Hydroponic Method Research Articles

Construction of Greenhouse for Horticultural Cultivation with Soil Media and Hydroponics

Theneral background greenhouse technology is increasingly recognized as an efficient solution for sustainable agricultural practices, especially in regions with limited fertile land. Specific background In Kedungpeluk Village, where the majority of residents work as fish farmers, there are also unused and arid lands. These underutilized spaces provide an opportunity for greenhouse-based horticultural cultivation using soil media and hydroponic technology. Knowledge gap however, limited knowledge and infrastructure have prevented local farmers from effectively utilizing these lands for sustainable crop production. Aims this community engagement project aims to build and utilize a greenhouse system to cultivate horticultural plants, focusing on optimizing both soil and hydroponic methods. Results the project successfully transformed barren land into productive greenhouses that facilitate the growth of tomatoes, chilies, eggplants, pak choy, and water spinach. The greenhouse structure, designed with transparent roofing, enhances sunlight exposure, promoting optimal plant growth. Both soil and hydroponic methods showed potential for increasing crop yields, with soil cultivation being more flexible but requiring extra care for pests, while hydroponics provided faster results with minimal weed and pest interference. Novelty this project introduces a dual-method approach combining traditional soil cultivation with modern hydroponic technology in a controlled greenhouse environment. Implications the findings highlight that greenhouse farming is a viable, modern agricultural solution for rural communities, offering increased productivity and quality crops, while also addressing the challenges of limited fertile land and changing climate conditions. This project serves as a model for sustainable agriculture in similar settings. Highlights: Dual-method approach: Combining soil and hydroponic techniques in a greenhouse. Efficient land use: Transforming unused arid land for productive horticulture. Controlled environment: Optimizing plant growth through sunlight, temperature, and humidity control. Keywords: Greenhouse, Horticulture, Soil Media, Hydroponics, Sustainable Agriculture

Edukasi dan Pelatihan Penanaman Hydroponik, Solusi Pemanfaatan Lahan Sempit Pemukiman Padat

Hydroponic planting education and training is an activity carried out to answer the needs of residents for the problem of decreasing agricultural land which makes food in the market very volatile. The hydroponic farming system provides an alternative solution for residents to be able to garden without having to have a large area of land. This education and training introduces the hydroponic farming method starting from planting media, seedlings, maintenance and harvesting. As a result of this education and training, the community can begin to understand the importance of utilizing the narrow land in residential areas as a farming area with hydroponic methods.

Microcystin-degrading bacteria reduce bioaccumulation in Fragaria vulgaris and enhance fruit yield and quality

In Morocco, red fruit production has thrived, primarily utilizing hydroponic methods to control crops, increase fruit yield and quality, and avoid soil-related problems. However, the irrigation of these expansive hydroponic farms relies heavily on water sourced from dams, many of which are contaminated with Microcystins (MCs). To address this contamination issue, ongoing research is focused on discovering effective and cost-efficient biological solutions for eliminating MCs. In this study, we isolate and identify bacterial strains capable of degrading MCs, evaluate the rate of degradation, and investigate how soil inoculated with these bacteria affects the accumulation of MCs in plant tissue. The partial 16S rRNA analyses of three bacterial sequences were conducted, identifying them through NCBI as follows: Ensifer sp. (B1) isolated from soil, Shinella sp. (B2) from a cyanobacterial bloom, and Stutzerimonas sp. (B3) from water. These bacteria exhibited the ability to degrade MCs, with approximately 34.75%, 73.75%, and 30.1% of the initial concentration (20 µg/L) being removed after a 6-day period for B1, B2, and B3, respectively. Moreover, strawberry plants were cultivated hydroponically in a greenhouse for a duration of 90 days. These plants were subjected to extracts of cyanobacteria containing 10 and 20 µg/L of Microcystins (MC), as well as water from an artificial lake contaminated with MC, both with and without the presence of isolated bacterial strains. Among these strains, Shinella sp. exhibited the highest efficacy in mitigating MC accumulation. Specifically, it resulted in a reduction of approximately 1.159 µg of MC per kilogram of root dry weight, leading to complete elimination in the leaves and fruits. The findings also indicated that the inoculation of perlite with the three MC-degrading bacterial strains significantly enhanced growth, photosynthetic pigments, yield, biochemical constituents, and quality attributes of strawberries (p ≤ 0.05). These promising outcomes suggest the potential of this approach for addressing the adverse impacts of crops irrigated with MC-contaminated water in future agricultural practices.

