Hydrophobic Polyurethane Research Articles

Enhanced hydrophobicity of polyurethane coating for steel protection through replication and nanomaterial integration

Polyurethanes (PU) are widely used in corrosion protection, anti-biofouling coatings, and self-cleaning glass, yet their low hydrophobicity poses durability challenges. This study addresses this by enhancing PU coatings’ hydrophobicity by refining surface roughness and forming tailored porous structures. Using drop, spin, dip, and spray coating techniques, hydrophobic PU coatings were fabricated on 304 steel plates. To further enhance hydrophobicity, 0.5 w/v% graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) were introduced into the coatings. Additionally, stainless-steel 500 mesh was incorporated to create patterned surfaces, increasing surface roughness and tailoring the porous structure. The analysis included optical and scanning electron microscopy, water contact angle (WCA) measurements, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, electrochemical corrosion tests, and atomic force microscopy. Incorporating GNP notably increased WCA by 20–23° and reduced corrosion rates in a 3.5% NaCl solution. Likewise, applying stainless-steel mesh improved surface roughness, raising WCA by 3-8° and decreasing corrosion rates. The study observed changes in porous structure, with pore size reduction correlating with increased roughness and decreased corrosion rates upon mesh application and GNP addition. This comprehensive examination highlights the potential of PU coatings for various applications and underlines the importance of tailored porous structures in enhancing their performance and versatility. Spin coating emerged as the optimal technique, yielding uniform, defect-free coatings with the highest WCA.

Preparation of hydroxy-terminated polydimethylsiloxane and nano-SiO2 hydrophobic polyurethane coated urea and investigation of controlled nitrogen release

In the present study, we successfully developed hydroxy-terminated polydimethylsiloxane (PDHT) and nano-SiO2 hydrophobic polyurethane-coated urea by applying the optimal conditions for hydrophobic polyurethane preparation. The hydrophobic polyurethane membrane material undergoes a comprehensive characterization. Infrared analysis confirmed the successful grafting of PDHT onto the polyurethane membrane material. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX) analysis verify the even distribution of silicon on the surface of the membrane material. By Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) comparison, we elucidate the micro-structural disparity between the unmodified and modified castor oil-based polyurethane, accounting for the micro-level performance enhancement. The resulting modified membrane exhibited a water contact angle of 133.6°, indicative of its hydrophobic nature. The optimal ratios for PDHT and nano-SiO2 were determined to be 16 % and 2 %, respectively. Notably, hydrophobic polyurethane-coated urea demonstrated an extended-release period of 98 days (5 % coating amount), a 40 % improvement over its unmodified counterpart. In addition, the silicone-modified coated urea reduced the amount of ammonia volatilization by about 76.32 %, which plays a significant role in enhancing fertilizer utilization efficiency and is important for ecological environment protection. This research provides a straightforward and efficient way to fabricate slow-release fertilizers, with significant implications for the advancement of coated slow-release fertilizer technology.

Development and performance evaluation of a novel elastic bacterial nanocellulose/polyurethane small caliber artificial blood vessels

There is an increasing demand for small-diameter blood vessels. Currently, there is no clinically available small-diameter artificial vessel. Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) has vast potential for applications in artificial blood vessels due to its good biocompatibility. At the same time, medical polyurethane (PU) is a highly elastic polymer material widely used in artificial blood vessels. This study reports a composite small-diameter BNC/PU conduit using a non-solvent-induced phase separation method with the highly hydrophilic BNC tube as the skeleton and the hydrophobic polycarbonate PU as the filling material. The results revealed that the compliance and mechanical matching of BNC/PU tubes were higher than BNC tubes; the axial/radial mechanical strength, burst pressure, and suture strength were significantly improved; the blood compatibility and cell compatibility were also excellent. The molecular and subcutaneous embedding tests showed that the composite tubes had lighter inflammatory reactions. The results of the animal substitution experiments showed that the BNC/PU tubes kept blood flow unobstructed without tissue proliferation after implantation in rats for 9 months. Thus, the BNC/PU small-diameter vascular prosthesis had the potential for long-term patency and acted as an ideal material for small-diameter vessels.

