Hydrophobic Functional Groups Research Articles

Cytochrome c electrochemical detection utilizing molecularly imprinted poly(3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene) on a disposable screen printed carbon electrode

Cytochrome c (cyt c) has been found to play a function in apoptosis in cell-free models. This work presents the creation of molecularly imprinted conducting poly(3, 4-ethylenedioxythiopene) (MIPEDOT) on the surface of a screen printed carbon electrode (SPCE) for cyt c. Cyt c was imprinted by electropolymerization due to the presence of an EDOT monomer hydrophobic functional group on SPCE, using CV to obtain highly selective materials with excellent molecular recognition ability. MIPEDOT was characterized by CV, EIS, and DPV using ferricyanide/ferrocyanide as a redox probe. Further, the characterization of the sensor was accomplished using SEM for surface morphological confirmation. Using CV, the peak current measured at the potential of +1 to −1 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) is linear in the cyt c concentration range from 1 to 1200 pM, showing a remarkably low detection limit of 0.5 pM (sensitivity:0.080 μA pM). Moreover, the applicability of the approach was successfully confirmed with the detection of cyt c in biological samples (human plasma). Similarly, our research has proven a low-cost, simple, and efficient sensing platform for cyt c detection, rendering it a viable tool for the future improvement of reliable and exact non-encroaching cell death detection.

A polyimide separator inlaid by methylsilyl-modified silica aerogels for high thermal safety and low polarization lithium-ion battery

The separator is a crucial component of lithium-ion batteries, playing a vital role in ion transfer and preventing polarization of the battery. To solve the problem of poor thermal safety of separators in lithium-ion batteries, in this work, three types of hydrophobic silica aerogels are compared. A suitable separator is fabricated by adding hydrophobic silica aerogels with monomethylsilyl as a modifier to pure polyimide. The aerogel composite separator displays a highly cross-linked three-dimensional nanoporous network, a low thermal shrinkage rate (<4 % at 200 °C), and high thermal stability (peak temperature of 670 °C) and oxygen index (>45 %). In addition, owing to the introduced hydrophobic functional groups of Si–CH3, the prepared separator decreases the polarization of the lithium-ion batteries and leads to improved power performance and cycle stability (its discharge voltage difference is 0.42 V higher than that of Celgard 2325 at 5 C). This work provides a new method of improving the safety and simultaneously reducing the polarization of lithium-ion batteries, which has promising application potential in power batteries.

Influence of surfactant adsorption on coal oxidation and wettability: Experimental discussion and model development

To further investigate the physicochemical properties and wettability changes of surfactant-modified coal after oxidation, the contact angle, industrial composition, and functional groups of the surfactant-modified coal were measured. The experimental data were analyzed using a ridge regression prediction model to explore the relationship between the physicochemical properties and the wettability. The results indicate that the oxidated-modified coal has a worse wettability at room temperature. The adsorption of SL and CDEA surfactants effectively impedes the increase in the contact angle of the oxidized coal. The hydrophilic functional group (2#CO, C–O–C, RHCCH2) in coal demonstrates higher sensitivity to surfactants, while the hydrophobic functional group (2# Free OH, 1#CC) exhibits greater reactivity. There is a strong correlation between the industrial composition, structural parameters, and the contact angle. The quantitative influence of the parameters on the contact angle is as follows: FCad > Vad > P1 ≥ P4 ≥ Mad ≥ P3 ≥ P2. A coal wetting model is established that considers the combined action of surfactants and coal quality. These findings suggest that wettability is determined by multiple parameters, providing a basis for discovering new reagents that significantly enhance coal wettability and reduce coal oxidation activity.

Antimicrobial nanolayer films of chloroxylenol–carboxyethylchitosan–modified silver nanoparticles for enhanced surgical suture performance

