Hymenolepis Nana Var Research Articles

N-Phenyl-N,N"-Guanidinedicarboxylic Acid Esters. Synthesis, Anthelmintic and Pesticidal Effects

Substituted phenylammonium chlorides react with cyanamide to give the corresponding phenylguanidines which on treatment with chloroformate esters give N-subst.phenyl-N,N"-guanidinedicarboxylic acid esters. All substances prepared have been tested for their anthelmintic activity against the model helminths Nippostrongylus brasilienses and Hymenolepis nana var. fraterna. The most significant activity has been found with diethyl N-(4-nitrophenyl)-N,N"-guanidinedicarboxylate. In pesticidal screening the compounds have shown fungicidal activity and particularly ovicidal activity against Tetranychus urticae which activity is increased with the compounds having a nitro group in the benzene ring.

Le développement du cysticercoïde d’Hymenolepis nana var. fraterna (Cestoda : Hymenolepididae) dans la cavité générale de Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera : Tenebrionidae) et de Leucophaea maderae (Dictyoptera : Blattidae)

When embryos of Hymenolepis nana var. fraterna are injected abdominally, they are able to reach the cysticercoid stage in the haemocele of Leucophaea maderae which naturally resist to infection by ingestion of the eggs. The haemocytic defence reaction of the cockroach and the structure of the surface of larvae are examined and compared with development in a natural host Tenebrio molitor.

Hymenolepis nana var. fraterna (Cestoda: Hymenolepididae) in Leucophaea maderae (Dictyoptera: Blattidae): crossing of the intestinal wall

Attempts to infect Leucophaea maderae by feeding them with matured proglottids of Hymenolepis nana var. fraterna, show that only a few embryos are able to go through the midgut wall. During this passage, the parasites induce in the host a cellular reaction into the epithelium and an hemocytic reaction outside. Further development does not occur and embryos cannot reach the cysticercoïd stage.

Anthelmintic studies. III. A taeniacidal testing technique.

1. A controlled taeniacidal technique is described using mice artifically infected with Hymenolepis nana var. fraterna.2. The method of interpretation is based upon a form of computation relating to the number and sizes of worms left in the treated animals as well as the proportion of mice rendered negative by the treatment as compared with untreated controls.

Host-Tissue Reactions to Initial and Superimposed Infections with Hymenolepis nana var. fraterna

The marked protection induced in the rodent host by infections with Hymenolepis nana was noted by Grassi (1887) and later by Joyeux (1920) who concluded that one infection in rats made a second one impossible. Studies by Shorb (1933), Hunninen (1935), and Hearin (1941) have clearly demonstrated the effectiveness of this immunity in preventing subsequent infections. Although Hearin (1941) and Larsh (1943) demonstrated the antibody basis of the acquired immunity, no studies have been reported on the specific mechanism of this immune response. In this study, mice from the laboratory colony were given one or two egg infections of H. nana var. fraterna, and tissue sections of the small intestine were studied in an effort to obtain information on the tissue reactions and on the fate of the oncospheres in second infections.

The Effect of Thiouracil and Thyroid Extract on the Natural Resistance of Mice to Hymenolepis Infection

White mice about 2.5 months old appear to be the most susceptible to an initial experimental infection with Hymenolepis nana var. fraterna, whereas those past 5 months of age demonstrate the greatest resistance (Shorb, 1933; Hunninen, 1935; Larsh, 1944.) When Holtman (1946) showed that an altered metabolic rate in mice affected their natural resistance to a certain virus, it suggested a possible explanation for the above difference in response to Hymenolepis as the metabolic rate differs greatly for mice of these separate age groups. The present experiments were designed, therefore, to test the effect on natural resistance to Hymenolepis of depressing the normal high metabolic rate of young mice with thiouracil injections, and elevating the normal low rate of old mice with thyroid extract injections; these results were reported earlier in abstract form (Larsh, 1947a). As far as known, this approach differs from that used in related studies, as in these cases the normal rate of young animals alone was depressed or elevated to determine the effect on natural resistance (Todd, 1948, 1949; Wheeler et al, 1948; Whitlock, 1949).

Observations on the Role of Tenebrio molitor as an Intermediate Host for Hymenolepis nana var. fraterna

Observations on the Role of Tenebrio molitor as an Intermediate Host for Hymenolepis nana var. fraterna

Effects of Alcohol on Natural Resistance to the Dwarf Tapeworm in Mice

Mice have a strong natural resistance to infection with the dwarf tapeworm, Hymenolepis nana var. fraterna. Following initial infection it is common for less than five per cent of the eggs to develop into mature cysticercoids in the intestinal villi (Hunninen, 1935; Larsh, 1943b). The underlying mechanism responsible for this resistance is undetermined, but certain factors as age, concurrent infection and splenectomy have been shown to have a favorable or unfavorable influence. The present study was an attempt to gather additional information by determining the influence of alcohol on this resistance. Tests with the drug were performed: (1) to determine the effect on resistance of various concentrations (10 to 45 per cent) given for varying periods of time; (2) to compare the effect on resistance of injections given orally with those given by peritoneum; (3) to learn whether or not alcoholic debilitation is permanent; and (4) to determine the effect on resistance of one intoxicating dose. Many workers have found large amounts of alcohol detrimental to the process of resistance to many bacterial infections. This is well illustrated by the work of Koch (1885), Doyen (1885) and Thomas (1893) on cholera; of Laitinen (1900) and Goldberg (1901) on anthrax; and of Rubin (1904) and Pickrell (1938) on pneumococcic infections. In short, numerous investigators using many different infecting agents agree that alcohol in large amounts, especially over long periods, has a definitely harmful effect on the natural defenses of many animals. Although the effect of moderate amounts of alcohol is disputed, most workers believe that small quantities (less than 1.5 cc per kilogram) have little or no effect on resistance (Laitinen, 1900; Kruschilin, 1909; Parkinson, 1909). From a review of experimental work, one concludes that the effect of alcohol on the bodily processes involved in resistance depends in large measure on the concentration of the drug and the number of injections given.

