo a carbonização uma alternativa potencial para mitigar este passivo. Entretanto, a diversidade de espécies e a carência de informações sobre parâmetros ideais de carbonização dificultam a operação dos fornos. Nessa pesquisa são avaliados os efeitos da espécie e parâmetros de carbonização sobre a qualidade energética na conversão de resíduos de indústria madeireira em carvão vegetal. O material de estudo foi proveniente do município de Paragominas, PA, coletando-se amostras das três espécies mais comercializadas, Handroanthus serratifolius (Vahl) S.O., Hymenolobium petraeum Ducke e Enterolobium schomburgkii (Benth.) Benth. As carbonizações foram realizadas em forno mufla, com temperaturas de 500 °C e 600 °C e patamar final de 30 min e 60 min. Os parâmetros espécie e temperatura foram os que apresentaram efeito significativo, exercendo maior influência na produção e na qualidade do carvão vegetal. O tempo no patamar final de carbonização não influenciou as variáveis. O aumento da temperatura provocou redução no rendimento gravimétrico. Os resíduos madeireiros das três espécies apresentaram características de elevada qualidade para produção de carvão vegetal.

Manejo de florestas naturais degradadas na Amazônia: estudo de caso sobre critérios de colheita

Este trabalho trata de uma experiência inovadora em relação a critérios para colheita de árvores em floresta natural degradada na Amazônia. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em 535,6 ha de floresta na Fazenda Shet, em Dom Eliseu - PA, usando a base de dados do censo florestal referente a árvores com DAP ≥ 25 cm. Os critérios para colheita das árvores consideraram, prioritariamente, os seguintes elementos: grau de sanidade, qualidade do fuste (2 e 3), diâmetro máximo a permanecer na floresta (DAP &lt; 100 cm), árvores de menor diâmetro (25 ≥ DAP ≤ 55 cm), espécies com maior densidade de árvores por unidade de área, distribuição diamétrica, segundo o coeficiente de Liocourt, manutenção das espécies intensamente exploradas no passado e com população de árvores ≤ 0,15 arv.ha-1. Foram inventariadas 46.012 árvores, pertencentes a 106 espécies, e planejadas para colheita 23,19% (10.671 árvores), aos 12 anos após a exploração anterior. Baseando-se no planejamento da colheita e seguindo os critérios, a previsão de colheita em relação à população total inventariada teve como resultado: 2,16% árvores pelo critério de sanidade; 15,45% pela forma de fuste; 0,26% pelo diâmetro máximo; 93,93% pelo menor diâmetro; 57,50% pela densidade arbórea; e 5,04% pela manutenção das espécies. A colheita foi realizada em 98,79% das árvores com sanidade comprometida; 22,20% com fuste 2 e 3; 97,39% com diâmetro máximo; 95,02% com menor diâmetro; e 90,30% com maior densidade arbórea. Foram mantidas 98,14% das espécies Astronium lecointei, Cordia goeldiana, Copaifera sp., Hymenaea courbaril, Hymenolobium petraeum, Handroanthus serratifolius e Manilkara elata, intensivamente exploradas no passado, e 98,70% de outras 53 espécies com menor abundância (≤ 0,15 arv.ha-1). O planejamento da exploração seguindo os critérios de colheita propostos possibilitou a extração de árvores em ciclos de 10 a 12 anos, sendo um tempo menor que o previsto pela legislação. A manutenção da diversidade de espécies arbóreas e a conservação da floresta em pé, previstas com esses critérios técnicos, podem ser alternativas para o manejo florestal ecológica e economicamente viável.

Effect of species and log diameter on the volumetric yield of lumber in northern Brazilian Amazonia: preliminary results

ABSTRACTVolumetric yield analysis is critical to optimizing performance in the timber industry. In the Amazon and in the Amapá state, this information is still little known and scarce, and therefore this study was developed to obtain and analyze the volumetric yield coefficient of ten commercial tree species and to test the variation by diameter class. We collect data of volumetric yield from for ten commercial species. For each species, the yields in different diameter classes were analyzed, as well as the yield difference between the species. The overall yield obtained for the sawmills (43.95%) and the yield of each species are within the established standards for operations in the industry according to the legal requirements. There were no differences (p ≥ 0.05) in diameter classes for species with the exception of Dinizia excelsa and Handroanthus albus. However, there was no linear increase (p ≥ 0.05) between the diameter and yield of lumber for all species. The species Dinizia excelsa, Hymenolobium petraeum, Ocotea rubra and Vochysia guianensis show a significant difference in yield for the other species due to the higher obtained values, however, they are statistically similar when compared to each other.

