Hydrophilic-lipophilic Balance Values Research Articles

Preparation and performance evaluation of CNF‐enhanced polyether‐modified polysiloxane defoamer

AbstractIn this article, polyether‐modified polysiloxanes were synthesized by the reaction of poly(methyl hydrogen siloxane) (PMHS) with Allyl alcohol polyether B‐400. FT‐IR, laser particle size analysis, hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB) value test, and surface tension measurements were used to characterize its structures and properties. The results show that the control law for the HLB value of polyether‐modified polysiloxanes was obtained as follow: the HLB value increases with increasing hydrogen content of PMHS. When the polyether‐modified polysiloxanes were used to emulsify the polysiloxane, at the HLB value of 10.5, the average particle size of the emulsion was about 0.23 μm with a narrow particle size distribution. The emulsion has good emulsifying and dispersing properties, as well as excellent foam elimination and foam inhibition performance. When the cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) was used as a protective agent for the preparing of the polysiloxane defoamer, the stability of the emulsion does not affect, but its foam elimination and foam inhibition of emulsion can be further improved at the presence of CNF. The lowest surface tension of CNF‐enhanced polyether‐modified polysiloxane defoamer is about 22.4 mN m−1, which has good surface property. When the concentration of CNF‐enhanced polyether‐modified polysiloxane defoamer was 0.1 g L−1, the foam elimination time and foam inhibition time were 5.8 s and 38 min, respectively, at the temperature (80°C) and alkali environment (pH 13).

Revealing protein aggregation behaviour and dispersion properties induced by molecular interactions between sucrose esters and myofibrillar protein in an aqueous phase system

The effects of sucrose esters (SE) with varying hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) values (SE 11, 13, 15) and different concentrations (0.01, 0.1, 1.0 mM) on the dispersion properties and structure of myofibrillar proteins (MPs) in the aqueous phase were investigated. The results demonstrated that the SE 11 and SE 13 reduced the particle size and enhanced the distribution uniformity of the MPs. All of the SE exhibited a slight reduction in the ζ-potential absolute values of the MPs. Meanwhile, the SE 11 significantly reduced the turbidity of the MPs, especially in the 0.1 mM group. Macroscopic and microscopic images showed that the optimum dispersion state was in the SE 11–0.1 group. Furthermore, the interactions between SE and MPs exerted a significant impact on the proteins structure. The SE 13 and SE 15 caused significant changes, which presented concentration correlation, in the tertiary and secondary spatial structures of the MPs. Nevertheless, slight structural changes were observed in MPs with different SE11 concentrations. The SE did not alter the molecular weight of the MPs, i.e. it did not induce irreversible aggregation, nor degradation of the proteins. These results were verified by the surface hydrophobicity, UV–Vis spectroscopy, intrinsic fluorescence, circular dichroism, and SDS-PAGE. Molecular docking simulation showed that hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds were the main interaction force between SE 11 and MPs. Therefore, our findings provided meaningful insights into the dispersion state of the MPs aqueous containing SEs and contributed to the practical application of non-ionic surfactants in meat protein processing.

Synthesis and characterization of chitosan-pectin fabricated nanoemulsion for ethylhexyl triazone topical delivery

This study aimed to investigate the stability of nanoemulsions for the UVB filter, ethylhexyl triazone (EHT) encapsulation followed by fabrication with chitosan and pectin. Four formulations were developed to assess the influence of hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) values on nanoemulsion stability for EHT encapsulation, targeting high Sun Protection Factor (SPF) values. The selected nanoemulsion was then subjected to fabrication with chitosan and pectin, followed by physical characterization and rheological behaviour study. Results indicated that all nanoemulsions exhibited particle sizes ranging from 137.7 nm to 206.0 nm and high entrapment efficiency from 88.76 % to 91.98 %. Sample N3, containing 1 % Tween 20 and 2 % polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400 with HLB of 12, demonstrated the highest stability, yielding a significantly elevated SPF value (10.33). Moreover, polymer-coated nanoemulsions with a low concentration of chitosan (0.1 %) showed enhanced stability when combined with different percentages of pectin. Polymer-coated nanoemulsions indicated shear-thinning behaviour at lower shear rates to Newtonian flow at higher shear rate. Furthermore, both polymer-coated and uncoated nanoemulsions exhibited decreased viscosity with increasing temperature. Also, polymer-coated nanoemulsions was found to enhance the sustainable release of EHT. These findings demonstrated the potential of polymer-coated nanoemulsions for skin application, offering enhanced stability and improved flow behaviour. The design of polymer-coated nanoemulsions could potentially minimize the risks of accumulation and toxicity of UV filters by providing a sustainable release behaviour.

