Hydrous Titanium Research Articles

Unravelling the nature differences of halide anions affecting the sorption of U(VI) by hydrous titanium dioxide supported waste polyacrylonitrile fibers in the presence of carbonates

The co-occurrence of halides and carbonates with uranium in the natural water poses a challenge to the uranium recovery for nuclear power due to the potential complexation. Hydrated titanium dioxide (HTD) contains a lot of surface hydroxyl (–OH) groups and waste polyacrylonitrile fiber (WPANF) has the advantages of both weather and chemical resistances. Herein, the nature differences of halide anions affecting the sorption of U(VI) by WPANF/HTD was investigated in the presence of carbonates. The sorption capacity (qe) decreased with the increases of initial pH, total carbonates, and halides but increased at high temperature and initial U(VI) concentration. The U(VI) sorption was a spontaneous chemisorption, which mainly involved surface sorption rather than intra-particle diffusion. The order of inhibitory ability on U(VI) sorption for the four halides was F > I ∼ Br > Cl. The aqueous F− was shown to be the most strongly inhibited with the lowest qe value of 17.2 mg·g−1, due to the formation of U(VI)–F complex anions. The characteristic peaks with weakened relative intensity after U(VI) sorption for the surface –OH groups on HTD (HTD–OH), together with the results from DFT calculations, demonstrated a key role of HTD–OH in U(VI) sorption by WPANF/HTD via the coordination with U(VI) complex anions. This work unravels the nature differences of halide anions affecting U(VI) sorption in the presence of carbonates and provides a valuable reference for the U(VI) extraction toward halogen-rich natural uranium-containing water.

Surface Modification of Ti-Nb Alloy in Alkaline Solution to Enhance Bioactivity

Titanium alloys, especially titanium-niobium alloy have been reported as a potential biomaterial with good biocompatibility and non-toxicity. However, there is a lack of studies in alkaline surface treatment of new beta titanium alloy fabricated by vacuum arc melting (VAM) and powder metallurgy (PM) technique with high addition of niobium percentage. The purpose of this research was to examine the feasibility of surface modification on new beta Ti-40wt% Nb alloy in sodium hydroxide solution in order to form bioactive alkaline titanate layer. The characterization involved in this study is X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), microhardness, density measurement and optical microscope (OM). Development of amorphous alkaline titanate layer consisted of titanium hydrate, sodium titanate and oxide mixture of titanium oxide, niobium, niobium oxide were revealed by XRD. SEM shows titanate hydrogel layer form on Ti alloy PM thicker than on Ti alloy VAM. Microhardness and density measurement for Ti alloy VAM is greater than Ti alloy PM. OM shows porous surface on Ti alloy PM compare to VAM. This research suggests that the formation of sodium titanate layer on the surface of Ti-Nb alloy enhance bioactivity with better osteointegration and present higher formation of apatite which is crucial for the desired biomedical implant.

Novel Method for Preparing Amorphous Titanyl Sulfate from Hydrous Titanium Oxide

Novel Method for Preparing Amorphous Titanyl Sulfate from Hydrous Titanium Oxide

Efficient mitigation of arsenic accumulation in rice seedlings using in situ formed hydrous titanium oxide from aqueous titanyl amendment

The Arsenic (As) accumulation problem of plants has to be solved when exploring scattered As micro-polluted water as a new irrigation water source for food production. Herein, efficient As immobilization (1 mg-As/L) was realized by simply adding TiOSO4 (TOS) solution in the irrigation water during rice seedling cultivation. The free soluble As in the rice culture was reduced by 99.4%. Most of the As was enriched in hydrous titanium oxide (HTO) formed from in situ TOS hydrolysis (HTO-TOS), which possessed a very high specific surface area (347.6 m2/g) and the most abundant adsorption-active hydroxyl group. Adding TOS (100 mg/L) is tens of times better than adding TiO2 nanoparticles and is even better than commercial HTO at a dosage up to 1000 mg/L in As-immobilization ability. On the one hand, TOS treatment transformed soluble As to insoluble forms by the strong complexation between freshly formed active HTO and As. On the other hand, a barrier of titanium and iron plaque was formed on root surface. Benefiting from these two aspects, the As contents in rice roots and shoots were reduced by 74.6% and 95.6%, respectively. The TOS treatment strategy had no adverse influence on rice growth while promoted the root growth by 39.4% and alleviated the oxidative stress of rice seedlings. Considering its simple application manner and good As control performance, TOS treatment has great potential on in situ remediation of As-contaminated water and soil during cultivating diverse agricultural plants.