Effects of long-term nitrogen addition on root nitrogen acquisition strategy: Insights from a 19-year experiment in two temperate tree species

Nitrogen (N) serves as the primary limiting nutrient for plant growth in the majority of terrestrial ecosystems. However, the effect of long-term N addition on root N acquisition, in particular the seasonal dynamics, is still not well understood. In a 19-year N addition experiment on plantations of ectomycorrhizal tree species Larix gmelinii (larch) and arbuscular mycorrhizal tree species Fraxinus mandshurica (ash), we determined root morphological, chemical and mycorrhizal traits, as well as soil properties. Concurrently, we used a field isotopic hydroponic method to measure root uptake rates of NH4+, NO3-, and glycine in the early, mid and late growing season. Following N addition, mycorrhizal colonization rates in both species were reduced in early and late growing season. Root tissue density was reduced but specific root length and area were increased in ash under N addition across growing seasons, however, no significant differences in these traits were found in larch. Under N addition, both species showed lower uptake rates of all N forms and the total N than the controls throughout the growing season, except for the glycine-uptake of larch in early growing season. N addition did not modify the N-uptake preference in both species, but the contributions of specific N form to the total N varied with seasons. Collectively, referring to the framework of “root economics space”, these two species particularly ash showed greater reliance on the “do-it-yourself” strategy for N acquisition under long-term N addition, although the degree of which somewhat varied with season. Seasonal dynamics in root N-uptake rates of ash were mainly related to soil temperature and moisture, rather than soil N properties, showing less direct impact of N addition. Our findings provide deep insights into the effect of N deposition on root N acquisition strategy and related functions of forest ecosystem.

Implementasi Sistem Hidroponik Ramah Lingkungan Menggunakan Galon dan Botol Bekas untuk Peningkatan Produksi Tanaman Sayur di Desa Balongwono

In 2023, Indonesia generated 32.035 million tons of waste per year, with 49.6% coming from household waste (SIPSN, 2023). Balongwono Village in Mojokerto Regency, East Java, also faces waste problems and is an agricultural area with the majority of the population working as farmers. Vegetable production in this village is often suboptimal due to limited land and conventional farming methods. To overcome this problem, a socialization on the benefits and basic techniques of hydroponics was conducted, training on making hydroponic installations from used items, and mentoring to ensure the success of the system. The hydroponic system that utilizes used gallons and bottles as growing media aims to increase vegetable production in Balongwono Village. The results show that plants such as kale and pakcoy grow faster and fresher than conventional methods. In addition to increasing yields, this system also reduces plastic waste and lowers production costs. The implementation of this hydroponic method provides double benefits: increasing vegetable production and reducing waste. This method can be a reference for other villages with similar problems, contributing to environmental sustainability at large.

Evaluation of hydroponic systems for organic lettuce production in controlled environment.

Organic farming methods, including the use of organic substrates, fertilizers, pesticides, and biological control, are gaining popularity in controlled environment agriculture (CEA) due to economic benefits and environmental sustainability. However, despite several studies focusing on the preparation and evaluation of liquid organic fertilizers, none have explored the compatibility of these fertilizers with different hydroponic systems. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate lettuce production using a liquid organic fertilizer under different hydroponic systems. Four distinct hydroponic methods were selected: nutrient film technique (NFT), deep water culture (DWC) (liquid culture systems), and Dutch bucket (DB), regular plastic container (RPC) (substrate-based systems). 'Green Butter' lettuce was grown using a liquid organic fertilizer (Espartan) for four weeks. Shoot growth parameters (e.g., shoot width, number of leaves, leaf area, foliar chlorophyll content, fresh weight, and dry weight) and root growth parameters (e.g., root length, fresh weight, and dry weight) were measured. The growth difference of lettuce under the DB and RPC systems was negligible, but the growth in RPC was 29% to 60% and 15% to 44% higher than the NFT and DWC systems, respectively, for shoot width, number of leaves, leaf area, shoot fresh weight and dry weight. Root parameters were nearly identical for the NFT and DWC systems but significantly lower (21% to 94%) than the substrate-based DB and RPC systems. Although lettuce grown in the NFT system showed the least growth, its mineral content in the leaf tissue was comparable or sometimes higher than that of substrate-based hydroponic systems. In conclusion, the tested liquid organic fertilizer is suitable for substrate-based hydroponic systems; however, further evaluation of different liquid organic fertilizers, and crop species is required.