Antimicrobial surgical suture materials incorporating chloroxylenol-carboxyethylchitosan-modified silver nanoparticles (CECSX-AgNPs) were successfully prepared using the Layer-by-Layer (LbL) deposition technique. Chitosan (CS) was covalently affixed with chloroxylenol as hydrophobic functional groups (PCMX), yielding chloroxylenol-chitosan (CSX) and later hydrophilic acrylic acid onto the CSX skeleton, providing a novel water-soluble antimicrobial agent of chloroxylenol-carboxyethylchitosan (CECSX). 1H NMR confirmed the successful substitution of PCMX and acrylic acid onto CS, with %DSPCMX and %DSAA of 8.0 and 33.0, respectively. CECSX successfully stabilized AgNPs via the chemical reduction method, resulting in CECSX modified AgNPs. The colloidal solution exhibited a yellowish hue, spherical shape, monodispersity with an average particle size of 4.8 ± 2.4 nm, and a zeta potential value of −20.97 ± 0.03 mV. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for CECSX-AgNPs against E. coli (ATCC25922), S. aureus (ATCC25923), and A. baumanii (ATCC19606) were determined as 25, 12.5, and 1.56 mg/L, respectively. Using the LbL deposition technique, CECSX-AgNPs were successfully deposited onto various suture materials including cotton, polyamide, and polypropylene. Remarkably, CECSX-AgNPs coated surgical sutures exhibited the highest bacterial reduction of 99.99 %. These findings underscore the efficacy of CECSX as a high-performance stabilizing agent for AgNPs production, providing outstanding antibacterial activity on diverse surgical suture materials and promoting the wound healing process.

Chemical grafting of hydrophobic functional groups on polyvinylidene fluoride side chain for vacuum membrane distillation applications

Membrane distillation has emerged as a promising technique for treating high-saline water. However, the process suffers from drawbacks such as wettability and fouling due to insufficient hydrophobicity of the membrane material. A practical approach for preparing hydrophobic membranes should involve improving surface roughness and chemistry manipulation. Herein, we explored chemical grafting of different functional groups viz. 1-(4-vinyl benzyl)azepane, N-(4-vinyl benzyl)decan-1-amine and 3-(triethoxysilyl)-N-(4-vinyl benzyl) propane-1-amine on polyvinylidene fluoride side chain to improve the hydrophobic characteristics and vacuum distillation performance (permeate flux and salt rejection). The successful grafting of hydrophobic functional groups on the polyvinylidene fluoride side chain was confirmed by spectral analysis such as 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The synthesised membranes were further characterised using morphology techniques (scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy) for hydrophobicity (water contact angle, liquid entry pressure) and thermal and mechanical stability. The desalination performance of membranes was assessed by varying feed concentration (2–8 % NaCl) and feed temperature (30–75 °C). The 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane grafted vinyl benzyl polyvinylidene fluoride membrane exhibited the highest flux (20.35 L m−2 h−1), salt rejection (99.99 %) at 4 % NaCl feed concentration and 60 °C feed temperature attributed to a well-arranged large number of pores and its hydrophobicity. The 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane grafted membrane exhibited the highest anti-fouling characteristic. Further, high flux and salt rejection of the synthesised membranes for vacuum membrane distillation operation were compared to membranes reported in the literature, demonstrating its potential for high saline water desalination.

The fate of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in sewer sediments:Adsorption triggering resistance gene proliferation

In recent years, large quantities of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) have been discharged into sewers, while the mechanisms of PPCPs enrichment in sewer sediments have rarely been revealed. In this study, three PPCPs (tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole, and triclocarban) were added consecutively over a 90-day experimental period to reveal the mechanisms of PPCPs enrichment and the transmission of resistance genes in sewer sediments. The results showed that tetracycline (TC) and triclocarban (TCC) have higher adsorption concentration in sediments compared to sulfamethoxazole (SMX). The absolute abundance of Tets and suls genes increased in sediments under PPCPs pressure. The increase in secretion of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and the loosening of the structure exposed a large number of hydrophobic functional groups, which promoted the adsorption of PPCPs. The absolute abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), EPS and the content of PPCPs in sediments exhibited significant correlations. The enrichment of PPCPs in sediments was attributed to the accumulation of EPS, which led to the proliferation of ARGs. These findings contributed to further understanding of the fate of PPCPs in sewer sediments and opened a new perspective for consideration of controlling the proliferation of resistance genes.

