Hydroxyapatite Composite Materials Research Articles

A novel fullerene composite material for directional oil control and antioxidant.

There are very few cosmetic ingredients that can target oil control and extend the wear time. Fullerenes have been reported to have excellent antioxidant capacity and a variety of biological activities, such as quenching free radicals, inhibiting lipid peroxidation, and promoting lipid flocculation. The purpose of applying foundation makeup on the face is to make the skin color even, but the secretion and oxidation of skin oil will make the makeup mottled and dull. In order to solve this problem, a fullerene composite material that can directionally absorb oil and resist oil oxidation has been developed. Fullerenes and hydroxyapatite composite was prepared by high pressure homogenization under alkaline condition. The indicated morphology and structure were characterized by SEM, UV-Vis, Raman, and XRD. The oil absorption capacity was determined by adding the C60-hydroxyapatite composite to a mixed solution of hexane and oil, shaking for 1 h, filtering, analyzed by GC-MS, and calculating the oil absorption by external standard method. Artificial sebum was prepared by adding different mass of water and oleic acid to screen the optimum ratio. C60-hydroxyapatite mixture and C60-hydroxyapatite composite were added to the artificial sebum to test the oil-absorbing capacity of the materials. The hydroxyl radical scavenging ability of C60-hydroxyapatite composite containing different fullerene contents was measured by X-band ESR spectroscopy, and the long-term radical scavenging ability of the composites was tested in comparison with VC. Antioxidant experiment is adding C60-hydroxyapatite composite material, and hydroxyapatite to oleic acid, then the UV light irradiation is aimed to accelerate the oxidation of oleic acid. Oleic acid act as a control group, and make the detection of oleic acid peroxide value after 7 days. The safety of the materials was tested by using culture media to soak the C60-hydroxyapatite composite for 24 h and then used to culture cells. The characterization of SEM, UV-Vis, Raman, and XRD showed that fullerene clusters were dispersed on the surface of hydroxyapatite stably, and they formed a stable composite. The adsorption rates of C60-hydroxyapatite composites for oleic acid, phenyl trimethicone, caprylic capric glyceride, isooctyl palmitate, mineral oil, olive oil, and dimethicone were 60.5%, 9.3%, 9.15%, 5.24%, 2.94%, 1.01%, and 0%, respectively. The flocculation amount of artificial sebum was 5.9 g per gram of C60-hydroxyapatite mixture and 24.2 g per gram of C60-hydroxyapatite composite. C60-hydroxyapatite composites have excellent quenching ability for hydroxyl radicals. When the fullerene content is 1, 2, 3, and 4 mg/kg, the quenching rates are 25.02%, 39.57%, 49.75%, and 62.24%, respectively. The quenching effect was enhanced with the increase of fullerene content, and it had strong long-term antioxidant properties. It can also be proved that C60-hydroxyapatite composites have strong antioxidant capacity through antioxidant experiments. The peroxide value of oleic acid on Day 0 was 2.8, and after 7 days of UV irradiation, the peroxide values of blank control, hydroxyapatite group, C60-hydroxyapatite composite containing 0.5% and 1% fullerenes four groups of materials were 8.02 meq O2/kg, 7.98 meq O2/kg, 7.11 meq O2/kg, and 6.87 meq O2/kg, respectively. The cell activity was 20.94% and 99.2% after the cells were cultured for 24 h using C60-hydroxyapatite composite and hydroxyapatite extracts, respectively, and the addition of fullerene was able to significantly increase the cell activity. Fullerene hydroxyapatite complex has excellent directional oil absorption characteristics, which can effectively remove free radicals and reduce skin oil oxidation.

Composite beads of alginate and biological hydroxyapatite from poultry and mariculture for hard tissue repair