Bioaccumulation of legacy and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in hydroponic lettuce and risk assessment for human exposure

Reclaimed water for irrigation or hydroponic cultivation provides exposure pathways for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) to enter the human food chain. This study employed hydroponic methods to investigate the behavior of legacy PFAS and emerging chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonic acids (Cl-PFESAs) in lettuce grown under environment-related exposure levels and assessed the human exposure risks from consuming contaminated lettuce. Overall, PFAS in lettuce were concentration-dependent, with long-chain PFAS tending to accumulate in roots and short-chain PFAS accumulating more in shoots. The enrichment of PFAS in lettuce was jointly influenced by their chain length and polar functional groups. Specifically, the root concentration factors (RCFs) of PFAS generally increased with increasing chain length, and RCF values of most perfluoroalkanesulfonic acids (PFSAs) were significantly higher than those of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) with the same chain length (p < 0.01), while the translocation factors (TFs) exhibited opposite trends. RCF values of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and its alternatives, Cl-PFESAs, were ranked as follows: 8:2 Cl-PFESA (mean: 139) > 6:2 Cl-PFESA (28.6) > PFOS (25.7), which was attributed to the increased molecular size and hydrophobicity resulting from the insertion of ether bonds and additional CF2 in 8:2 Cl-PFESA. Notably, TF value of 8:2 Cl-PFESA (mean: 0.007) was the smallest among all PFAS, indicating 8:2 Cl-PFESA was difficult to transfer to nutritional compartments. Adults and children would exceed the most conservative health-based reference dose (RfD) by consuming approximately 15.9–148 g and 7.92–74.0 g of contaminated lettuce per day, implying high health risks.

The effect of biofertilizers on nickel accumulation, nitrogen metabolism and amino acid profile of corn (Zea mays L.) exposed to nickel stress.

The issue of heavy metal pollution such as nickel poses a significant environmental concern, exerting detrimental effects on the growth and viability of plant life. Plants have various mechanisms to effectively manage heavy metal stress, including the ability to modify their amino acid type and content. This adaptive response allows plants to mitigate the detrimental effects caused by excessive heavy metal accumulation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of biofertilizers on nickel accumulation, nitrogen metabolism and amino acid profile of corn (Zea maysL.) cv. 'PL438' exposed to Ni stress. After disinfecting and soaking in water for 24 h, corn seeds were primed with bacterial biofertilizers (T2: NPK + FZ), fungal biofertilizers (T3: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) + Trichoderma (T)), or a combination of them (T4: NPK + FZ + AMF + T) and were cultured by the hydroponic method in completely controlled conditions. Then, they were simultaneously exposed to nickel chloride at various rates (0, 75, or 150 µM) at the three-leaf stage. They were harvested two weeks later and were subjected to the measurement of Ni content, nitrate and nitrite content, nitrate reductase activity, and amino acid profile by high-performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that the application of Ni at higher rates increased Ni, nitrate, and nitrite contents and nitrate reductase activity. The study of Ni accumulation and TF revealed that Ni accumulated in the roots to a greater extent than in the shoots and TF was < 1 in all treatments. The shoot amino acid profile showed that the treatment of Ni+2 increased som amino acids such as aspartic acid, asparagine, serine, histidine, and glycine versus the control, whereas T4Ni+2 increased aspartic acid, glutamic acid, threonine and arginine. The change in amino acids in Ni-treated plants may play a key role in their adaptation to Ni stress. The findings indicate that biofertilizers played a crucial role in mitigating the negative impacts of Ni on corn plants through alterations in amino acid composition and decreased absorption and translocation of Ni.