Effect of ionic liquid-surfactant compound solutions on the wettability and functional groups of coal

In order to investigate the feasibility of ionic liquid-surfactant compound solutions for coal dust suppression, three ionic liquids and sodium alpha-olefin sulfonate (AOS) were selected to be compounded respectively. The compound solutions were optimized by surface tension tests and coal dust settling experiments, and FTIR and SEM tests were carried out on coal samples treated with the optimum wetting agent. The results show that when the concentration is 0.3 wt%, and the ratio of [Bmim][Cl]/AOS is 4:6, the wetting rate of compound solution is the maximum. The content of hydrophilic functional groups OH…O and C-O in the coal samples increases significantly, and the degree of benzene ring substitutions is elevated; while hydrophobic functional groups –CH, aromatic ring C = C, and benzene ring 3 substitutions (3H) are destroyed by dissolution. The micromorphology of the coal surface changes with the appearance of many cracks and pores and an increase in surface roughness. [Bmim]+ can adsorb on the drain absorption points on the coal surface by electrostatic effect, turning them into water absorption sites and attracting the surrounding AOS molecules to arrange the composite adsorption layer more closely. These results can contribute to the development of novel wetting agents with specific structures and provide theoretical guidance for the reduction of coal dust concentrations.

Orientation of graphene nanosheets in suspension under an electric field: theoretical model and molecular dynamic simulations

Orientation regulation of nanoparticles in a suspension by an electric field is a powerful tool to tune its mechanical, thermal, optical, electrical properties etc. However, how molecular modification can affect the orientation of two-dimensional nanoparticles is still unclear. In this paper, the influence of molecular modification on the orientation of graphene nanosheets (GNS) in water was investigated through theoretical analyses and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Firstly, a new orientation angle model was proposed, which considers hydration effects, dipole moments and resistance torque. Then, MD simulations were conducted to investigate the effects of position, direction, type, and number of functional groups on the orientation of GNS. The trend observed in MD simulations is consistent with the proposed theoretical model. The results reveal that, under the combined influence of the dipole moment and hydration effects, the modification with hydrophilic functional groups can reduce the orientation angle from 21.31° to 8.34°, while the modification with hydrophobic functional groups increases it to 26.43°. Among the hydrophilic functional groups, orientation of hydroxylated GNS is the best. With an increase in the number of hydroxyl groups, orientation angle is decreased from 12.61° to 8.34°. This work can provide valuable guidance for the design of high-performance suspensions and composites, such as thermal smart materials with adjustable thermal conductivity and intelligent devices with tailored capabilities.

Interfacial Behaviors and Oil Detachment Mechanisms by Modified Silica Nanoparticles: Insights from Molecular Simulations.

Surfactant flooding has been considered as a promising approach for chemically enhanced oil recovery (EOR). However, this technique encounters several limitations, such as high costs, environmental concerns, and reduced efficiency under high-temperature and high-salinity reservoir conditions. Recently, nanoparticles have also been proposed as an alternative for EOR due to their superior properties compared with surfactants. This research employs molecular dynamics simulations to explore the impact of modified SiO2 nanoparticles on oil-water interfacial behaviors and the detachment of oil droplets from an oil-wet surface. The simulation results reveal that modified nanoparticles, featuring hydrophilic and hydrophobic functional groups, have slight impacts on interfacial tension reduction of the oil-water interface. Nanoparticles with varying degrees of modification exhibit distinct positions within the interface, consequently influencing the thickness of the interfacial layer. Notably, the interactions among the nanoparticles, oil molecules, and surface facilitate the formation of a water channel, thereby enhancing the process of oil detachment. Comparative analysis indicates that in terms of oil displacement efficiency, the thickness of the interfacial layer has a more significant impact than interfacial tension reduction. Furthermore, to elucidate the mechanisms of modified nanoparticles enhancing the oil recovery rate, the interaction energies among the oil droplet, nanoparticles, water, and surface are analyzed. The molecular-level insights derived from this investigation could provide valuable guidance for the design of modified nanoparticles tailored to EOR applications.

Gelatin‐based air‐entraining agents for ordinary portland cement: Chelate Ca2+ and reduce surface tension

AbstractIntroducing uniform, stable, and small pores by adding air‐entraining agents (AEAs) is an effective strategy for improving the freeze–thaw resistance and workability of cement concrete materials. In this study, the gelatin with hydrophobic and hydrophilic functional groups was used as an AEA for cement concrete materials and systematically studied its effect on the performance of cement mortar specimens. The results showed that gelatin has a surfactant‐like function and can effectively reduce the surface tension of the gas–liquid interface. In an alkaline environment, Ca2+ ions in cement pore solution chelate with carboxylate ions formed by carboxyl ionization, further enhancing the performance of gelatin‐based AEAs. Thanks to the reduction in surface activity and carboxyl ionization, introducing gelatin increased the porosity of cement mortar specimens from 0.53% to 2.69%. Furthermore, introducing an appropriate amount (&gt;0.1 wt%) of gelatin does not significantly impact the workability or mechanical properties of cement mortar. Based on these characteristics, gelatin has potential as an AEA for cement concrete materials.