Synthesizing materials that stimulate the natural growth of living tissues and restore damaged parts of the body is one of the most challenging problems in regenerative medicine. Despite being the most commonly used biomaterial, synthetic hydroxyapatite is a calcium phosphate with a relatively low rate of bioresorption related to new tissue growth. For specific applications, the speed of resorption is essential, and synergy between polymer and hydroxyapatite composite materials from natural sources can be developed. Therefore, this study attempts to synthesize hydroxyapatite from poultry and mariculture by-products and produce spheres with alginate for use as biomaterials for tissue repair. Shells different shellfish and eggs were used as sources of CaCO3 and added to a phosphoric acid solution as precursors in wet synthesis. The powders were dried, thermally treated and characterized. Structural analysis revealed hydroxyapatite in nanometric crystallites (61–72 nm) with high crystallinity (86–89%). The calcium phosphate obtained from Mozambique shellfish acquired the best characteristics. Beads with various sizes and porosities were produced through changes in the process parameters, including the type and size of the dripper, speed of agitation of the solution, and type of drying. The results show that the type of dripper strongly influences the size of the beads and that the rotation speed influences the sphericity. The styling directly influenced the fluid absorption, demonstrating that the spheres dried by lyophilization can absorb up to 223% of their weight. In comparison, samples dried in a desiccator could absorb only 112% of their weight in body fluids. The porosity of the optimized beads was up to 90%, which is similar to that of human bone, and they did not show cytotoxicity. Therefore, the beads composed of alginate and hydroxyapatite produced here have the potential for application in tissue repair.

CHARACTERISATION OF 3D PRINTED HYDROXYAPITATE POWDER (HAp) FILLED POLYLACTIC ACID (PLA) COMPOSITES

Biomaterials are used in the treatment of advanced orthopedic diseases. Hydroxyapatite (HA), a bioceramic material, is important in the calcium phosphate family. Since hydroxyapatite exhibits low mechanical properties, it is used together with polylactic acid (PLA), which has biodegradable properties. In this study, HA was obtained by the combustion method and its morphological properties were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and chemical analyzes by X-ray spectrometry. 3D mechanical test specimens were produced by the Fused Deposition Melting (FDM) technique using PLA-HA composite filaments by using the obtained HA as an additive material. Thermoplastic elastomer was used to examine the effect of compatibilizer in PLA and HA composite materials. Physical (SEM), thermal (thermogravimetric analysis, TGA), and mechanical properties (tensile and compression tests) of PLA-HA composite materials were investigated. According to the results obtained, TPE may have improved the chemical bonds that will form in PLA-HA composite materials. With the new bonds formed and the regular distribution of Hydroxyapatite, the interfacial bonds in PLA+HAP+TPE are better than the others and their thermal stability is more substantial. Due to this thermal stability, at least a percentage weight (70%) loss was seen in PLA+HAP+TPE. When the mechanical properties are examined, the tensile and compressive strength values of PLA+HAP+TPE composites are 29.2% and 12.5% higher than those of PLA+HAP composites, respectively.

Radiation-shielding properties of titanium dioxide-added composites

In radiation protection physics, development of alternative shielding materials to lead and lead-based materials is very popular nowadays, and thus, the present work aims to study the radiation-shielding parameters of a newly developed titanium dioxide (TiO2)-added hydroxyapatite composite material. The gamma-ray-shielding parameters were given in terms of the linear attenuation coefficient, half-value length, effective atomic number (Zeff) and effective electron density (Neff) for four different composites. The variations of these parameters with the titanium dioxide rate were also investigated.

Characterization and Testing the properties of PEKK- Strontium- hydroxyapatite composite material

Polymers, being one of the most important materials in dentistry, offer great physical and mechanical qualities, as well as good biocompatibility. Aim of this study was done to evaluate the Polyetherketoneketone and Polyetherketoneketone polymer composite material used as dental implant through tensile strength, Fourier Transform Infrared analysis FTIR, and wettability). Polyetherketoneketone composites (Polyetherketoneketone and Strontium-containing hydroxyapatite) with selected weight percentage ratios of (0, 10%, 20%, 30%), were fabricated using a compression molding technique”, The study involved Samples preparation (sheets) shaped and form into the desired shape according to standard for tests which included tensile strength, Fourier Transform Infrared analysis FTIR, and wettability. The results obtained from the experiments showed slight increase in tensile strength of the polymer composite consisting from polyetherketoneketone and strontium hydroxaptatite nanofiller compared with pure Polyetherketoneketone, with increase the in concentration of Polyetherketoneketone composite (concentration 10%, 20%, 30%), improvement in the wettability value, with no effect in the chemical structure of Polyetherketoneketone composite comparing with the PEKK composite.