Oil-in-water microemulsion of Arthrospira platensis carotenoid as antiphotooxidation in vitamin C beverages

Arthrospira platensis is a blue-green microalgae that has carotenoid as the main pigments, with the largest content being beta-carotene. Carotenoids are a type of pigment that is water insoluble, unstable, and has a limited bioavailability. One of the efforts to improve its solubility and stability, especially with regard to its anti-photooxidation capabilities, is to make it into a microemulsion. This study aimed to develop the most stable oil-in-water (O/W) microemulsion containing carotenoids from A. platensis for use as an antiphotooxidation agent in vitamin C beverages. Microemulsions consist of three distinct phases: oil, water and surfactant. The oil phase consisted of virgin coconut oil (VCO) or palm oil, with 7.5% and 15% and the aqueous phase was distilled water at a concentration of 65% or 80%. The surfactant used a combination of Tween 80, Tween 20, and Span 80 with a final hydrophilic-lipophilic balance or HLB value of 14.5. All microemulsion formulations were incubated for 24 hrs before being tested for stability by centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 30 mins, heating at 105oC for 5 hrs, and storage for 2 and 4 weeks. The resulting turbidity index was used to test the microemulsion's stability. The most stable microemulsion was chosen as a delivery system for carotenoid compounds. The carotenoid microemulsion was also tested by centrifugation, heating, and stability at different pH (6.5 and 4.2) and in varied ratios (1:1, 1:9 and 1:99). The results revealed that the concentration of oil and water phases in the microemulsion formulation influenced the microemulsion's stability. The best formulation obtained was a microemulsion with 7.5% of virgin coconut oil, 80% of water concentration, and surfactant with a ratio of 92:5.5:2.5 (Tween 80: Span 80:Tween 20). The most stable carotenoid microemulsion was a microemulsion with 100 ppm of carotenoid added. The carotenoid microemulsion was able to inhibit photooxidation at 4000 lux for 4 hrs. The vitamin C beverage model added with 6 ppm carotenoid microemulsion was able to inhibit photooxidation compared to the control and 12 ppm, for up to 6 hrs and there was a significant decrease in vitamin C and antioxidants after 24 hrs of photooxidation. A. platensis carotenoid microemulsion with a concentration of 6 ppm could inhibit photooxidation on vitamin C beverages for up to 6 hrs.

Formulation and evaluation of nanoemulgel loaded with essential oils with mosquito repellent activities

The mosquito repellent potential of plant materials, including essential oils, has been exploited for centuries. However, due to the volatility of essential oils, the protection against mosquitoes is short-lived. This study aimed to formulate citronella oil (CO) (Cymbopogon nardus) and palmarosa oil (PO) (C. martini) in the form of nanoemulgel (NEG) to delay their volatility and prolong protection time against mosquitoes. Nanoemulsions (NE) of both essential oils were prepared using ultrasonication after suitable hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) selection and phase diagram development. NEGs were formulated by mixing NEs and Carbopol 934 gel. Physicochemical characterizations, including in vitro release and permeation studies were conducted. Tween 80, Transcutol P and distilled water with 40 % glycerol were selected as surfactant, co-surfactant and aqueous components of the NEs, respectively. HLB values of 11 and 12 were found to be appropriate for CO and PO NEs preparation, respectively. The NEGs were kinetically stable and the formulation components were chemically compatible with each other. The NEG formulations prolonged the release of both essential oils for 24 h and significantly reduced the percentage permeation via cellulose acetate membrane as compared to NEs. Consequently, NEG could be a potential formulation to prolong the mosquito repellent activity of essential oils.