Cross-reaction mediated by distinct key amino acid combinations in the complementary-determining region (CDR) of a monoclonal antibody.

In immunology, cross-reaction between antigens and antibodies are commonly observed. Prior research has shown that various monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can recognize a broad spectrum of epitopes related to influenza viruses. However, existing theories on cross-reactions fall short in explaining the phenomena observed. This study explored the interaction characteristics of H1-74 mAb with three peptides: two natural peptides, LVLWGIHHP and LPFQNI, derived from the hemagglutinin (HA) antigen of the H1N1 influenza virus, and one synthetic peptide, WPFQNY. Our findings indicate that the complementarity-determining region (CDR) of H1-74 mAb comprised five antigen-binding sites, containing eight key amino acid residues from the light chain variable region and 16 from the heavy chain variable region. These critical residues formed distinct hydrophobic or hydrophilic clusters and functional groups within the binding sites, facilitating interaction with antigen epitopes through hydrogen bonding, salt bridge formation, and π-π stacking. The study revealed that the formation of the antibody molecule led to the creation of binding groups and small units in the CDR, allowing the antibody to attach to a variety of antigen epitopes through diverse combinations of these small units and functional groups. This unique ability of the antibody to bind with antigen epitopes provides a new molecular basis for explaining the phenomenon of antibody cross-reaction.

Removal of polystyrene microplastics using biochar-based continuous flow fixed-bed column.

In the realm of environmental challenges, microplastics have emerged as a pressing threat, presenting risks to both individuals and ecosystems. Conventional treatment plants are presently not equipped for effectively removing these minute contaminants. This study presents an investigation into the potential of a continuous flow biochar column, utilizing biochar derived from banana peel through a nitrogen-free slow pyrolysis process for the removal of microplastics. A systematic exploration of various parameters, including bed height, flow rate, inflow microplastic concentration, and microplastic size is undertaken to discern their impact on polystyrene removal efficiency. A peak removal efficiency of 92.16% has been achieved under specific conditions: a 6-cm bed height, a 3-mL/min flow rate, an inlet concentration of 0.05g/L, and microplastic sizes ranging from 150 to 300µm. The removal efficiency was inversely affected by flow rate while directly influenced by bed height. To deepen the understanding of polystyrene removal on biochar, a detailed characterization of the synthesized material was carried out. The removal of microplastics by banana peel biochar (BPB) is observed to be dominated by adsorption and filtration processes. The entanglement of microplastics with minuscule biochar granules, capture between particles, and entrapment in the porous system were identified as the mechanisms of removal. Leveraging the hydrophobic nature of polystyrene microplastics, interactions with the hydrophobic functional groups in BPB result in effective adsorption. This is further complemented by self-agglomeration and filtration mechanisms that synergistically contribute to the elimination of larger agglomerates. The findings thus provide a comprehensive understanding, offering hope for a more effective strategy in mitigating the environmental impact of microplastics.

Relation between hydrophilic/hydrophobic characteristics of sludge extracellular polymeric substances and sludge moisture-holding capacity in hot-pressing drying