Biopolymer hydroxyapatite composite materials: Adding fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy to the characterization toolkit

AbstractBiopolymers are frequently used due to their sourcing from renewable resources, widespread abundance, and cheap procurement costs. When combined with hydroxyapatite (HA), these materials are often used as restorative materials by general and oral health care providers and in veterinary medicine due to their unique properties of mimicking their biological congeners. When designing the next generation of restorative materials, it will be critical to understand the interactions between biopolymers and HA on micron and submicron length scales, which will require expanding the characterization toolkit. Fluorescence microscopy is one powerful tool for investigating materials on these length scales. Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM), a technique that measures the fluorescence lifetime of fluorophores based on local environments, could be used to observe the structural properties of materials. In this review, FLIM is discussed as an addition to the characterization toolkit for its potential to provide unique insights into biocomposite material structure‐property relationships. Additional topics include structure‐property processing relationships, imaging and metrology technique advances, and the ability of FLIM to complement these techniques. Overall, this review complements the literature by providing a new methodology to uncover previously unknown information through microscopy.

Advances in the Application of Hydroxyapatite Composite Materials in Bone Tissue Engineering

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is the main inorganic component of the bones and teeth, and it possesses bioactivity and biocompatibility. However, due to its poor mechanical performance, slow degradation speed, and lack of diversity in its function, it is difficult to apply HAp alone as a scaffold material for bone tissue engineering. By combining HAp with other types of materials, composite materials with specific properties can be prepared, and the scopes of HAp applications can be expanded. Firstly, we elaborated on the importance, and strengths and weaknesses of HAp for bone tissue engineering biomaterials and then reviewed the research status of HAp composite materials used in bone regeneration. Secondly, about hot research topics in the field of applying HAp composite materials in bone repair, we summarized the representative findings in the field, and discussions and analysis were made accordingly. Finally, we also examined the future development prospects of HAp composite bone repair materials.

Rapid structural evolution and bone inducing mechanism of the multilayer coating with silicon-doped hydroxyapatite crystals on the microwave water steaming-hydrothermally treated titania coating

To reveal the formation mechanism of new bone tissues induced by the multilayer titania coating with silicon-doped hydroxyapatite (Si-HA), plasma electrolyte oxidation (PEO) and microwave steam-hydrothermal treatment (MG) were performed to form Si-HA nanorods rapidly on the PEO coating. In the present work, the length and diameter of Si-HA nanorods on the MG-treated PEO coating for 10 min (PEOMG10) were smaller than that those treated for 60 min (PEOMG60). The microstructure of the multilayer coating, including the porous middle layer containing anatase nanocrystal cluster, the middle anatase layer, Si-HA nanocrystals, and the outermost layer that grew Si-HA nanorods, was revealed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The in vitro mineralization test indicates that the PEOMG60 sample exhibits excellent apatite-inducing ability because of its high degradation. The in vivo animal experiment showed that the PEOMG10 implant has high interfacial bonding strength and excellent osseointegration interface status. The fracture for the PEOMG10 implant occurred at the interface between the coating and the bone side owing to its good interface status. The present study can expand the widespread applications of the titania-based hydroxyapatite composite materials for repairing hard tissues and teeth filling.

Osteoblast responses to injectable bone substitutes of kappa-carrageenan and nano hydroxyapatite

The combination of kappa-carrageenan (κ-CG) and hydroxyapatite (HA) to generate a bone substitute material has been underexplored to date. Carrageenans (CGs) have remarkable characteristics such as biocompatibility, hydrophilicity, and structural similarities with natural glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), and they have demonstrated the ability to stimulate cellular adhesion and proliferation. Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles have been one of the most investigated materials for bone regeneration due to their excellent biocompatibility, bioactivity and osteoconductivity. In particular, this study presents an approach for the preparation of new bioactive composites of κ-CG/nHA for numerous bone regeneration applications. We performed a set of in vitro experiments to evaluate the influence of the bone substitutes on human osteoblasts. Cell culture studies indicated that all samples tested were cytocompatible. Relative to control substrates, cellular attachment and proliferation were better on all the scaffold surfaces that were tested. The S2 and S3 samples, those permeated by 1.5 and 2.5 wt% of CG, respectively, exhibited an enhancement in cell spreading capacity compared to the S1 test materials which were comprised of 1 wt% of CG. Excellent osteoblast viability and adhesion were observed for each of the tested materials. Additionally, the bone substitutes developed for this study presented a distinct osteoconductive environment. Data supporting this claim were derived from alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and calcium deposition analyses, which indicated that, compared to the control species, ALP expression and calcium deposition were both improved on test κ-CG/nHA surfaces. In summary, the injectable bone substitute developed here demonstrated great potential for numerous bone regeneration applications, and thus, should be studied further. Statement of SignificanceThe novelty of this work lies in the determination of the in vitro cytocompatibility behavior of carrageenan and hydroxyapatite composite materials used as injectable bone substitutes. This injectable biomaterial can fill in geometric complex defects, and it displays bioactivity as well as high bone regeneration capacity. In this study, we evaluated the behaviors of osteoblast cells in contact with the scaffolds, including cellular adhesion and proliferation, cellular metabolism, and mineralization on the fabricated injectable bone substitutes. The results show than the carrageenan and hydroxyapatite substitutes provided a biomaterial with a great capacity for promoting cellular growth, adhesion, and proliferation, as well as contributing an osteoinductive environment for osteoblast differentiation and osteogenesis.