Coagulation of trace arsenic and cadmium from drinking water using titanium potassium oxalate

Coagulation is a simple and cost-effective water treatment method that does not work well in removing multiple cationic and anionic heavy metals simultaneously from drinking water. Titanium potassium oxalate (K2TiO(C2O4)2), a fur tanning reagent, was found to be able to efficiently remove arsenite (As(III)), arsenate (As(V)), and Cd simultaneously. A dose of 120 µmol/L K2TiO(C2O4)2 could remove more than 90% of As and Cd to meet the drinking water standards when their initial concentrations were 10 times their maximum concentration limits, whereas traditional coagulants, such as Fe2(SO4)3 and Al2(SO4)3, failed to meet the drinking water standards. Additionally, K2TiO(C2O4)2 coagulation consumes natural water hardness (Ca2+/Mg2+) to produce softer water and releases healthy K+ as a by-product. The mechanism study indicated that K2TiO(C2O4)2 reacted with natural calcium ions in drinking water to form calcium oxalate, while residual titanium was hydrolyzed with water to form hydrous titanium oxide. Arsenic was removed primarily via complexation with hydrous titanium oxide, while Cd was removed via the combined effect of adsorption by hydrous titanium oxide and mixed-crystal formation by calcium oxalate. This study provides an efficient coagulant for removing multiple heavy metals simultaneously, which can be applied in water treatment to provide safe and healthy drinking water.

Blocking the arsenic transportation from micro-polluted lake water to water spinach by in situ addition of titanyl sulfate

Water resource shortage and arsenic (As) water pollution are threatening human food security. Using As micro-polluted water for agricultural production may alleviate the water resource shortage situation after solving the As problem. In situ formed hydrous titanium oxide possesses much higher As immobilization potential than purchased TiO2 because of its higher specific surface area and more abundant active hydroxyl group, which is proposed to reduce the As uptake of aquatic vegetables planted in As micro-polluted water. Herein, TiOSO4 solution, which can hydrolyze into hydrous titanium oxide during dilution in water, was used as a new water amendment to realize in situ As immobilization in lake water (100 μg-As/L) during cultivation of water spinach. We found that TiOSO4 could immobilize trace level As with its dosage as the main factor influencing the efficiency through response surface analysis. A low dosage TiOSO4 treatment of 0.5 mg/L could reduce the As content in the edible part from 0.64 to 0.40 mg/kg, which satisfied the vegetable As standard of China (0.5 mg/kg). The shoot As content was negatively related to the used TiOSO4 dosage and could be further reduced to 0.16 mg-As/kg at a dosage of 4 mg/L TiOSO4, while the health risk index of eating water spinach could be reduced by 75% (from 1.6 to 0.4). Therefore, TiOSO4 is a useful in situ As immobilization reagent during cultivation of water spinach and may possibly be used in the production of other aquatic vegetables. In situ TiOSO4 treatment may be an effective and facile strategy for the agricultural utilization of As micro-polluted surface water, which can alleviate the shortage on safe agricultural water resource in the context of widespread water micro-pollution.

Characterization of mechanical and metallurgical properties of AA6063 foam developed by friction stir precursor deposition technique

The aim of this work is to develop the precursor-based Al foam by deposition of AA6063-T6 consumable rod, filled with a foamable mixture of titanium hydrate (TiH2) and aluminium powder over a mild steel substrate through friction stir deposition (FSD) technique. The AA6063-T6 consumable rods were drilled with different hole strategies ranging from 1 to 6 holes on the periphery of the rod, which were filled with foaming powder of the same composition. To perform the deposition, a conventional vertical milling machine was used. The deposited material presents a fine equiaxed grain whose size is much lower than the as-received material, indicating dynamic recrystallization during friction stir deposition. The results also show that the foaming particles decrease the hardness values of the produced deposits when compared to those of base material. It has been observed that 4 and 5 numbers of holes in the consumable rod are more suitable for foam development and the foaming particles are more uniform as obtained from energy dispersive spectrum (EDS) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. It is also observed that by increasing the number of holes in the rod more than 5 promote the formation of defects in the developed foam. The consumable rod with 4 and 5 holes shows the linear plateau stress in the compressive test as compared to 1, 2, 3 and 6 holes.