Sludge poses a serious threat to the environmental health. Hot-pressing drying has been proven efficient in sludge treatment because of the reduced thermal contact resistance, rapid increase in sludge temperature, and high drying rate. Sludge extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) significantly influence moisture transfer. However, whether in hot-pressing or traditional thermal drying, the effect of EPS on sludge moisture-holding capacity is rarely reported. Thereby, this study investigated the relationship between hydrophilic/hydrophobic characteristics of EPS and sludge moisture-holding capacity at various drying time and mechanical compression using XAD resin fractionation. Thermodynamic analysis indicated that sludge moisture desorption isotherms, net isosteric heat of desorption, and differential entropy presented a downward trend with the increase in drying time and mechanical compression, suggesting reduced sludge moisture-holding capacity. EPS analysis showed that at the same drying time, applying 25 kPa mechanical compression increased sludge temperature by 16 % and protein content by 13.8 %. At the same sludge temperature, protein content rose by 7.3 % compared to the drying without mechanical compression. It was concluded that the fast rise in sludge temperature and the mechanical extrusion facilitated the destruction of sludge microbial flocs, accelerating the release of intracellular and EPS-bound moisture and contributing to the decrease in moisture-holding capacity. Besides, tryptophan protein-like substances were the major source of hydrophilic/hydrophobic organic matter, compared to polysaccharide and humic acid-like substances. The gradually reduced sludge moisture-holding capacity was divided into three stages. Below 67 °C, the moisture desorption was dominated by the release of intracellular moisture. Below 85 °C, the increase in protein and the enhanced exposure of hydrophobic functional groups in protein improved the hydrophobicity of EPS. Above 85 °C, protein consumption due to thermal decomposition and browning reaction facilitated the desorption of EPS-bound moisture. Hence, this study provided novel insights into the mechanism of sludge drying.

A novel process based on powder carriers demonstrates robustness in nitrogen and phosphorus removal from real municipal wastewater

The development of efficient and low-consumption wastewater upgrading process is currently at the forefront of the wastewater treatment field. In this study, a novel wastewater treatment process based on powder carriers was proposed. Three systems, namely the activated sludge (AS) system, powder carrier (PC) system, and moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) system, were established and operated for over 140 days to treat real municipal wastewater. The characteristics and differences between the three systems were comprehensively investigated. The results suggested that the PC system exhibited notable advantages in nitrogen and phosphorus removal, especially under high influent load and low aeration conditions. The PC system, characterized by a higher nitrification rate compared to the MBBR system and a higher denitrification rate compared to the AS system, contributed to the stable nitrogen removal performance. The particle size of the zoogloea increased under the linkage of the powder carriers, and the mean size of micro-granules reached 170.88 μm. Large number of hydrophobic functional groups on sludge surface, coupled with increased protein content in EPS, further promoted sludge aggregation. Micro-granules formation improved settling performance and enhanced the abundance and activity of functional microbes. A significant enrichment in denitrifying bacteria and denitrifying phosphorus accumulating bacteria was observed in PC system. Up-regulation of the napA, narG, and nosZ genes was responsible for efficient nitrogen removal of the PC system. Moreover, a higher abundance in polyphosphate phosphotransferase (2.11 %) was found in PC system compared with AS and MBBR systems. The increase in the enzymes associated with poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) synthesis metabolism in PC system provided the energy for denitrification and phosphorus removal processes.

Catalytic dehydration of sorbitol to isosorbide over sulfonated phenolic resins with surface hydrophobic modification

Sulfonated phenolic resins with excellent catalytic properties for dehydration of sorbitol to isosorbide were constructed.

Natural self-assembled supramolecules as green inhibitors against methane hydrate formation

Environmentally friendly hydrate inhibitors are the most promising method to solve the environmental pollution of inhibitors, among which Safranine O (SO) with antifreeze protein properties shows excellent application prospects. SO will self-assemble into macromolecules under hydrogen bonding and electrostatic action in an aqueous solution. The assembled macromolecules' hydrophobic and hydrophilic functional groups are regularly arranged with the properties of an antifreeze protein. In the crystal growth inhibition (CGI) test, the supercooling degree of the complete inhibition region (CIR) of 1.0 wt% SO solution for SI hydrate was significantly higher than that of 1.0 wt% PVP solution. Further, the acidic environment did not affect the inhibitory effect of SO on hydrate. The complete inhibition range of 1.0 wt% SO solution on SI hydrate at pH 1.4 and 7.1 was 7.41 °C and 8.35 °C, respectively. These results suggest that SO-based KHIs may provide new ideas for developing highly efficient acid-resistant hydrate inhibitors.