A Study on the Growth and Physiological Toxicity Effects of the Combined Exposure of Microplastics and Cadmium on the Vicia faba L. Seedlings.

To investigate the toxicological effects of polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs), cadmium (Cd), and their combined contamination on the growth and physiological responses of V. faba seedlings, this experiment employed a hydroponic method. The Hoagland nutrient solution served as the control, changes in root growth, physiological and biochemical indicators of V. faba seedlings under different concentrations of PS-MPs (10, 100mg/L) alone and combined with 0.5mg/L Cd. The results demonstrated that the root biomass, root vitality, generation rate of superoxide radicals (O2·-), malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased with increasing concentration under the influence of PS-MPs alone, while the soluble sugar content and peroxidase (POD) activity decreased. In the combined treatment with Cd, the trends of these indicators are generally similar to the PS-MPs alone treatment group. However, root vitality and SOD activity showed an inverse relationship with the concentration of PS-MPs. Furthermore, laser confocal and electron microscopy scanning revealed that the green fluorescent polystyrene microspheres entered the root tips of the V. faba and underwent agglomeration in the treatment group with a low concentration of PS-MPs alone and a high concentration of composite PS-MPs with Cd.

Herbal Plant Education and Hydroponic Training of Vertical and Wick System in Limited Space

The program "Empowering the Community of Simo Angin-Angin Village, Sidoarjo through the Use of Natural Materials to Achieve Health Independence" was implemented at the Simo Angin-Angin Village Hall, Krian District, Sidoarjo Regency in May-June 2023. This Community Empowerment Program (Community Service) carries a preventive and consists of a series of activities, including counseling about the use of natural materials based on the recommendations of the Koran, considering that the majority of Simo Angin-Angin village residents are Muslim. This activity also includes training in farming using the hydroponic method. The aim of this program is to strengthen health independence in Simo Angin-Angin Village in order to improve collective welfare. The Community Service program in Simo Angin-Angin Village was attended by 22 participants, consisting of health cadres and the general public. The implementation is divided into 2 stages, namely counseling regarding the Black Cumin herbal plant and training regarding vertical hydroponic procedures, as well as the use of plastic bottles with the Wick system. The evaluation results showed that participants' understanding was very good, with 95% of them achieving a score of 100, while 5% obtained a score of 80. The evaluation results of participant satisfaction with the implementation of the extension showed very good scores for the topic material and delivery of the material by resource persons on herbal plant education and hydroponic training. This Community Service activity provides skills for the community to grow crops on narrow land using a hydroponic system

Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Dalam Upaya Mandiri Pangan Melaui Hidroponik

People's need for food, such as fruit and vegetables, is increasing every year along with population growth. Efforts currently being made to meet the self-sufficient needs of the community's food are by importing, because local products have not been able to meet the food needs of the community due to the not yet optimal level of land productivity in Indonesia so that the hydroponic system is the most appropriate to address food problems because hydroponics is a cultivation system with take advantage of narrow land. The hydroponic training aims to support the introduction of more efficient and sustainable farming methods in the context of limited land and resources and then provide an understanding of farming using the hydroponic method for the people of Candi Baru RT 06/04, Genting village, Boyolali district. The MMK KKN Hydroponic training activities (special mission independent) were held on July 31, 2023. It was held in Dukuh Candi Baru Village, RT 06/04, Kec. Genting district. Boyolali coincided with a local resident's house. The hydroponic technique taught is a simple technique, namely thewick system, plant seeds taught in the hydroponic technique, namely kale, spinach, and bok choy. The results of the questionnaire recap show that the knowledge level of the participants has increased, this is shown by the graph which shows the level of knowledge after the training has increased above 80%. This shows the success of the training carried out by the Mandiri KKN Special Mission UIN Walisongo Semarang for the participants.