Micro/nanometer-sized porous structure of zinc phosphate incorporated Ti(HPO4)2 hydrate bioceramic induces osteogenic gene expression and enhances osteoporotic bone regeneration

In this work, we describe the synthesis of an ideal bioceramic to which cells can easily respond that has geometry and composition that are similar to those of bone-like apatite. The successful preparation of bone-inspired titanium hydrate phosphate with an optimized weight percentage (∼1.1 wt%) of zinc in (Ti(HPO4)2/Zn3(PO4)2·nH2O) bioceramic could represent a potential regenerative framework for bone defect repair and bone void filler that would be useful for various clinical approaches. We have for the first time demonstrated the detailed physicochemical and biological characterizations of the bioceramic required to achieve a biocompatible and porous architecture that is similar to hydroxyapatite. In vitro studies have shown that the phosphate-rich titanium and zinc nanocomposite promote bone regeneration after stimulating MC3T3 − E1 and hBM-MSCs cells activity. The metallic ions and phosphate had the effects of enhancing the cell viability and osteogenic differentiation of the cells, as confirmed by the expression of bone-related markers that included ALP, Col1a1, RUNX2, OPN/Spp1, and OCN through qRT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunocytochemistry. Moreover, the bioceramic has been shown to significantly improves new bone growth in critical size calvarial defect in rat model. The findings of the present work are the first that show the bone regeneration effect of bioceramic, which could be crucial for subsidies of Ca–P-based artificial bone implant materials. Our results provide insight into the Ti(HPO4)2/Zn3(PO4)2(0.1)·nH2O bioceramic in osteogenesis which can help to establish a therapeutic strategy in bone tissue regenerative medicine.

Hydrous zirconium oxide modified biochar for in situ remediation of arsenic contaminated agricultural soil

In-situ immobilization is a fast soil remediation method that can recover the value of As-contaminated land quickly. Hydrous zirconium oxide was reported for its efficient arsenic adsorption properties in wastewater treatment, but has not been reported in soil remediation with As contamination. Herein, hydrous zirconium oxide modified biochar (BC-Zr) was synthesized along with hydrous ferric oxide modified biochar (BC-Fe) and hydrous titanium oxide modified biochar (BC-Ti). After comparing their As(III)/As(V) adsorption performance under diverse conditions, BC-Zr showed superior As-immobilization potential in both simulated water and real soil leachate environment. To evaluate its performance in soil remediation, pot experiments were conducted in real As-contaminated agricultural soil using cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) as an indicator plant. Although all these modified BC could improve the growth of cowpea, the shoot biomass treated by BC-Zr increased by 115.8% than CK, while the As concentration in the stem and leaves decreased by 30.8% and 42.6%, respectively. Interestingly, BC-Zr promoted the root nodule system of cowpea in real As-contaminated soil while BC-Fe and BC-Ti failed. The observation of improved root nodule symbiotic system is significant for further development of soil remediation using in-situ remediation technology. This first successful trial of Zr-based soil amendment indicates the superior As-immobilization property of hydrous zirconium oxide in in-situ remediation of As-contaminated soil, implying the great potential applications of BC-Zr in soil remediation.

Highly efficient removal of thallium(I) by facilely fabricated amorphous titanium dioxide from water and wastewater

In this study, amorphous hydrous titanium dioxide was synthesized by a facile precipitation method at room temperature, aiming to effectively remove thallium(I) from water. The titanium dioxide prepared using ammonia as precipitant (TiO2I) is more effective for thallium(I) uptake than the one synthesized with sodium hydroxide (TiO2II). The TiO2 obtained particles are amorphous, aggregates of many nanoparticles and irregular in shape. The thallium(I) uptake increases with the rise of solution pH value. Under neutral pH conditions, the maximal thallium(I) adsorption capacities of TiO2I and TiO2II are 302.6 and 230.3 mg/g, respectively, outperforming most of the reported adsorbents. The amorphous TiO2 has high selectivity towards thallium(I) in the presence of multiple cations such as K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Zn2+ and Ni2+. Moreover, the TiO2I is efficient in removing thallium(I) from real river water and mining wastewater. Additionally, the spent TiO2I can be regenerated using hydrochloric acid solution and reused. The Tl(I) adsorption is achieved via replacing the H+ in hydroxyl group on the surface of TiO2 and forming inner-sphere surface complexes. Owing to its high efficiency, facile synthesis and environmental friendliness, the TiO2I has the potential to be used as an alternative adsorbent to remove Tl(I) from water.