Potential of kraft lignin as an additive in briquette production

Abstract Lignin, a renewable product with high potential for various applications, can be recovered from kraft black liquor by precipitation in acid medium. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the addition of kraft lignin to wood biomass on the properties of briquettes. Hymenolobium petraeum, Eucalyptus, and Pinus biomasses received the addition of 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 % (w/w) of kraft lignin, and briquettes were manufactured. Wood biomasses and briquettes were characterized chemically and physically. Addition of kraft lignin positively influenced the apparent density, energy density, and mechanical resistance of briquettes. Furthermore, kraft lignin increased the calorific value of briquettes. Addition of 6 % (w/w) of kraft lignin was sufficient to improve the quality properties of briquettes, which demonstrates the great potential of kraft lignin as an additive in briquette production.

Lumber volume modeling of Amazon Brazilian species

ABSTRACTAccurate estimates of lumber volume become an important indicator of production and monetary value for a sawmill. However, such estimates are only obtained directly after logging, and no accurate predictions are made for the Amazonian commercial species. In this sense, the objective was to generate equations of lumber volume for commercial species in Amapá (a state in northern Brazil) by adjusting and selecting regression models. The data of 50 logs processed from 10 commercial species were collected, as well as the quantity and volume of sawn products. Sixteen (16) statistical models were adjusted and statistical weights were performed to evaluate the quality of the estimates and to select the best equation by species. In summary, precise estimates of lumber volume can be obtained by the nº16 model for Carapa guianensis, while the models nº13 and nº15 are the most recommended for Dinizia excelsa and Hymenolobium petraeum, respectively. Model 7 presented the best adjustments for Hymenaea courbaril and Vochysia guianensis. Equations using only the log diameter variable suggest less precise estimates. Also, the log volume should be considered as an important predictor variable to obtain the serrated/lumber volume for the different Amazonian commercial species.

Exploring the 14C Bomb Peak with Tree Rings of Tropical Species from the Amazon Forest

AbstractIn this work we explore the radiocarbon (14C) signal as an independent tool to assess the year of formation of individual tree rings of tropical species in northern Brazil. Three different species were analyzed in this work: Dipteryx magnifica, Enterolobium maximum, and Hymenolobium petraeum. The studied samples are from the stem of only one individual of each species, all cut down in 2008 in Porto Trombetas, Pará, Brazil. Individual tree rings were identified based on wood anatomy and they were counted from bark to pith. Several rings were selected for 14C analysis in order to cover the overall shape of the 14C atmospheric bomb peak (after 1955). The 14C content was measured at Laboratory of Radiocarbon, Universidade Federal Fluminense (LAC-UFF). Results are compared with the Southern Hemisphere 14C atmospheric calibration curves. For E. maximum and H. petraeum the 14C signal exhibits an overall good match with the SH zone 3 and suggests annual seasonality in the growth-ring formation. These species offer suitable characteristics for dendrochronology. The D. magnifica shows mismatches in the 14C measurements that are likely a result of difficulties in identifying ring boundaries with certainty. Additional techniques may be helpful to disentangle the origin of this discrepancy.