Research on the preparation, biocompatibility and bioactivity of magnesium matrix hydroxyapatite composite material

In this paper, magnesium matrix hydroxyapatite composite material was prepared by electrophoretic deposition method. The optimal process parameters of electrophoretic deposition were HA suspension concentration of 0.02 kg/L, aging time of 10 days and voltage of 60V. Animal experiment and SBF immersion experiment were used to test the biocompatibility and bioactivity of this material respectively. The SD rats were divided into control group and implant group. The implant surrounding tissue was taken to do tissue biopsy, HE dyed and organizational analysis after a certain amount of time in the SD rat body. The biological composite material was soaked in SBF solution under homeothermic condition. After 40 days, the bioactivity of the biological composite material was evaluated by testing the growth ability of apatite on composite material. The experiment results showed that magnesium matrix hydroxyapatite biological composite material was successfully prepared by electrophoretic deposition method. Tissue hyperplasia, connective tissue and new blood vessels appeared in the implant surrounding soft tissue. No infiltration of inflammatory cells of lymphocytes and megakaryocytes around the implant was found. After soaked in SBF solution, a layer bone-like apatite was found on the surface of magnesium matrix hydroxyapatite biological composite material. The magnesium matrix hydroxyapatite biological composite material could promot calcium deposition and induce bone-like apatite formation with no cytotoxicity and good biocompatibility and bioactivity.

Nanotechnology for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.

Nanotechnology for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.

Tailored star poly (ε-caprolactone) wet-spun scaffolds for in vivo regeneration of long bone critical size defects

One of the most challenging requirements of a successful bone tissue engineering approach is the development of scaffolds specifically tailored to individual tissue defects. Besides materials chemistry, well-defined scaffold’s structural features at the micro- and macro-levels are needed for optimal bone in-growth. In this study, polymeric fibrous scaffolds with a controlled internal network of pores and modelled on the anatomical shape and dimensions of a critical size bone defect in a rabbit’s radius model were developed by employing a computer-aided wet-spinning technique. The tailored scaffolds made of star poly(ε-caprolactone) or star poly(ε-caprolactone)–hydroxyapatite composite material were implanted into 20-mm segmental defects created in radial diaphysis of New Zealand white rabbits. Bone regeneration and tissue response were assessed by X-rays and histological analysis at 4, 8 and 12 weeks after surgery. No signs of macroscopic and microscopic inflammatory reactions were detected, and the developed scaffolds showed a good ability to support and promote the bone regeneration process. However, no significant differences in osteoconductivity were observed between star poly(ε-caprolactone) and star poly(ε-caprolactone)–hydroxyapatite scaffolds. Long-term study on implanted star poly(ε-caprolactone) scaffolds confirmed the presence of signs of bone regeneration and remodelling, particularly evident at 24 weeks.

Attenuated total reflectance/Fourier transform infrared (ATR/FTIR) mapping coupled with principal component analysis for the study of in vitro degradation of porous polylactide/hydroxyapatite composite material

We proposes coupling ATR/FTIR mapping with principal component analysis for the biomimetic degradation of poly(l-lactide)/hydroxyapatite composite material.