Anti-fouling and Hydrophobic Polyurethane Fibrous Membrane for Air Purification Under High Humidity Conditions

Anti-fouling and Hydrophobic Polyurethane Fibrous Membrane for Air Purification Under High Humidity Conditions

Fabrication of elastic SiO2 aerogels with prominent mechanical strength and stability reinforced by SiO2 nanofibers and polyurethane for oil adsorption

The separation of oil from wastewater and materials for oil absorption are highly demanded in the modern industrialization. For these purposes, silica aerogels with high hydrophobicity and surface aera and low density are promising candidates for oil absorption, but limited by the poor mechanical strength and structure stability during the usage. In this study, we presented a novel compressive silica aerogel by silica nanofiber (SNF) reinforcement and subsequent hydrophobic polyurethane strengthening via moisture curing (PSAG). The obtained PSAG exhibits unique core/shell fibrous reinforcement and prominent crosslinked network structure. The porous PSAG has a porosity of 81.06 % and density of 0.43 g cm−3 at solid content of 20 %. The hydrophobic PSAG shows an impressive sorption capacity towards CH2Cl2 (11.2 g g−1), THF (5.5 g g−1) and acetone (3.8 g g−1), being able to separate 100 % of oils from an immiscible oil–water mixture. The PSAG shows exceptional resistance to acidic and alkaline conditions and has high flexibility and desirable reusability in repeatedly oil adsorption. Most importantly, the mechanical strength of SAG can be improved to 0.27 MPa of PSAG at prepolymer solid content of 20 %, and no cracking or deformation were observed after 50 cycles. Additionally, the PSAG shows impressive thermal insulation and flame retardancy performance in the air, which should have potential application as insulator for the solar evaporation for the purification of wastewater. This work provides new understanding and insight for further design and optimization of polyurethane-based reinforced aerogels.

Pickering emulsion approach: A novel strategy to fabricate waterborne polyurethane with enhanced abradability and water-resistance comparable to that of solvent-based coating

The urgent requirement of replacement for solvent polyurethane (PU) makes waterborne polyurethane (WPU) coating more attractive and popular in many industrial areas. However, the simultaneous realization of good dispersion stability and high performance of the cured films especially water resistance remains challenging. Herein, we propose a novel and facile Pickering emulsion approach to fabricate WPU with enhanced abradability and water-resistance comparable to that of solvent-based PU coating. In this approach, the hydrophobic polyurethane synthesized by poly-addition reaction in ethyl acetate is directly dispersed into water with SiO2 nanoparticles as Pickering stabilizer followed by subsequent evaporation of the remaining solvent to obtain Pickering waterborne polyurethane dispersion (PWPU dispersion). The ability of SiO2 to stabilize emulsion can be modulated by hydrophobic modification with propyltriethoxysilane (PTS). SiO2 nanoparticles with an optimal PTS-grafting rate of 2.8 wt% enables the PWPU dispersion with excellent long-term, chemical, thermal, and freeze-thaw stability. The highly-transparent composite films with honeycomb structures are readily formed by casting PWPU dispersion at room temperature. The thermal and mechanical properties of PWPU films are comparable to or superior to solvent-borne polyurethane (SPU) and self-emulsifying waterborne polyurethane (SWPU) films. Moreover, the water absorption of the PWPU-5 film is approximately 20 times lower than that of SWPU, demonstrating the excellent water-resistance. We further validated the coating performance of PWPU for leather finishing. The hydrophobicity, abrasion resistance and water vapor permeability of PWPU-coated leather are superior to those of SPU and SWPU-coated leather.

Super hydrophobic PU sponge modified by poly-vinylidene fluoride/SBA-15@NPS hybrid

ABSTRACT In the present work, we try to design and prepare super-hydrophobic, porous, and activated polyurethane (PU) sponge based on physical and chemical surface coating method. The superhydrophobic sponge was effectively modified utilizing nanoporous carbon (NPC), Santa Barbara Amorphous-15 (SBA-15), and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) to separation of oil compounds from water. Incorporating of NPC/SBA nanohybrid with sponge provides a proper functional group and large surface area on 3D structure of the PU sponge. Application of PVDF has been used to change the hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties of PU sponge surface. FT-IR, XRD, BET, SEM, EDS, and contact angle were used for characterization of the prepared modified sponge. To determine the separation efficiency of modified sponge, a set of experiments at different organic solvents, time, and temperatures were designed and performed. Applying NPC/SBA nanohybrid in the role of adsorbent will certainly increase separation efficiency of sponge. We believe that composition of NPC, SBA-15, and PVDF could be a considerable candidate in oil/water separation, especially in oil/gas company waste water treatment and filtration processes.