Maksimisasi Keuntungan pada Usaha Hidroponik

Cultivating vegetables using the hydroponic method is essential in developing Indonesia's agricultural sector. Vegetables are a type of food that is consumed at any time, so there is always a stable demand all the time. The ever-increasing demand and awareness of the importance of nutritious food make hydroponics an attractive option. The potential for high demand for vegetables opens up many business opportunities to meet people's needs, including cultivating hydroponic vegetables. This research aims to analyze the actual profits of hydroponic businesses and the maximum profits they can generate. The research location is in Deedad Hidroponik, Tamalate District, Makassar City, from July to October 2023. Primary data was collected through interviews and direct observation of owners and employees, and secondary data was obtained from previous studies related to this research. Linear programming analysis via the Simplex Method is used to analyze Deedad Hidroponik's profit maximization. Profit analysis involves production costs, inputs, production results, and business revenues. The research results show that Deedad Hidroponikis can generate profits of IDR 6,980,492 from various types of vegetables. Deedad Hidroponik's source of profit comes from the production of 4 kinds of vegetables: lettuce, bok choy, kale, and spinach. Through a linear programming approach, Deedad Hidroponikwill achieve maximum profits if they plant vegetables with a combination of 625 planting holes for lettuce, 302 planting holes for bok choy, 257 planting holes for kale, and 260 planting holes for spinach; therefore, they could increase profits to IDR 7,496,783 with the potential increase of 7.38%. This shows that selecting vegetable types and resource allocation can be optimized to achieve maximum profits.

Penerapan Teknologi IoT Pada Tanaman Hidroponik Untuk Monitoring Pertumbuhan Tanaman di Desa Puccadi

Technological development is needed for a better development system. Technology can provide basic changes for society, especially in the context of improving the quality of life in society. In general, the hydroponic method is carried out using water as a medium, where the water conditions that need to be considered are the supply of water, oxygen, nutrients, pH, and light intensity. UV light replaces sunlight which can help plants need the photosynthesis process which produces food substances such as carbohydrates so that plants grow faster. From the situation analysis, it is known that most of the people in Puccadi Village. Cultivating plants using a hydroponic system on a household scale by utilizing yards or yards has quite a large potential. Based on this background, IoT-based hydroponic training and assistance were carried out for the people of Puccadi Village, Luyo District. This service activity is implemented in the form of training and mentoring with the aim of participants being able to directly practice applying IoT to hydroponic plants for monitoring plants. The conclusion of the IoT-based hydroponic training activities in Puccadi Village, Luyo District, is that the implementation of IoT-based hydroponic training and mentoring went well and was able to provide knowledge related to the application of IoT technology to the Puccadi village community, Luyo District.

Effects of Cu2O nanoparticles on the kinetic characteristics of rapid chlorophyll fluorescence induction and related genes in wheat seedlings.

Metal nanoparticles could be accumulated in soils, which threatens the ecological stability of crops. Investigating the effects of cuprous oxide nanoparticles (Cu2O-NPs) on photosystem Ⅱ (PSⅡ) of wheat seedling leaves holds considerable importance in comprehending the implications of Cu2O-NPs on crop photosynthesis. Following the hydroponic method, we investigated the effects of 0, 10, 50, 100, and 200 mg·L-1 Cu2O-NPs on chlorophyll fluorescence induction kinetics and photosynthetic-related genes in wheat seedlings of "Zhoumai 18". The results showed that, with the increases of Cu2O-NPs concentrations, chlorophyll contents in wheat leaves decreased, and the standardization of the OJIP curve showed a clearly K-phase (ΔK＞0). Cu2O-NPs stress increased the parameters of active PSⅡ reaction centers, including the absorption flux per active RC (ABS/RC), the trapping flux per active RC (TRo/RC), the electron transport flux per active RC (ETo/RC), and the dissipation flux per active RC (DIo/RC). Cu2O-NPs stress decreased the parameters of PSⅡ energy distribution ratio including the maximum quantum yield of PSⅡ (φPo), the quantum yield of electron transport from QA (φEo), and the probability that a trapped exciton moved an electron further than QA (Ψo), while increased the quantum ratio for heat dissipation (φDo). Moreover, there was a decrease in photosynthetic quantum yield Y(Ⅱ), photochemical quenching coefficient (qP), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), and transpiration rate (Tr) of leaves with the increases of Cu2O-NPs concentration. Under Cu2O-NPs stress, the expression levels of genes which included PSⅡ genes (PsbD, PsbP, Lhcb1), Rubisco large subunit genes (RbcL), cytochrome b6/f complex genes (PetD, Rieske), and ATP synthase genes (AtpA, AtpB, AtpE, AtpI) were downregulated. These results indicated that Cu2O-NPs stress altered the activity and structure of PSⅡ in wheat seedlings, affected the activity of PSⅡ reaction centers, performance parameters of PSⅡ donor and acceptor sides. PSⅡ related genes were downregulated and exhibited significant concentration effects.