Hydrous titanium oxide and bayberry tannin co-immobilized nano collagen fibrils for uranium extraction from seawater and recovery from nuclear wastewater

Extraction uranium from complicated aqueous solutions (seawater and nuclear wastewater) has been promoting the development of multi-functional adsorbents with high adsorption capacities and high selectivity. Here, we proposed a co-immobilization approach to preparing uranium adsorbents. Due to specific recognition and binding between functional groups, bayberry tannin (BT) and hydrous titanium oxide (HTO) were co-immobilized onto nano collagen fibrils (NCFs). The adsorption performances of NCFs-HTO-BT to uranium were systematically investigated in two aqueous systems, including nuclear wastewater and seawater. Results proved that NCFs-HTO-BT possessed the remarkable adsorption capacities and affinities for uranium in wastewater (393.186 mg g−1) and spiked seawater (14.878 mg g−1) with the uranium concentration of 320 mg g−1 and 8 mg g−1, respectively. Based on characteristic analysis of the adsorbent before and after uranium adsorption, the hydroxyl groups of HTO, the adjacent phenolic hydroxyl groups of BT, and nitrogen-containing and oxygen-containing functional groups of NCFs were active sites for uranium adsorption.

Irradiation-stable hydrous titanium oxide-immobilized collagen fibers for uranium removal from radioactive wastewater

Developing efficient adsorbents with radiation stability for uranium removal from nuclear wastewater is greatly important for resource sustainability and environmental safety in manufacturing nuclear fuel. A novel adsorbent of hydrous titanium oxide-immobilized collagen fibers (HTO/CFs) with good radiation stability for UO22+ removal was developed. Results showed that the adsorption capacity of HTO/CFs for UO22+ was 1.379 mmol g−1 at 303 K and pH 5.0 when the initial concentration of UO22+ was 2.5 mmol L−1. Moreover, HTO/CFs showed high selectivity for U(VI) in bilateral mixed solution including UO22+ with another coexisting ion, such as Cl−, NO3−, Zn2+, and Mg2+. The adsorption behavior of UO22+ from radioactive wastewater on HTO/CF column was also investigated, and the breakthrough point was approximately 250 BV (bed volume). Notably, the HTO/CFs column can be rapidly regenerated by using only 4.0 BV of 0.1 mol L−1 HNO3 solution. The regenerated HTO/CFs column exhibited slight change in the breakthrough curve, suggesting its excellent reapplication ability. Furthermore, after irradiation under 60Co γ-ray at total doses of 10–350 kGy, HTO/CFs still preserved fibrous morphology and adsorption capacity, indicating significant radiation stability. These results demonstrate that HTO/CFs are industrial scalable adsorbents for the adsorptive recovery of uranium.

Synthesis of a Novel Composite Hydrous Titanium Oxide- Hydroxyapatite for Adsorbing Uranium from Waste Effluents

In this paper; a novel composite (HAP@HTO)derived from hydrous titanium oxide (HTO) extracted from Rosetta ilmenite mineral and hydroxyapatite (HAP) was formed by co-precipitation method,specified and used for uranium preconcentration from its solutions. Batch tests were performed to investigate its selectivity towards uranium; maximum adsorption efficiency reached at pH 2.5, 120 minutes contact time, 900 mg L–1 uranium concentration and adsorbent ratio (0.1g/75 mL). The equilibrium data fitted well with Langmuir adsorption isotherm. From Kinetics and thermodynamics data; process was fast, fitted well with pseudo-second order, spontaneous and exothermic. The percentage desorption of uranium reached its maximal at 15 minutes equilibrium time using 1 mol L-1 H2SO4. Thereby, (HAP@HTO)composite has promising potential applications in extracting U (VI) from its aqueous solutions in nuclear fuel field and environmental pollution cleanup.