Stable diesel and bio-oil emulsion through solvent extraction and ultrasonic aided emulsification

Fast pyrolysis bio-oil is considered a highly preferable supplement to conventional fossil fuels. However, the direct application of pyrolysis bio-oil is limited due to poor fuel properties. Emulsification of bio-oil with diesel using a solvent is considered a relatively straightforward technique for utilizing bio-oil directly with diesel. In this study, new solvents were studied with the aid of sonication to produce a stable emulsion of diesel and bio-oil. 2-Octanol, 2-Heptanol and 2-Octanone were selected as solvents based on computer-aided molecular design (CAMD) method. Bio-oil was blended with 5, 10, 15 and 20 wt% of 2-Octanol using sonication. The solvent-oil blends with different solvents (2-Heptanol and 2-Octanone) at 20 wt% were also investigated for extracting organics from bio-oil. Subsequently, sonication-assisted emulsification of the solvent-extracted bio-oil with diesel was conducted with the aid of a composite surfactant with a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value of 7. Extraction of bio-oil with 20 wt% of 2-Octanol provided a maximum organic yield of 37.9 ± 1.3 % with a Higher Heating Value (HHV) of 31.9 MJ/kg. The desired ratio for emulsification was found to be 80: 15: 5 (diesel: surfactant: solvent-extracted bio-oil). The emulsion samples showed promising quality with an HHV of 44.0 MJ/kg and a pH of 8.0 ± 0.1. Moreover, no phase separation was observed even after the accelerated ageing process at 80 ºC for 24 hours. The results showed that all three solvents had an overall positive effect on the extraction of organics from bio-oil and aided in emulsification with diesel in which 2-Octanol was the most effective solvent for achieving a stable diesel – bio-oil emulsion.

Production of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Surfactants using Palm Oil with Various Reaction Temperatures and Duration

Most surfactants are made from petrochemicals, posing significant environmental concerns due to the non- biodegradable and non-renewable nature. To address this challenge, surfactants from biodegradable, non-toxic, and harmless materials are required, such as Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) derived from palm oil. Therefore, this research aimed to investigate the effect of reaction tempetarures and durations as well as the interactions on the yield of FAME surfactants. The characteristics of the highest yield of FAME surfactants were also examined, including HLB (hydrophilic-lipophilic balance) value, surface tension, CMC (critical micelles concentration), density, and pH values. The study was conducted using Completely Randomized Factorial Design with three (3) factors, namely temperature (50 and 60 °C), reaction duration (60, 90, and 120 minutes), and the interaction. The results showed that the highest yield of 82.43% was produced at an interaction reaction temperature of 60 °C and a duration of 120 minutes. The characteristics of surfactants obtained were HLB value of 5.47, surface tension of 30.49 dyne/cm, capable of reducing surface tension by 73.20% (from 72.80 to 19.52 dyne/cm), CMC, density and pH values of 1.50% (v/v), 0.8757 g/cm 3 , and 6.86, respectively. These characteristics suggested that FAME has the potential for application as a water-in-oil (w/o) emulsifier. Moreover, the results could be applied to produce biodegradable surfactants using tropical oils through easy and simple technology.

The Response Surface Methodology for Assessment of HLB Values of Mixtures of Non-Ionic Surfactants Using Parameters from Their π-A Isotherms.

The aim of the work was to determine important parameters of the course of π-A isotherms, which can determine the HLB (hydrophilic-lipophilic balance) value of surfactant mixtures with selected structural features, such as a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain and a double bond, using RSM (response surface methodology) computational methods. Mixtures of surfactants derived from fatty acids and sorbitan with specific HLB values were evaluated by Langmuir trough. The resulting elasticity modules (ELM) and molecules surfaces (SAM) were evaluated via response surface methodology and respective equations were calculated. The π-A isotherm determined in a Langmuir trough and the ELM and SAM parameters determined on the basis of this isotherm may be useful for determining the HLB of a fixed surfactant mixture. The RSM method used, in which ELM and SAM were assumed as two independent variables, can be a useful technique for tracking the influence of individual molecular characteristics on the hydrophilic-lipophilic properties of mixtures of surfactant compounds. Changes in HLB as a dependent variable can be described as a function of ELM and SAM.