Hydrophobic-oleophobic polyurethane with mechanical reinforcement: Synthesized by thiol-ene click chemistry

Polyurethane (PU) is a universal polymer material with excellent performance, widely used as foam materials, adhesives, coatings, rubber, etc. Nevertheless, the considerable presence of ester and ether bonds in the polyurethane backbone, combined with the hydrophilic –OH group located at the end of molecular chain, renders it intrinsically hydrophilic. This inherent hydrophilicity presents substantial constraints on its potential utilization in flexible electronic displays, wearable electronic devices, and various other fields. It is a great challenge for hydrophobic polyurethane to simultaneously achieve mechanical reinforcement. Herein, the fluorinated chain extenders were introduced into PU, which not only resulted in low surface energy but also improved the surface roughness through the microphase separation due to the difference in the solubility parameters between the fluorine-containing side chain and the main chain. The long-chain perfluorinated extender was achieved via thiol-ene click chemistry, thus regulating the fluorine content by adjusting the amount of chain extender. The low surface energy and high roughness, developed by microphase separation, make the DFX-PU films exhibit excellent hydrophobicity (120°) and oleophobicity (121°). Additionally, the fluorine-containing side chains aggregate to form physical cross-linking points, reinforcing the mechanical properties of the film. When the fluorine-containing chain extender accounted for 10% (DF0.5-PU), the PU film showed the best mechanical properties. Compared with the control group, tensile strength is enhanced by 165%, the toughness is increased by 287%, and the elongation-at-break was improved by 156%.

Biomimetic Murray nanofiber membranes with pore/wetting double gradient for ultrafast directional water transport and evaporative textiles

Directional water transport (DWT) textiles, possessing moisture-wicking and evaporative fast-drying capabilities, help in creating a comfortable microenvironment for the human body. However, fabricating synthetic materials that follow Murray’s law and replicate the pore gradient of vascular plants remains challenging, thereby impeding the achievement of a good combination of moisture conduction, fast drying, and osmosis resistance. In this study, DWT membranes comprising three layers of pore/wetting gradients were constructed using a straightforward electrospinning/netting technique. The inner and intermediate layers, comprising hydrophobic polyurethane (PU) and hydrophilic PU-hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile (PU-HPAN) nanofibers with average diameters of 1.83 µm and 255 nm, respectively, were prepared via electrospinning. Furthermore, the superhydrophilic outer layer (HPAM) comprised HPAN and a blend of acrylic acid/acrylamide with an average diameter of 76 nm. This layer was prepared via the electro-netting of dilute solution with high electrical conductivity, resulting in a spontaneous and continuous water transport, coupled with rapid drying. The DWT membranes exhibited an ultrahigh one-way transport capability (R) of 1270%, achieving an evaporation rate of 0.86 g h−1. Additionally, they demonstrated rapid drying within 16 min, effectively preventing reverse osmosis under pressure. Therefore, these membranes can be applied for moisture wicking, water extraction, and micro fluidic control.

Design matters: A comparison of natural versus synthetic skin substitutes across benchtop and porcine wound healing metrics: An experimental study.