Facile synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial activity of cellulose–chitosan–hydroxyapatite composite material: A potential material for bone tissue engineering

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is often used as a bone-implant material because it is biocompatible and osteoconductive. However, HAp possesses poor rheological properties and it is inactive against disease-causing microbes. To improve these properties, we developed a green method to synthesize multifunctional composites containing: (1) cellulose (CEL) to impart mechanical strength; (2) chitosan (CS) to induce antibacterial activity thereby maintaining a microbe-free wound site; and (3) HAp. In this method, CS and CEL were co-dissolved in an ionic liquid (IL) and then regenerated from water. HAp was subsequently formed in situ by alternately soaking [CEL+CS] composites in aqueous solutions of CaCl2 and Na2 HPO4 . At least 88% of IL used was recovered for reuse by distilling the aqueous washings of [CEL+CS]. The composites were characterized using FTIR, XRD, and SEM. These composites retained the desirable properties of their constituents. For example, the tensile strength of the composites was enhanced 1.9 times by increasing CEL loading from 20% to 80%. Incorporating CS in the composites resulted in composites which inhibited the growth of both Gram positive (MRSA, S. aureus and VRE) and Gram negative (E. coli and P. aeruginosa) bacteria. These findings highlight the potential use of [CEL+CS+HAp] composites as scaffolds in bone tissue engineering.

Zirconia–hydroxyapatite composite material with micro porous structure

Objectives Titanium plates and apatite blocks are commonly used for restoring large osseous defects in dental and orthopedic surgery. However, several cases of allergies against titanium have been recently reported. Also, sintered apatite block does not possess sufficient mechanical strength. In this study, we attempted to fabricate a composite material that has mechanical properties similar to biocortical bone and high bioaffinity by compounding hydroxyapatite (HAp) with the base material zirconia (ZrO 2), which possesses high mechanical properties and low toxicity toward living organisms. Methods After mixing the raw material powders at several different ZrO 2/HAp mixing ratios, the material was compressed in a metal mold (8 mm in diameter) at 5 MPa. Subsequently, it was sintered for 5 h at 1500 °C to obtain the ZrO 2/HAp composite. The mechanical property and biocompatibility of materials were investigated. Furthermore, osteoconductivity of materials was investigated by animal studies. Results A composite material with a minute porous structure was successfully created using ZrO 2/HAp powders, having different particle sizes, as the starting material. The material also showed high protein adsorption and a favorable cellular affinity. When the mixing ratio was ZrO 2/HAp = 70/30, the strength was equal to cortical bone. Furthermore, in vivo experiments confirmed its high osteoconductivity. Significance The composite material had strength similar to biocortical bones with high cell and tissue affinities by compounding ZrO 2 and HAp. The ZrO 2/HAp composite material having micro porous structure would be a promising bone restorative material.

Chitosan–hydroxyapatite composite biomaterials made by a one step co-precipitation method: preparation, characterization and in vivo tests

A series of biocompatible chitosan/hydroxyapatite composites has been synthesized in an aqueous medium from chitosan solution and soluble precursor salts by a one-step coprecipitation method. The composite materials were produced in dense and porous variants. XRD and IR studies have shown that the apatite crystals in the composites have structural characteristics similar to those of crystals in biogenic apatite. A study of in vivo behaviour of the materials was carried out. Cylindrical rods made of the chitosan/ hydroxyapatite composite material were implanted into the tibial bones of rats. After 5, 10, 15 and 24 days of implantation, histological and histo-morphometric analyses of decalcified specimens were undertaken to evaluate their biocompatibility and the possibility to apply them in bone tissue engineering. The calcified specimens were examined by scanning electron microscopy combined with X-ray microanalysis to compare the elemental composition and morphological characteristics of the implant and the bone during integration. Porous specimens were osteoconducting and were replaced in vivo by newly formed bone tissue.