Characterization of Porous β-Type Tricalcium Phosphate Ceramics Formed via Physical Foaming with Freeze-Drying.

Porous β-tricalcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2; β-TCP) was prepared via freeze-drying and the effects of this process on pore shapes and sizes were investigated. Various samples were prepared by freezing β-TCP slurries above a liquid nitrogen surface at -180 °C with subsequent immersion in liquid nitrogen at -196 °C. These materials were then dried under reduced pressure in a freeze-dryer, after which they were sintered with heating. Compared with conventional heat-based drying, the resulting pores were more spherical, which increased both the mechanical strength and porosity of the β-TCP. These materials had a wide range of pore sizes from 50 to 200 µm, with the mean and median values both approximately 100 µm regardless of the freeze-drying conditions. Mercury porosimetry data showed that the samples contained small, interconnected pores with sizes of 1.24 ± 0.25 µm and macroscopic, interconnected pores of 25.8 ± 4.7 µm in size. The effects of nonionic surfactants having different hydrophilic/lipophilic balance (HLB) values on foaming and pore size were also investigated. Materials made with surfactants having lower HLB values exhibited smaller pores and lower porosity, whereas higher HLB surfactants gave higher porosity and slightly larger macropores. Even so, the pore diameter could not be readily controlled solely by adjusting the HLB value. The findings of this work indicated that high porosity (>75%) and good compressive strength (>2 MPa) can both be obtained in the same porous material and that foaming agents with HLB values between 12.0 and 13.5 were optimal.

Enhancing hydrate formation for cold storage by isotridecanyl polyoxyethylene ether series surfactants in quiescent conditions

The promotion technology of hydrate formation is the key to the industrial application using hydrates. To study how nonionic surfactants affect hydrate formation, four isotridecanyl polyoxyethylene ether series surfactants with hydrophilic lipophilic balance (HLB) values from 8 to 18 are selected to analyse nonionic surfactants influence on hydrate formation. All four surfactants can enhance 1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane (HCFC-141b) hydrate formation in quiescent conditions, and each surfactant has an ideal concentration regarding of hydrate formation induction time. E-1306 (HLB = 11.2) has the most effective on improving hydrate formation. The hydrate nucleation needs minimum time (61 min), and hydrate cooling storage capacity reaches 203.5 kJ·kg−1 with 1.0 wt% E-1306. Hydrate nucleation stability is also the best with 1.0 wt% E-1306. The hydrophobic effect and micelle effect of surfactants are the main methods for promoting hydrate formation. The effect of surfactants with large HLB values on promoting hydration is not obvious. The influence of surfactant on the stability of HCFC-141b emulsion is also an important factor affecting hydrate formation.

Formulation and Stability of Microemulsion Preparations From Secang Wood Extract (Caesalpinia Sappan L) and Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO)

Research has been conducted to make microemulsion preparations from virgin coconut oil (VCO) and secang wood extract. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of secang wood extract with ethanol solvent, determine the Hydrophilic Lipophilic Balance (HLB) value of a mixture of three surfactants that can form the most stable microemulsion preparations, and determine the most optimal variation in the concentration of secang wood extract in secang microemulsion formulations.This study began with the manufacture of secang wood ethanol extract from secang wood powder and 96% ethanol, then tested for flavonoid levels. Furthermore, VCO microemulsions in a mixture of water with secang extract are made with variations in HLB values, namely 12, 13, 14, and 15. Microemulsions with HLB variations were tested for stability through organoleptical observations and turbidity values by storage treatment at room temperature, heating, and centrifugation. Microemulsions were also tested for free fatty acid (FFA) levels. After that, the preparation of microemulsions with the most stable HLB is carried out with variations in the concentration of secang wood extract in the formulation. Microemulsions with extract variations were tested for stability through organoleptical observation and turbidity values after 24 hours, heating, and centrifugation. Microemulsions with optimal concentrations of secang wood extract were tested for antioxidant activity. The secang extract produced from the extraction was reddish-brown in color and had total flavonoids equivalent to 230.6 mg QE/g samples. The most stable microemulsion from this study is a microemulsion with an HLB value of 15 with a ratio of water:extract:VCO:surfactant which is 65:2,5:2,5:30. The microemulsion features transparent red, 1 phase, and smells like Tween 80 with turbidity value below 1% during storage, heating, and centrifugation with microemulsion FFA value of 0.53%. Based on variations in the concentration of secang wood extract, the higher the concentration of the extract, the more unstable the microemulsion produced. The 3% secang extract microemulsion is the most optimal microemulsion with antioxidant activity (IC50) of 1.4573±0.2694 mg/mL.