Skin substitutes, essential tools for helping close full thickness wounds with minimal scarring, are available in both collagen-based and synthetic polyurethane constructions. Here we explore fundamental differences between two frequently used skin substitutes and discuss how these differences may impact in vivo performance. Polyurethane- and collagen-based matrices were characterized in vitro for pore size via scanning electron microscopy, hydrophobicity via liquid contact angle, conformability via bending angle, and biocompatibility via fibroblast and keratinocyte adhesion and proliferation. These matrices were then evaluated in a full-thickness excisional pig wound study followed by histological analysis. Statistical analysis was performed using t-tests or one-way analysis of variances with Tukey's multiple post hoc comparisons, where appropriate. Average pore diameter in the tested polyurethane matrix was over four times larger than that of the collagen matrix (589 ± 297 µm vs. 132 ± 91 µm). Through liquid contact angle measurement, the collagen matrix (not measurable) was found to be hydrophilic compared to the hydrophobic polyurethane matrix (>90°). The collagen matrix was significantly more conformable than the polyurethane matrix (9 ± 2° vs. 84 ± 5° bending angle, respectively). Fibroblast and keratinocyte adhesion and proliferation assays elucidated a significantly greater ability of both cell types to attach and proliferate on collagen versus polyurethane. While the porcine study showed minimal contraction of either matrix material, histological findings between the two treatments were markedly different. Collagen matrices were associated with early fibroblast infiltration and fibroplasia, whereas polyurethane matrices elicited a strong multinucleated giant cell response and produced a network of comparatively aligned collagen fibrils. The more favorable in vitro properties of the collagen matrix led to less inflammation and better overall tissue response in vivo. Overall, our findings demonstrate how the choice of biomaterial and its design directly translate to differing in vivo mechanisms of action and overall tissue quality.

Synthesis and Characterization of Antimicrobial Hydrophobic Polyurethane.

Food borne illness remains a major threat to public health despite new governmental guidelines and industry standards. Cross-contamination of both pathogenic and spoilage bacteria from the manufacturing environment can promote consumer illness and food spoilage. While there is guidance in cleaning and sanitation procedures, manufacturing facilities can develop bacterial harborage sites in hard-to-reach areas. New technologies to eliminate these harborage sites include chemically modified coatings that can improve surface characteristics or incorporate embedded antibacterial compounds. In this article we synthesize a 16 carbon length quaternary ammonium bromide (C16QAB) modified polyurethane and perfluoropolyether (PFPE) copolymer coating with low surface energy and bactericidal properties. The introduction of PFPE to the polyurethane coatings lowered the critical surface tension from 18.07 mN m-1 in unmodified polyurethane to 13.14 mN m-1 in modified polyurethane. C16QAB + PFPE polyurethane was bactericidal against Listeria monocytogenes (>6 log reduction) and Salmonella enterica (>3 log reduction) after just eight hours of contact. The combination of low surface tension from the perfluoropolyether and antimicrobial from the quaternary ammonium bromide produced a multifunctional polyurethane coating suitable for coating on non-food contact food production surfaces to prevent survival and persistence of pathogenic and spoilage organisms.

Water-retaining and separable adhesive hydrogel dressing for wound healing without secondary damage

As a type of wound dressings, adhesive hydrogel dressings have been studied widely. However, due to the problems of moisture loss and secondary damage during dressing changes, the clinical application of adhesive hydrogel dressing remains a significant challenge. Herein, we developed a water-retaining and separable adhesive hydrogel wound dressing composed of methacrylated silk fibroin (SFMA), tannic acid (TA), and urethane diacrylate (UDA). The addition of TA with an abundance of catechol groups endowed the hydrogel with improved mechanical properties, good tissue adhesion and hemostasis abilities. Then, a hydrophobic polyurethane diacrylate (PUA) coating encapsulated the hydrogel by UDA polymerization, which could maintain the long-lasting high water content of the hydrogel. Furthermore, due to the adhesion energy being higher than the fracture energy of the hydrogel, it could be separated upon peeling. Finally, the animal experiments indicated that this adhesive hemostatic hydrogel could increase wound healing efficiency by maintaining long-lasting moist environment and being changed without secondary damage. These results showed that the multifunctional hydrogel might be a promising wound dressing for clinical application.

Design of hydrophobic polyurethane–magnetite iron oxide-titanium dioxide nanocomposites for oil-water separation

Efficacious oil-water separation has become a global challenge owing to regular oil spillage accidents and escalating industrial oily wastewater. In this study, we synthesized titanium dioxide and magnetite iron oxide nanoparticles to use as a precursor for the production of the nanocomposites. Hydrophobic nanocomposites were fabricated using polyurethane, hematite and magnetite iron oxide nanoparticles, and titanium dioxide nanoparticles through a sol-gel process. The formation of the obtained nanocomposites was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses. In addition, the thermogravimetric and differential thermogravimetric (TGA/DTG) and BET surface area results exhibited enhanced thermal stability of the optimized nanocomposite which displayed mesoporous type materials feature with high porosity. Furthermore, the obtained outcomes demonstrated that the distribution of nanoparticles into a polymer matrix had a significant impact on enhancing superhydrophobicity and the separation efficiency against sunflower oil. Seeing the water contact angle of the nanocomposite-coated filter paper was about 157° compared to 0° for the uncoated filter paper and endowed separation efficiency of almost 90% for 5 consecutive cycles. Thereby, these nanocomposites could be an ideal candidate for self-cleaning surfaces and oil-polluted water purification.