Wood and charcoal identification of five species from the miscellaneous group known in Brazil as &amp;#8220;Angelim&amp;#8221; by Near-IR and wood anatomy

Samples of wood sold as “angelim” in Brazil were studied. Disks from the trunks of Diplotropis purpurea, Hymenolobium petraeum, Parkia pendula, Vatairea guianensis and Vatairea paraensis were obtained from Mato Grosso state. Samples from pith to bark of each species were obtained, oriented in the three anatomical planes. Each sample was wrapped in aluminum foil and carbonized in a muffle furnace, with a final temperature of 450 °C and a heating rate of 1,66 °C min-1. The description of the anatomical elements of wood and charcoal samples followed the orientations of the International Association of Wood Anatomists, on the basis of 25 readings regarding frequency and tangential diameter of the vessels and height and width of the rays in micrometers. Infrared analyses were performed with a Bruker Tensor 37 spectrophotometer equipped with an integrating sphere and operating in reflectance mode, with resolution of 4 cm-1 and a spectral range of 10000-4000 cm-1. The wood and charcoal samples were placed on top of integrating sphere and one spectrum was obtained from each surface, resulting in six spectra for each physical sample. The results of anatomical analysis showed that the qualitative characteristics of wood remained in charcoal, so the method can be applied for species discrimination. When comparing cell dimensions, we observed different behavior between species in the same carbonization process in function of cell wall thickness and parenchyma distribution. In infrared analysis, pretreatment influenced adequate discrimination of “angelim” species in wood and charcoal. Linear discriminant analysis based on PCA scores and the region between 4000-6200 cm-1 was more efficient. Near infrared analysis can be used for differentiation of wood and charcoal of “angelim” species.

USO DE ESPÉCIES AMAZÔNICAS PARA ENVELHECIMENTO DE BEBIDAS DESTILADAS: ANÁLISES FÍSICA E QUÍMICA DA MADEIRA

O processo de armazenamento de bebidas destiladas em barris de madeira é uma prática que visa à melhoria das características sensoriais da bebida, tais como cor, aroma e sabor. A qualidade da bebida destilada armazenada nesses barris depende de características da madeira como densidade, permeabilidade, composição química e anatomia, além do tipo de tratamento térmico dado à madeira durante a confecção dos barris. O Brasil possui uma grande diversidade florestal, principalmente no norte do país, na Amazônia. Essa região abriga milhares de espécies de árvores, porém, limita-se à utilização de pouco mais de duas espécies nativas e outras exóticas para o armazenamento de bebidas. Assim, objetivou-se, neste trabalho, determinar algumas das características físicas e químicas das madeiras de quatro espécies florestais da Região Amazônica. Os resultados obtidos para as espécies arbóreas aqui estudadas serão comparados com os de madeiras já utilizadas para o armazenamento de bebidas destiladas. As espécies estudadas foram angelim-pedra (Hymenolobium petraeum Ducke), cumarurana (Dipteryx polyphylla (Huber) Ducke), jatobá (Hymenaea courbaril L.) e louro-vermelho (Nectandra rubra (Mez) C.K. Allen). As árvores foram coletadas em área de manejo florestal da Empresa Precious Woods Amazon, em Silves, Amazonas. Dentre as análises realizadas foram determinados: teores de extrativos totais, quantidade de lignina, porcentagem de minerais (cinzas) e teores de taninos, além de densidade básica, análise elementar (CHNS-O) e análise térmica. Observou-se que a composição química estrutural (teores de lignina, holocelulose) e elementar (porcentagem de C, H, N e O) das madeiras possuem diferenças significativas. A madeira do jatobá possui maior teor de taninos e, na análise térmica, foi a madeira com menor perda de massa.

Determination Of Chemical Properties Of Woods From Southern Amazon

The objective of this work was to make conventional analyzes to determine the chemical composition of five wooden species found on the Southern Amazon area, which are: Peltogyne lecointei , Erisma uncinatum , Hymenaea courbaril , Hymenolobium petraeum and Trattinnickia burseraefolia . First of all, the samples was collected based on the availability and and primarily in the commercial interest of the wood . It was taken discs along the stem (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of the commercial height) from the trees randomly selected with the conditions of good stem and straight grain. Of those samples it was taken the specimens, transformed into sawdust to obtain the chemical properties of the wood. The sawdust went to the sieve of 40 ans 60 mesh, respectively, the fraction used to determine the percentage of total extractives, lignin and holocellulose through the sieve of 40 mesh, but stays retained on the shieve of 60 mesh. The evaluation of the results indicates that the chemical composition of the wooden species studied here have the val ues within the normal pattern for hardwoods ranging 1-5% extractives, 16-24% for lignin and 65-82% for holocellulose. The data indicates that Hymenaea courbaril has the highest basic specific mass, because the holocellulose content is inverse to the lignin. Erisma uncinatum and Hymenolobium petraeum has the highest extractive contente, which propose a higher natural durability related to the other wood species. The lignin on the tissue confers resistance to attack by wood borers, so the specie Hymenaea courbaril is possibly the most vulnerable to attack. However in the species studied here, the chemical composition of the woods can be significantly correlated with the technological behavior of these woods.