Theoretical and Experimental Determinations of the Hydrophilic–Lipophilic Balance (HLB) of Representative Oils and Lecithins

The hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB) is a valuable parameter used to determine the relative hydrophobicity of a compound based on its chemical structure. This semi-empirical parameter has been instrumental in formulating oil-in-water and water-in-oil emulsions using well-characterized ingredients with known HLB values. However, recent trends toward the use of minimally processed “virgin” oils of therapeutic or nutritional value may render the reported “required HLB” values inaccurate. Minimally processed oils can contain numerous compounds at varying or unknown concentrations, rendering the HLB value incalculable. Factors such as regional source, growing season, and processing method contribute to the variability in oil composition. Furthermore, the solubilization of lipophilic bioactives in oils can significantly alter the HLB of the oil phase in a concentration-dependent manner. This complicates the formulation of emulsions, as the HLB values of both the oil phase and emulsifiers must be closely matched to achieve stable formulations. This study presents a simple and efficient experimental method to determine an HLB value of a complex ingredient without resorting to lengthy Design-of-Experiment (DoE) matrices and trial-and-error approaches. The optimal HLB of a formulation can be determined from a series of experiments in which two well-characterized surfactants of known HLB values are mixed at varying proportions with an unknown oil phase, where the HLB of the oil is considered to match the HLB value of the surfactants combined at the proportion at which nanoemulsions with the smallest, most stable oil droplets are formed. Similarly, when the HLB values of the oil phase and other contributing components are precisely known, the unknown HLB of a complex natural surfactant can be calculated. These calculations assist in formulating emulsions efficiently and effectively by ensuring optimal compatibility among all the components.

Encapsulation of Black Rice Bran Extract in a Stable Nanoemulsion: Effects of Thermal Treatment, Storage Conditions, and In Vitro Digestion.

This study aimed to improve the dispersibility of phenolic compounds from black rice bran through the encapsulation process within nanoemulsion. The study focused on assessing the stability of the nanoemulsions, which were prepared using a combination of surfactants with distinct hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) values and sunflower oil under different thermal treatments and storage conditions. The study revealed a significant correlation between the mixed surfactant HLB value and the nanoemulsions properties, including average particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and ζ-potential. Specifically, an increase in the HLB value was associated with a decrease in the initial average particle size. The encapsulated polyphenols exhibited remarkable stability over a storage period of up to 30 days at different temperatures with no significant changes observed in particle size or PDI. The study also investigated the impact of different ionic strengths (0.2, 0.5, and 1.00 mol L-1 NaCl) on the physical stability and antioxidant black rice bran extract nanoemulsion, and the results revealed that adding NaCl influenced the particle size and surface charge of the nanoemulsions. Total phenolic content and DPPH results demonstrated a significant impact of salt concentration on antioxidant properties, with varying trends observed among the HLB formulations. Furthermore, the behavior of the encapsulated extracts during digestion was examined, and their antioxidant activity was evaluated.