Preparation and Properties of Hydrophobic Polyurethane Based on Silane Modification.

Waterborne coatings have obtained more and more attention from researchers with increasing concerns in environmental protection, and have the advantages of being green, environmentally friendly and safe. However, the introduction of hydrophilic groups leads to lower hydrophobicity and it is difficult to meet the requirements of complex application environments. Herein, we proposed an optimization approach of waterborne polyurethane (WPU) with vinyl tris(β-methoxyethoxy) silane (A172), and it was found that the surface roughness, mechanical properties, thermal stability and water resistance of WPU will be increased to a certain extent with the addition of A172. Moreover, the hydrophobicity of the coating film is best when the silicon content is 10% of the acrylic monomer mass and the water contact angle reaches 100°, which could exceed two-thirds of the research results in the last decade. Therefore, our study can provide some theoretical basis for the research of hydrophobic polyurethane coatings.

A route to high-solid coatings: Hydrophobic polyurethane triazoles via bulk polymerization of azide-alkyne cycloaddition

In the present study, we showcase a series bulk polymerized siloxane-decorated polyurethane triazole coatings (Si-PUTs) achieved via azide-alkyne cycloaddition with excellent surface hydrophobicity and anti-corrosion properties. A simple functional modification converts aminopropyl trimethoxy silane to a dialkyne terminated monomer under mild conditions. Concurrently, a series of azide-terminated urethane monomers were synthesized by reacting azidoethanol with three common diisocyanates. Structural elucidation of the monomers was accomplished by FT-IR, 1H and 13C NMR along with ESI-MS. The azide-/alkyne- terminated monomer pairs undergo cycloaddition in absence of solvent and catalyst-free conditions to yield highly crosslinked siloxane-decorated polyurethane (Si-PUT) matrices post curing. FTIR and XPS analysis confirmed the successful formation of these Si-PUTs while the cure kinetics and reaction order was investigated by real-time FTIR. The physico-chemical properties of the polymers achieved were comprehensively assessed prior to evaluating their performance and feasibility as corrosion resistive coatings. The high contact angles in excess of 110°, transparency >85 % in the visible region, low Icorr, high polarization resistance, and corrosion rates in the order of 10−4 mm/year, all underscores the promise of Si-PUTs as excellent corrosion protection coatings. The encouraging results and ease of application demonstrate the potential to formulate environment friendly and multifunctional high-solid protective coatings.

Polyurethane coatings modified by OH-PDMS for anti-cavitation, antifouling and anticorrosion applications

Cavitation, biofouling, and seawater corrosion are important factors that reduce the service life of propellers and other overcurrent components of ship. Herein, OH-PDMS was introduced into polyurethane and a series of hydrophobic polyurethane coatings (SiPU-X) with anti-cavitation, antifouling and anticorrosion functions were synthesized by a simple addition reaction. The chemical composition and microstructure of the prepared coatings were analyzed by means of FT-IR, SEM, and EDS, and it was found that the addition of OH-PDMS enhanced the degree of microphase separation of SiPU-X. The addition of OH-PDMS resulted in a large number of island structures of OH-PDMS on the coating surface. The SiPU-15 with the optimal microphase separation had better tensile strength of 12.33 MPa, excellent hydrophobicity (with a contact angle of 105.3°), hydrolysis resistance (with a hydrolysis rate of 0.26 %), and water repellency (with a water absorption of 2.21 %). More importantly, the weight loss (7.1 mg) of SiPU-15 was much lower than that of SiPU-0 (10.0 mg) under 60 h cavitation owing to the suitable microphase structure on the surface. In addition, SiPU-15 exhibited excellent fouling release properties and could remain in the ocean for 60 days without microbial adhesion. The |Z|0.01Hz of SiPU-15 can maintain 3.33 × 107 Ω·cm2 after immersion in 3.5 wt% NaCl for 10 days. This work provides a heuristic perspective on the design of polymer materials with cavitation, fouling, and corrosion resistance performance.