Design and development of control and monitoring hydroponic system

The global agriculture system faces significant challenges in meeting the growing demand for food production, particularly given projections that the world's population will reach 70% by 2050. Hydroponic farming is an increasingly popular technique in this field, offering a promising solution to these challenges. This paper will present the improvement of the current traditional hydroponic method by providing a system that can be used to monitor and control the important element in order to help the plant grow up smoothly. This proposed system is quite efficient and user-friendly that can be used by anyone. This is a combination of a traditional hydroponic system, an automatic control system and a smartphone. The primary objective is to develop a smart system capable of monitoring and controlling potential hydrogen (pH) levels, a key factor that affects hydroponic plant growth. Ultimately, this paper offers an alternative approach to address the challenges of the existing agricultural system and promote the production of clean, disease-free, and healthy food for a better future.

The influence of chitosan on plant growth and -sitosterol content in adventitious roots of Talinum paniculatum in NFT hydroponic cultivation system

Beta-sitosterol is the most abundant type of phytosterol found in nature and it offers numerous health benefits for humans including anticancer, antidiabetic, and blood cholesterol-lowering properties. One biomass with a significant beta-sitosterol content is the Javanese ginseng root (Talinum paniculatum). However, Javanese ginseng has not been fully exploited and is often perceived as a mere wild plant. This research was conducted by cultivating Javanese ginseng using the Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) hydroponic method along with the addition of chitosan elicitors at various concentrations: 0, 12.5, 25, and 50 ppm. The purpose of this research was to determine the optimal chitosan concentration for the growth of Javanese ginseng, the beta-sitosterol content, and the productivity of -sitosterol in Javanese ginseng roots. The research revealed that a 12.5 ppm chitosan concentration could increase the root weight by 8.785 g and the shoot weight by 88 g. The growth rate increased to 3.457 g/day and the productivity of -sitosterol in the roots reached 25.084 mg/m2/month. On the other hand, the addition of chitosan led to a decrease in the root-to-shoot ratio, indicating an improved cultivation environment compared to cultivation without chitosan. Furthermore, the results of the research also indicated that the addition of chitosan did not affect the β-sitosterol content in the Javanese ginseng adventitious roots. Therefore, it can be concluded that the optimal chitosan concentration that positively impacts Javanese ginseng cultivated using the NFT hydroponic method is 12.5 ppm because chitosan generates Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) which causing plant damage and cell death when threshold exceeded.

Assessing the Physical and Environmental Aspects of Greenhouse Cultivation: A Comprehensive Review of Conventional and Hydroponic Methods

Population growth has presented several challenges in terms of energy, food supply, and environmental protection. The agricultural industry plays a crucial role in addressing these challenges by implementing innovative technologies that optimize resource utilization, minimize environmental impacts, and increase food production. Among these technologies, greenhouse cultivation systems have garnered substantial attention due to their ability to create a controlled environment for crop growth, resulting in higher yields, improved quality, and reduced water usage. However, it is important to note that greenhouse cultivation technology is also one of the most energy-intensive sectors within agriculture, contributing significantly to global energy consumption. Despite this, the technology remains popular due to its efficiency in optimizing inputs, increasing production per unit area, enabling year-round crop production, and managing unfavorable environmental conditions such as pests, diseases, and extreme weather events. There are two primary greenhouse cultivation systems: conventional and hydroponic methods. Each system has distinct similarities and differences regarding energy consumption, crop production per unit area, and environmental impacts. In this study, we compare conventional and hydroponic greenhouse cultivation, analyzing various inputs such as temperature, light, and energy consumption. Our findings indicate that hydroponic systems, equipped with advanced control equipment and growth mediums, create optimal conditions for plant growth. Also, hydroponics offered 11 ± 1.7 times higher yields but required 82 ± 11 times more energy compared to those conventionally produced in some plant productions. Moreover, specific energy consumption increased by 17% compared to conventional cultivation for some vegetables. This information can be used to optimize energy usage, reduce costs, and promote sustainable crop production, thereby contributing to global food security and environmental sustainability.