Grain size effects in donor doped lead zirconate titanate ceramics

The ferroelectric, ferroelastic, and dielectric properties as well as the crystal structure were investigated for polycrystalline donor doped lead zirconate titanate (PZT) with grain sizes ranging from 0.25 to 5 μm, which were prepared using a novel zirconium titanium hydrate precursor (ZTH) with a specific surface area of 310 m2/g. Piezoforce microscopy was used to investigate the change in the domain structure, revealing a change in the domain configuration from a complex 3D structure to a simple lamellar domain formation at a 1 μm grain size that corresponded to a rapidly increasing internal mechanical stress observed with in situ synchrotron x-ray experiments. The correlation between the change in domain configuration, increasing internal stresses, effects of poling on the crystal structure, and the macroscopic ferroelectric and ferroelastic properties are discussed in detail, allowing a deeper understanding of size effects in polycrystalline donor doped PZT ceramics.

Nanoconfined hydrous titanium oxides with excellent acid stability for selective and efficient removal of As(V) from acidic wastewater

Efficient removal of arsenic from acidic industrial effluents is still a challenge because of the high arsenic concentrations and low pH. Herein, a millimeter-sized nanocomposite Ti-201, with excellent acid resistance in acidic arsenic-contaminated water, was synthesized by dispersing the nanosized titanium oxides inside the networking pores of a commercial anion exchanger (D201). Negligible titanium dissolution was observed from Ti-201 in the solution of acidic pHs (above 2). The resulting nanocomposite exhibited superior adsorption capacity and selectivity for As(V) removal from acidic solution, even in the presence of coexisting Cl−/NO3−/SO42− ions at higher concentrations. The adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics of the nanocomposite were also well investigated to elucidate the adsorption behavior. FTIR and XPS study suggested the impregnated titanium oxide nanoparticles played a dominant role during the adsorption process, and As(V) was mainly removed via ligand exchange reactions between arsenic species and hydroxyl groups on the nanoparticles. Besides, fixed-bed column experiments further proved its applicability for As(V) removal in synthetic acid effluents with a working capacity of 1800 BV. The exhausted adsorbent was also amenable to be regenerated by NaOH-NaCl solution for repeated use without any significant capacity loss. All the results demonstrated that the prepared Ti-201 nanocomposite was a promising alternative adsorbent for efficient As(V) removal from acidic contaminated water.

A sensitive assay technique for 210Pb in water

SNO+ is a multipurpose neutrino physics experiment, located 2 kilometers underground in the SNOLAB facility in Sudbury, Canada. It is the successor of the SNO experiment, replacing the heavy water in the Acrylic vessel (AV) with 780 tons of liquid scintillator, Linear Alkyl Benzene (LAB). The AV is surrounded by 7000 tons of ultrapure light water, which shields the detector from naturally occurring radioactivity in the surrounding rock, PMTs, and PSUP. To achieve the radiopurity requirements, the water should be very clean and levels of U and Th contamination in the shielding water must be carefully controlled. A water assay technique, based on the capture of Ra and Th radioisotopes using Hydrous Titanium Oxide (HTiO), was developed by the SNO experiment. Ra sensitivities equivalent to 232Th: 4×10−16 gTh/D2O and 238U: 3×10−16 gU/g D2O were achieved with this technique [1]. The HTiO technique will be used in SNO+ to monitor 238U and 232Th contamination levels in the shielding water and the performance of the water purification system.For the lower energy measurements of interest to SNO+, radon daughter radioisotopes, especially 210Po and 210Bi supported by 210Pb, are also important. Since water will be used in the purification of both the liquid scintillator and tellurium that will be chemically loaded in SNO+ to search for neutrinoless double beta decay, a technique to assay for 210Pb in water was desirable. The SNO+ collaboration has extended the HTiO assay technique to allow measurement of 210Pb in the water. This technique is capable of measuring 0.4 +/- 0.13 mBq/m3 of 210Pb for a 10 tonne assay. The method developed and results of initial 210Pb measurements are presented.

Marinobacter sp. Stable Hydrous Titanium Oxide-Functionalized Bovine Serum Albumin Nanospheres for Uranium Capture from Spiked Seawater.