Rendering Polyurethane Hydrophilic for Efficient Cellulose Reinforcement in Melt‐Spun Nanocomposite Fibers

AbstractMany commodity plastics, such as thermoplastic polyurethanes (PUs), require reinforcement for use as commercial products. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) offer a “green” and scalable approach to polymer reinforcement as they are exceptionally stiff, recyclable, and abundant. Unfortunately, achieving efficient CNC reinforcement of PUs with industrial melt processing techniques is difficult, mostly due to the incompatibility of the hydrophobic PU with hydrophilic CNCs, limiting their dispersion. Here, a hydrophilic PU is synthesized to achieve strong reinforcement in melt‐processed nanocomposite fibers using filter paper‐sourced CNCs. The melt‐spun fibers, exhibiting smooth surfaces even at high CNC loading (up to 25 wt%) indicating good CNC dispersion, are bench‐marked against solvent‐cast films—solvent processing is not scalable but disperses CNCs well and produces strong CNC reinforcement. Mechanical analysis shows the CNC addition stiffens both nanocomposite films and fibers. The stress and strain at break, however, are not significantly affected in films, whereas adding CNCs to fibers increases the stress‐at‐break while reducing the strain‐at‐break. Compared to earlier studies employing a hydrophobic (and stiffer) PU, CNC addition to a hydrophilic PU substantially increases the fiber stiffness and strength. This work therefore suggests that rendering thermoplastics more hydrophilic might pave the way for “greener” polymer composite products using CNCs.

Self-Assembly of Gyroid-Forming Diblock Copolymers under Spherical Confinement

The self-assembly of gyroid-forming diblock copolymers (diBCPs) confined in spherical cavities was systematically investigated by simulations and experiments. The Monte Carlo simulations were carried out on the single-site bond fluctuation model of two gyroid-forming diBCPs of different volume fractions using the simulated annealing method. The experimental study was performed on gyroid-forming poly(styrene)-b-poly(lactic acid) diBCPs confined in spherical cavities. The cavities were fabricated through the assembly of polystyrene colloids to form opal structures, followed by replacement to form inverse opal structures. The surface of the cavities was composed of hydrophobic polyurethane acrylate and hydrophilic SiO2, providing confining surfaces with a different preference for specific polymeric blocks. It was observed from both the experiments and simulation that, depending on the conditions of spherical confinement, a rich array of nanostructures was self-assembled from the gyroid-forming diBCPs. The morphological predictions of simulations are qualitatively consistent with the experimental observations. The self-assembled structures depend sensitively on the surface selectivity and the degree of confinement quantified by the ratio D/L0, where D and L0 are the spherical diameter and period of the equilibrium gyroid phase, respectively. The formed nanostructured self-supporting spheres have considerable potential for applications in drug release, catalysts, optoelectronic devices, filters, and other applications.

Self-Pumping Janus Hydrogel with Aligned Channels for Accelerating Diabetic Wound Healing.

Excessive exudate secreted from diabetic wounds often results in skin overhydration, severe infections, and secondary damage upon dressing changes. However, conventional wound dressings are difficult to synchronously realize the non-maceration of wound sites and rapid exudate transport due to their random porous structure. Herein, a self-pumping Janus hydrogel with aligned channels (JHA) composed of hydrophilic poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogel layer and hydrophobic polyurethane (PU)/graphene oxide (GO)/polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) layer is designed to rapidly export exudate and accelerate diabetic wound healing. In the design, the ice-templating process endows the hydrophilic hydrogel layer with superior liquid transport ability and mechanical strength due to the formation of aligned channel structure. The hydrophobic layer with controlled thickness functions as an effective barrier to prevent exudate from wetting the skin surface. Experiments in diabetic rat model show that JHA can significantly promote re-epithelialization and collagen deposition, shorten the inflammation phase, and accelerate wound healing. This unique JHA dressing may have great potential for real-life usage in clinical patients.

Agro-byproduct-based hydrophobic polyurethane films/coatings: synthesis, characterization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic analysis

Agro-byproduct-based hydrophobic polyurethane films/coatings: synthesis, characterization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic analysis