Physiological and antimicrobial properties of a novel nanoemulsion formulation containing mixed surfactant and essential oils: Optimization modeling by response surface methodology

This research aims to optimize the parameters for the production of a stable nanoemulsion containing a mixture of essential oils (EOs) with a surfactant blend (Tween and Span 80) and assess its antimicrobial potency against spoilage bacteria and foodborne pathogens. The impact of a surfactant blend’s hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) as well as surfactant:oil ratio was investigated based on the mean particle size (z-average) and polydispersity index (PDI). Results showed HLB value of 12 and a ratio of surfactant to oil at 0.75:1 exhibited an emulsion with the smallest z-average and PDI. Following this, a response surface methodology (RSM) employing central composite design (CCD) was utilized to formulate an optimal nanoemulsion using the microfluidization (MF) technique. The RSM revealed that the microfluidizer pressure of 15,000 psi and 4 cycles produces a z-average of 38.11 nm, PDI of 0.27, ζ-potential of 37.8 mV, and encapsulation efficiency (EE) of 83.8%. The comparison between the experimental and anticipated results of the optimized nanoemulsion revealed no significant differences (p > 0.05). The optimal nanoemulsion displayed excellent stability during 30 days of storage at both 4 and 30 °C compared to 5 days for coarse emulsion. The nanoemulsion exhibited potent antimicrobial activity, showing minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values in the range of 0.019 to 0.156 μL/mL, surpassing the antimicrobial efficacy of the coarse emulsion, which had MIC values between 0.039 to 0.312 μL/mL. Thus, this study emphasized the efficacy of RSM design in developing an optimal nanoemulsion with enhanced antimicrobial properties using EOs, making it a promising natural food preservative.

Caffeine-Containing Emulsion: Influence of the HLB and Mixing Proportions, the Oil's Chemical Composition, and the Existence of Caffeine on Emulsion Properties.

This study employs a low-energy emulsification method to prepare caffeine-containing emulsions, denoted as Caf-EM. Three different oils, including coconut, sesame, and grape seed oils, are utilized along with the surfactants Span 80 and Tween 80. We investigate the influence of various factors, including (i) the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) and surfactant ratio, (ii) the chemical composition of the oils, and (iii) the presence of caffeine, on the stability and size of emulsions. The results indicate that the HLB value and surfactant ratio are the most crucial factors affecting the emulsions' stability. The most stable Caf-EM formulation is achieved by combining mixed surfactants of Span 80 and Tween 80 with an optimal HLB value of 6.4 at a concentration of 15% (S15 to 6.4) across all oil types. This specific ratio also leads to significantly smaller emulsion droplet sizes than other ratios and is the only ratio that produces stable emulsions even without caffeine (denoted as EM). Notably, formulation S15-6.4 additionally causes a phase inversion from oil-in-water (O/W) to water-in-oil (W/O). Furthermore, the presence of caffeine in the water phase contributes to the formation of smaller and more stable emulsions. The particle size of Caf-EM is approximately 1.5 times smaller than that of EM. Regarding the oil's chemical composition, while there is a discernible trend in emulsion droplet size (coconut oil > grape seed oil > sesame oil), the differences within this sequence are insignificant, suggesting that the oil's chemical composition does not have a pronounced effect.

D-limonene nanoemulsion as skin permeation enhancer for curcumin prepared by ultrasonic emulsification

d-limonene nanoemulsion (NE) previously showed satisfactory potential for storage stability and might be a safety carrier for transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDSs). Curcumin has been widely studied for health promotion, food safety, and functions. This study evaluated the application of d-limonene NE carrier for curcumin embedding and the transdermal absorption effect. Results revealed that the droplet size of curcumin NE affected the cumulative concentration of transdermal absorption following the descending order of hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) 11 > 8 > 5 > 3 > microemulsion (p < 0.05). The droplet size was also correlated with the steady-state flux of transdermal absorption by permeability and was twice as high for HLB value 11 (84.3 nm) and HLB value 3 (384.7 nm). In addition, the cumulative concentration of HLB 11 (57.13 %) was nearly double higher than that of HLB 3 (26.29 %) (p < 0.05). The developed d-limonene-encapsulated curcumin NE has a macroscopic bioactivity, which can be retarded release by encapsulating the bioactive source, enabling it to be biomimetic simply. Therefore, the study has important implications for forming and designing encapsulated bioactive TDDS. All these findings suggested that d-limonene NE could function as a carrier for TDDS in food/cosmetic products.