A novel nanospherical hydrous titanium oxide adsorbent (hydrous titanium oxide-immobilized bovine serum albumin nanospheres, HTO-BSA-NSs) was prepared by immobilizing HTOs with a manipulated molecular mass and number of active sites for uranium on the surface of BSA-NSs. The adsorption performances of HTO-BSA-NSs were investigated in spiked natural seawater with extra 8 ppm uranium. The results demonstrated that HTO-BSA-NSs are capable of uranium capture from a complex aqueous matrix with a low uranium concentration. Meanwhile, the microbial stability of HTO-BSA-NSs in sterilized natural seawater with Marinobacter sp. was investigated and observed through an optical microscope and TEM, revealing that the wrapped HTOs could protect the BSA-NSs from the decomposition of microorganisms, and the structure and functional groups of HTO-BSA-NSs remain stable compared with the BSA-NSs. In addition, the uranium adsorption mechanism of HTO-BSA-NSs is mainly recognized as dehydrated complexation, which was concluded from characterization analysis, adsorption model fitting, and theoretical calculations based on density functional theory. The remarkable uranium adsorption performance and microbial stability of HTO-BSA-NSs indicated that they have the potential to be a low-cost and environmentally friendly adsorbent for uranium extraction from complex environments such as seawater or uranium-containing industrial wastewater.

Efficient Demulsification of Acidic Oil-In-Water Emulsions with Silane-Coupled Modified TiO2 Pillared Montmorillonite

Emulsified pickling waste liquid, derived from cleaning oily hardware, cause serious environmental and ecological issues. In this work, a series of grafted (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) TiO2 pillared montmorillonite (Mt), Ti-Mt-APTES, are prepared and characterized for their assessment in demulsification of acidic oil-in-water emulsion. After titanium hydrate is introduced through ion exchange, montmorillonite is modified by hydrophobic groups coming from APTES. The Ti-Mt-APTES in acidic oil-in-water emulsion demulsification performance and mechanism are studied. Results show that the prepared Ti-Mt-APTES has favorable demulsification performance. The Ti-Mt-APTES demulsification efficiency (ED) increased to an upper limit value when the mass ratio of APTES to the prepared TiO2 pillared montmorillonite (Ti-Mt) (RA/M) was 0.10 g/g, and the 5 h is the optimal continuous stirring time for breaking the acidic oil-in-water emulsion by Ti-Mt-APTES. The ED increased to 94.8% when 2.5 g/L of Ti-Mt-APTES is added into the acidic oil-in-water emulsion after 5 h. An examination of the demulsification mechanism revealed that amphiphilicity and electrostatic interaction both played vital roles in oil-in-water separation. It is demonstrated that Ti-Mt-APTES is a promising, economical demulsifier for the efficient treatment of acidic oil-in-water emulsions.

Adsorption of U(VI) from eutrophic aquesous solutions in a U(VI)-P-CO3 system with hydrous titanium dioxide supported by polyacrylonitrile fiber

Hydrous titanium dioxide supported by commercially available polyacrylonitrile fiber (c-PANF/TiO2·xH2O) was synthesized via a simple blending method to first investigate its U(VI) adsorption behavior from eutrophic aqueous solution in a U(VI)-P-CO3 system. TG-DSC and XRD analysis demonstrated that the material had good structural stability during the adsorption process. The theoretical maximum U(VI) adsorption capacity (qe) of c-PANF/TiO2·xH2O calculated from the Langmuir isotherm was ~256 mg/g. However, high initial solution pH values, total dissolved carbonate concentration and ionic strength could inhibit U(VI) chemisorption. In particular, qe and sorption efficiency (S%) values were maintained at ~100 mg/g and > 80% for the [P] range of 0 to 150 μmol/L, and then they rapidly decreased once [P] exceeded 150 μmol/L due to the competitive adsorption between HPO42-/H2PO4- and uranium anionic complexes such as UO2(CO3)34−, UO2(CO3)22− and UO2PO4-. XPS analysis suggested that Ti3+ defects and OH groups on the composite surface could be the U(VI) adsorption sites. Moreover, a 0.1 mol/L H2SO4 solution was found to be the most effective desorption agent. The findings reported in this study are significant in regards to the extraction of uranium from eutrophic seawater and for the understanding of uranium adsorption behaviors in multi-carbonate systems.

In situprecipitation of hydrous titanium dioxide for dispersive micro solid-phase extraction of nucleosides and their separation

In situprecipitated TiO2·nH2O exhibits higher affinity forcis-diol ribonucleosides than both commercial P25 and lab-calcinated TiO2adsorbents.