The Effect of Concurrent Infection with Nippostrongylus on the Development of Hymenolepis in Mice

A few observations have been made but little or no specific work has been done to show what effect the presence of one species of parasite has on the development of a second. Brumpt (1933) noticed that the resistance of one mouse to reinfection with Hymenolepis nana var. fraterna was broken down by a secondary infection with Strongyloides. Apparently there are no reported observations on the mutual effect of two different parasites following simultaneous entry into a host. It was to obtain such information that the present study was undertaken, since the nematode, Nippostrongylus muris, and the cestode, H. nana var. fraterna, were both available in the laboratory at the same time. METHODS Quantitative doses of Hymenolepis eggs isolated from host feces which had been stored 48-72 hours were administered to mice by stomach tube, and 93-hour cysticercoid counts were made after preparing the intestine free from mucus (Larsh, 1942). Infective Nippostrongylus larvae were isolated from 10-20 day old cultures, washed by centrifugation in normal saline, and counts made by a modification of Scott's (1928) dilution count. Known numbers of larvae were injected subcutaneously into mice in the abdominal wall just medial to the flank. EXPERIMENTAL DATA

Comparative Studies on a Mouse Strain of Hymenolepis nana var. fraterna, in Different Species and Varieties of Mice

As a result of the many studies on Hymenolepis nana var. fraterna in white mice, much information has been presented on the relations between this parasite and host. Few data have been published, however, on any of these relations in other species and varieties of mice. Hunninen (1935) compared the percentage development of the parasite in white mice with that in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) and other rodents, but he had opportunity to test only a small number of the wild mice. Therefore, when the writer was presented with several mating pairs of deer mice and house mice (Mus musculus), it seemed worth while to make further tests with these hosts. In addition, a series of other comparisons were made between white and dilute brown laboratory mice.

Comparing the Percentage Development of the Dwarf Tapeworm, Hymenolepis nana var. fraterna, Obtained from Mice of Two Different Localities

Comparing the Percentage Development of the Dwarf Tapeworm, Hymenolepis nana var. fraterna, Obtained from Mice of Two Different Localities

Increased Infectivity of the Eggs of the Dwarf Tapeworm (Hymenolepis nana var. fraterna) Following Storage in Host Feces

Increased Infectivity of the Eggs of the Dwarf Tapeworm (Hymenolepis nana var. fraterna) Following Storage in Host Feces

SEROLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE MOUSE STRAIN OF THE DWARF TAPEWORM, HYMENOLEPIS NANA VAR. FRATERNA1

SEROLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE MOUSE STRAIN OF THE DWARF TAPEWORM, HYMENOLEPIS NANA VAR. FRATERNA Get access JOHN E. LARSH, JR. JOHN E. LARSH, JR. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar American Journal of Epidemiology, Volume 37, Issue 3, May 1943, Pages 289–293, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a118865 Published: 01 May 1943 Article history Received: 24 November 1942 Published: 01 May 1943

The Relationship between the Intestinal Size of Young Mice and Their Susceptibility to Infection with the Cestode, Hymenolepis nana var. fraterna

Several workers have noticed that very young mice are more resistant to infection with the cestode, H. nana var. frater,na, than are mice between two and three months of age. Woodland (1924) observed that the smallest and the largest mice are least liable to be infected naturally. Later, in controlled experiments, Shorb (1933) and Hunninen (1935) showed that considerably fewer worms develop in mice about one month old, than in those of the most susceptible age (about two and one-half months old). Although the differences are not as striking, the writer has recently noted this same relationship in a series of experiments involving young mice, most of which were 21 to 25 days old. The percentage development of cysticercoids in these mice was about six compared with about eight to ten in mice two and one-half months old. Of the suggestions offered to explain this difference, Hunninen's seems most plausible. In his opinion, the shortness of the intestine and the small size of the villi in the very young mice act as a mechanical disadvantage to the normal hatching and penetrating activities of the onchospheres. If this is really the reason for their greater resistance to infection with this tapeworm, any factor that would increase their intestinal size should make them more susceptible. It has been firmly established that the anterior pituitary of higher animals has a special relation to bodily growth and splanchnomegaly. The only figures that were found which showed a specific action of this gland on the development of intestinal tissue are from experiments with juvenile pigeons (Schooley et al., 1937) in which the response was accredited to the hormone, prolactin. By repeated injections of this hormone after hypophysectomy, the body of the pigeons was increased by eight per cent, intestinal length by 15 per cent, empty weight (weight after contents are removed) of intestine by 10 per cent, and villus length by 17 per cent over the corresponding values found in unoperated controls. It seemed desirable to test the effect of this hormone on the development of intestinal tissue in young mice to determine whether a similar increase could be produced, and, if produced, whether it would increase their susceptibility to the tapeworm.