Novel mesoporous silica-based antibiotic releasing scaffold for bone repair

Tissue engineering scaffolds with a micro- or nanoporous structure and able to deliver special drugs have already been confirmed to be effective in bone repair. In this paper, we first evaluated the biomineralization properties and drug release properties of a novel mesoporous silica–hydroxyapatite composite material (HMS–HA) which was used as drug vehicle and filler for polymer matrices. Biomineralization can offer a credible prediction of bioactivity for the synthetic bone regeneration materials. We found HMS–HA exhibited good apatite deposition properties after being soaked in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 7 days. Drug delivery from HMS–HA particle was in line with Fick’s law, and the release process lasted 12 h after an initial burst release with 60% drug release. A novel tissue engineering scaffold with the function of controlled drug delivery was developed, which was based on HMS–HA particles, poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) and microspheres sintering techniques. Mechanical testing on compression, degradation behavior, pH-compensation effect and drug delivery behavior of PLGA/HMS–HA microspheres sintered scaffolds were analyzed. Cell toxicity and cell proliferation on the scaffolds was also evaluated. The results indicated that the PLGA/HMS–HA scaffolds could effectively compensate the increased pH values caused by the acidic degradation product of PLGA. The compressive strength and modulus of PLGA/HMS–HA scaffolds were remarkably high compared to pure PLGA scaffold. Drug delivery testing of the PLGA/HMS–HA scaffolds indicated that PLGA slowed gentamycin sulfate (GS) release from HMS–HA particles, and the release lasted for nearly one month. Adding HMS–HA to PLGA scaffolds improved cytocompatibility. The scaffolds demonstrated low cytotoxicity, and supported mesenchymal stem cells growth more effectively than pure PLGA scaffolds. To summarize, the data supports the development of PLGA/HMS–HA scaffolds as potential degradable and drug delivery materials for bone replacement.

Neutron Characterisation of Hydroxyapatite Bioceramics

This paper reports neutron diffraction data and its analysis that characterise a biocompatible hydroxyapatite composite material. The neutron data has elucidated the crystal structure, and enabled the positions of the hydrogen atoms to be determined. The data also shows the improvement of crystallinity during the heat treatment process. An extension of the work involved looking at a hydroxyapatite – carbon nanotube composite material, and neutron diffraction has shown that the retention of the carbon nanotubes in the composite material has been successful. The nanotubes have had no affect on the hydroxyapatite structure.

Computer-assisted orbital volume measurement in the surgical correction of late enophthalmos caused by blowout fractures.

To evaluate the use of computer-assisted volumetric measurement for the prediction of late enophthalmos and for volume estimation of implant material in the correction of late enophthalmos secondary to orbital blowout fractures (BOF). This is a prospective observational study of 16 patients. Computer-assisted orbital volume measurements were made with the use of axial CT scans. Hertel exophthalmometry was used for the measurement of enophthalmos. The Lancaster test was used for measurement of diplopia. Autogenous bone or hydroxyapatite composite material was used for the repair of orbital defects and the correction of orbital volume expansion in 16 patients with enophthalmos caused by BOF. The volume of implant material was calculated from the orbital volume increment. Patients were followed for an average of 8 months after surgery. There is a high correlation between the increment of orbital volume and the degree of enophthalmos; 1 cm3 orbital volume increment causes 0.89 mm of enophthalmos. Before surgery, 10 of the 16 patients had moderate enophthalmos (3 to 4 mm) and 6 patients had severe enophthalmos (> or = 5 mm). Six months after surgical intervention, 13 patients (81%) achieved satisfactory results; 3 patients had no enophthalmos and 10 had mild enophthalmos (1 to 2 mm). Three patients had moderate to severe enophthalmos. The measurement of orbital volume in patients with BOF can be used to predict the degree of late enophthalmos. Use of the orbital volume increment to determine the amount of implant material can improve the therapeutic outcome in the correction of late enophthalmos caused by BOF.

Microstructural dependence of Young's and shear moduli of P 2O 5 glass reinforced hydroxyapatite for biomedical applications

P 2O 5 glass reinforced hydroxyapatite composite materials were prepared through a liquid-phase sintering process. Secondary phases, β- and α-tricalcium phosphates ( β-TCP and α-TCP), were formed in the microstructure of the composites, due to the reaction between the liquid glassy phase and the hydroxyapatite matrix. The dynamic Young's modulus ( E) and shear modulus ( G) of these composites were determined using an impulse excitation method. By applying the Duckworth–Knudsen equation, the elastic property results were correlated with the relative proportion of β-TCP and α-TCP phases and with the porosity percentage present in the microstructure. Glass reinforced hydroxyapatite composites showed lower Young's and shear moduli than unmodified hydroxyapatite, mainly due to the presence of β-TCP phase. The Duckworth–Knudsen model demonstrated an exponential dependence of E and G modulus with porosity and mathematical equations were derived for composite materials with porosity correction factors ( b) of 4.04 and 4.11, respectively, indicating that porosity largely decreased both E and G moduli.