Determination Of Physical And Mechanical Properties Of The Wood Of Five Wooden Species From Southern Amazon

The objective of this work was to evaluate the physical and mechanical properties of woods from the Southern Amazon by conventional methods. It was selected typical species from the Southern Amazon: Peltogyne lecointei Ducke (FABACEAE-CAESALPINIOIDAE) (roxinho), Erisma uncinatum Willd. (VOCHYSIACEAE) (cedrinho), Hymenaea courbaril L. (FABACEAE-CAESALPINIOIDAE) (jatoba), Hymenolobium petraeum Ducke (FABACEAE-FABOIDEAE) (angelim pedra) e Trattinnickia burseraefolia (Mart.) Willd. (BURSERACEAE) (amescla). The determination of the physical properties followed the COPANT standards, for the mechanical properties it was made some tests on the universal testing machine in accordance with the technical standards COPANT. This study indicates that the density strongly influences the mechanical strength of the wood. By Comparison with the literature it was inferred that there is distinction between the studied species native from the Southern Amazon, compared to exotic species, which generates diversification of materials for the timber industry. It was clear that the quality of wood for certain uses can be improved, modified, minimizes or controlled with the work of forestry and industrial production sectors, integrating foresters with engineers and technicians from the processing area.

Estimating Emission of Leaves Seedlings Forest in Different Shading Levels, at Conditions of Transition Amazon-Cerrado, Brazil

This study determined the thermal requirements of forest native seedlings (Hymenolobium petraeum and Parkia pendula) and exotic seedlings (Adenanthera pavonina and Cassia fistula) all belonging to Fabaceae family, in three shading conditions (full sun, 50% and 65% of global radiation attenuation by poliefinas black screens). Also they were estimated of leaf emergence by Phyllochron and the Wang and Engel models, on climatological conditions at Sinop (Region of Transition Amazon-Cerrado), Mato Grosso State, Brazil, for winter period (between June and August of 2012). The minimum (Tb) and maximum (TB) basal temperatures and the optimum temperature (Topt) of growth of each species were estimated by regressions between relative growth rates and minimum, maximum and average temperatures, respectively. The values of the estimated Tb were 15.0d to TB were 39.7d and to Topt were 24.4&degC, 24.9&degC, 24.9&degC and 25.1&degC to A. pavonina, C. fistula, H. petraeum and P. pendula, respectively. The Phyllochron model showed highest efficiency in the estimation of leaf appearance when compared to Wang and Engel method.

HPLC mapping of second generation ethanol production with lignocelluloses wastes and diluted sulfuric hydrolysis

Wood wastes are potential material for second generation ethanol production within the concept of residual forest bio-refinery. Current paper reports on ethanol production employing an HPLC method for monitoring the chemical content dispersed in the hydrolysate liquor after fermented. The proton-exchange technique was the analytical method employed. Twelve types of wood chips were used as biomass, including Hymenolobium petraeum , Tabebuia cassinoides , Myroxylon peruiferum , Nectandra lanceolata , Ocotea catharinensis , Cedrelinga catenaeformis , Cedrela fissilis Vell , Ocotea porosa , Laurus nobilis , Balfourodendron riedelianum , Pinus Elliotti and Brosimum spp . The influence of diluted sulfuric hydrolysis on the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae during the fermentation assay was also investigated. Standard compounds mapped in the analysis comprised fructose, lactic acid, acetic acid, glycerol, glucose and ethanol. The yeast showed ethanol productivity between 0.75 and 1.91 g L -1 h -1 , respectively, without the addition of supplementary nutrients or detoxification. The use of these materials for the bioconversion of cellulose into ethanol has been proved. Current analysis contributes towards the production of biofuels by wastes recovery and by process monitoring and optimization.