PERANCANGAN ALAT MONITORING PERUBAHAN PPM DAN SUHU AIR SECARA DIGITAL

Limited land in Bekasi City is not an obstacle to farming for residents of Mustika Jaya, Bekasi City. The residents formed the "Amanah Hidroponik" Farmers Group in Cimuning Village, Mustika Jaya Subdistrict, Bekasi City to farm on the public facility land using the hydroponic method. The problem faced is the low participation of people in efforts to record ppm and water temperature data every hour and the lack of knowledge about the importance of data from the recording of ppm and water temperature data. This research aims to design a digital monitoring tool for ppm and water temperature changes to provide convenience to farmers in obtaining ppm information through Android mobile applications in real-time. Data collection methods were carried out by field studies and interviews of farmer group members. The results are in the form of a prototype with the ability and success of mixing nutrient water and clean water according to the predetermined ppm value of nutrients for each type of plant, providing benefits for hydroponic kale farmers in controlling nutrition and monitoring plants. In addition, it can also reduce the risk of crop failure of kale plants because it monitors by using a smartphone in real-time

Changes in the morphology, chemical composition of carbohydrates and fat content of hydroponically grown wheat

Hydroponics is a method of growing plants without soil, but in water or a nutrient-rich solution. In the hydroponics method, feed is converted from various seeds into high-quality, nutritious, green mass animal feed in a natural environment. Green mass is the main fodder for most farm animals, with a high nutritional value. Wheat grown hydroponically is a food rich in many vitamins and estrogenic substances. The use of this feed is especially important in poultry farming. In our study, changes in the morphology, biomass yield, and chemical composition of hydroponic wheat were studied depending on the growing days. In this article, the chemical composition of hydroponically grown wheat, which is used as a nutritional supplement in broiler chickens’ diet, as well as the quantitative changes of carbohydrates and fat in it, as well as the effect on broiler weight gain, were determined and analyzed. Key words: hydroponics, hydroponic wheat, green biomass, chemical composition, carbohydrate content, fat

РАЗРАБОТКА ТЕХНОЛОГИИ ПРИГОТОВЛЕНИЯ КОРМОВОЙ СМЕСИ С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ ВТОРИЧНЫХ СЫРЬЕВЫХ РЕСУРСОВ

In order to supplying animals with natural vitamins round all year providing and the volume of lowvalue coarse feed without additional energy intensive treatments increasing, feed mixture preparing by the hydroponic method’s technology has been developed. The crushed straw and green fodder grown from cereals or legumes’ components for this mixture are used. The green fodder’s traditional hydroponic cultivation without substrates has root system mass’s large losses, but also does not ensure the plants’ full development. The substrate using in this case by difficulty of root system cleaning is limited. In proposed technology, straw acts not only as a feed mixture’s component, but also as a root habitable base. The rational technological parameters of the affecting green feed highest yield’s production have been determined experimentally. It grain soaking, cultivation, temperature and surrounding air’s humidity, the starting material’s sowing rate and illumination’s duration is included. The straw layer’s waterphysical properties as a root habitable base, its porosity, density and capillary moisture capacity have been studied. An experimental comparison of green feed yield obtained by the proposed technology and the traditional method using has been carried out. The analysis showed that green feed yield increasing is primarily due to root mass’s yield increasing and root habitable base’s water air nutrition has improved. According to the proposed technological scheme, the design of feed mixture preparation’s installation has been developed. This installation’s main structural elements operability has been confirmed experimentally, and the parameters of individual working bodies have been substantiated. Recommendations on the proposed technology using and installation’s design for feed mixture preparation are given. The analysis of the experimental results was carried out, and the corresponding conclusions were done: design solutions using for technological process’s organization at feed mixtures production can significantly reduce final feed products’ cost, and consequently, livestock production’s cost as a whole. The directions of further work on this issue have been determined.