Enhancing flotation recovery of residual carbon from gasification waste by mixing hydrophobic powder with diesel as collector

Coal gasification fine slag (CGFS) is a solid waste containing residual carbon and ash generated during the coal gasification process, and the separation of the two components is the essential way to realize its environmental pollution reduction and resource value increase. Froth flotation is the preferred method for separating CGFS, but there is a barrier of low carbon recovery in this process due to the extensive adsorption of collector by the well-developed pores on residual carbon. In this study, a sufficiently simple yet innovative collector, a mixture of hydrophobic powder and diesel, was proposed in an attempt to break the bottleneck. Flotation experiments with common diesel and this novel collector were performed respectively, and FTIR, XPS, and SEM-EDX were employed to analyze the collector action mechanism. Flotation results revealed that the novel collector could significantly improve the residual carbon recovery; test results demonstrated that the novel collector could increase the hydrophobic functional group content on the fine slag surface, and the hydrophobic powders in this novel collector mainly appeared at the pore openings of the flotation concentrate. The essence of the mechanism is that the hydrophobic powders play a dual role of blocking pores and providing adsorption sites, thus facilitating the spreading of diesel on the carbon surface and promoting its floatability. The study can provide creative ideas for the efficient disposal of coal gasification waste.

Preparation and performance of surface-modified adsorbent materials from discarded traditional chinese medicine residues

Waste Chinese medicine residue was used as a raw material and pretreated with sodium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide, followed by chemical modification with a silane to prepare an inexpensive and highly efficient hydrophobic biobased adsorbent material. The adsorbent was characterized with SEM, TGA and FTIR analyses. The adsorption capacities and wettabilities of the Chinese medicine residue were analyzed before and after surface modification to explore the adsorption performance and surface modification mechanism of the material. The results showed that the modified Chinese medicine residue was rough and uniformly modified, with successfully grafted hydrophobic functional groups, and it had added adsorption sites, exhibiting good hydrophobicities and oleophilicities. The contact angles between the modified materials and water reached 127°, and the modified Chinese medicine residue had an adsorption capacity of 51.7 mg g−1 for organic compounds, which was a significant improvement over the original waste Chinese medicine residue. The adsorption kinetics were best described with the pseudosecond-order kinetic model, which exhibited a higher linear correlation and was closer to the measured adsorption equilibrium value based on chemical adsorption. This study demonstrated a novel use of waste Chinese medicine residues for environmental remediation.

Wettability Characteristics of Low-Rank Coals Under the Coupling Effect of High Mineralization and Surfactants.

This paper investigates the unclear influence mechanism of the surfactant effect on improving coal seam wettability and CO2-enhanced coalbed methane technology to enhance the gas extraction efficiency in some coal mines under highly mineralized environments in China. Specifically, the microinfluence mechanism of the coupling effect of nonionic surfactant OP-10 and highly mineralized coal samples under special treatment on the wettability of coal seam is examined. By measuring the contact angle and surface tension of the samples, it is confirmed that high mineralization can limit the effect of surfactants on improving the wettability of coal seams to a certain point. Infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction measurements were conducted on the samples under coupling conditions. It is found that high mineralization impedes the effectiveness of surfactants in enhancing the wettability of coal seams. The surfactants interact with coal samples at the functional group level, producing new hydrophilic functional groups and increasing the content of kaolin with strong hydrophilic properties, thereby increasing the wettability of coal seams. However, these hydrophilic functional groups disappear under coupling conditions and hydrophobic functional groups are produced. Additionally, high mineralization inhibits the effect of surfactants on the phase composition of coal samples. The findings of this research provide a theoretical basis for water injection of highly mineralized coal seams and methane replacement recovery by carbon dioxide technology, promoting the practical application of water injection and gas injection displacement of coal seams.

Disperse PbI2 clusters with 4-Difluoromethyl-Benzylamine Hydrochloride to improve the efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells

Generally, an excess of PbI2 is used in the perovskite precursor solution to increase the crystallinity of the perovskite. However, excessive PbI2 will form PbI2 clusters during the annealing process of the perovskite film, which will cause the decomposition of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and affect the stability of the device. Here we use 4-Difluoromethyl-Benzylamine Hydrochloride (4F2M-BACl) to do interfacial doping of the perovskite film to passivate the defects on the surface of the perovskite film and disperse the PbI2 clusters through the interaction with PbI2. Under the passivation effect of 4F2M-BACl, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PSCs was increased from 18.51% to 21.51%, and the hysteresis indicator (HI) was lower. In addition, the hydrophobic functional group F and benzene ring of 4F2M-BACl and the dispersing effect of 4F2M-BACl on PbI2 have significantly improved the stability of the device. Unencapsulated devices with 4F2M-BACl modification were able to maintain over 85% of the initial PCE after 170 h at 80% relative humidity (RH).