Extraction of Alpha-cypermethrin Pesticides from Aqueous Solution by Emulsion Liquid Membrane

This research examines the emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) extraction efficiency and stability to abstraction of alpha-cypermethrin pesticides from aqueous solution when blended surfactants are used in the liquid membrane composition. The stability of the membrane was examined in the aspect of the emulsion breakdown time and distribution of droplet size. The ingredients employed in ELM were Span80 (sorbitan monooleate) and Tween80 (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate) as surfactants and a mixture of kerosene, sunflower oil (3:7) as diluents and stripping agent was used sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Some parameters were assessed, including the value of Hydrophilic Lipophilic Balance (HLB), blended surfactant concentration, homogenizer speed, emulsification time, and NaOH concentration as a stripping agent. According to the results, a stable emulsion was created at HLB (5.37), blended surfactant 3 % (w/v), 12,700 rpm of homogenizer speed, 9 min of emulsification time, and 0.05 N of NaOH. Under these circumstances, 89.2 % of the alpha-cypermethrin was extracted with 1.8 % emulsion breakage. As a result, the combinations of (Span80 with Tween80) have enormous potential as surfactants and they can improve the stability of the emulsion. Additionally, completed was mass transfer investigation and extraction kinetics

ПОВЕРХНОСТНО-АКТИВНЫЕ СВОЙСТВА АЛКАНОЛАМИДОВ

The indicators of the wetting ability of surfaces with aqueous solutions of the studied alkanolamides based on distilled fatty acids of rapeseed (DKRMA) and sunflower (DKPMA) oils were studied and monoethanolamide. The sizes of surfactant components were diagnosed using high-precision instruments: a DataPhysics DCAT 21 tensiometer and a 90Plus/BI-MAS particle size analyzer. The contact angles of wetting of glass (hydrophilic) and paraffin (hydrophobic) surfaces with DCPMA solutions at concentrations above the critical micelle concentration (CMC) (1.5-2.0 g/dm3) reached values of 33.0-34.0º. For DKRMA, the contact angles were 34.0-35.0º for the glass surface and 36.0-37.0º for the paraffin surface. It was found that before CMC (at a surfactant concentration of 0.5-1.0 g/dm3), the hydrodynamic radii of the components are in the range of 120.7 - 121.1 nm. Outside the CMC, the hydrodynamic radii of particles of surfactant micelles reach values of 221.3 - 221.6 nm. It was revealed that the synthesized alkanolamides belonged to the category of monodisperse systems according to the fractional composition of the particles of the dispersed phase. The latter is regulated by the uniformity of dispersed particle sizes. The latter is regulated by the uniformity of dispersed particle sizes. Depending on the average size of dispersed particles, the surfactants under study are highly dispersed systems (divided by particle size of the dispersed phase). The surfactants under study are highly dispersed systems, in accordance with the classification by particle size of the dispersed phase depending on the average size of the dispersed particles. It has been proven that the products take an intermediate position between nano- and microparticles. The cloud point temperature (81-83ºС) was measured and the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) (11.8-11.9) of the surfactants under study was calculated. The obtained HLB values mean that alkanolamides belong to the group of “oil in water” emulsions. The pH of aqueous solutions of surfactants at a concentration of 10.0 g/dm3 was 7-8. Neonol AF 9-12 was used as a control surfactant.

Esterified wheat bran: Physicochemical properties, structure and quality improvement of Chinese steamed bread during refrigerated storage

To develop the application of wheat bran and improve the nutrition and anti-staling capacity of Chinese steamed bread (CSB), oleic acid-esterified wheat bran (OWB) was prepared by esterification of wheat bran with oleic acid, and its physicochemical properties, structure, and quality improvement for CSB during refrigerated storage were investigated. The hydrophilic-lipophilic balance value of OWB was 16.0, the maximum degree of substitution was 0.146, and its emulsifying capacity was similar to that of glycerol monostearate. The starch gelatinization degree of CSB containing 3 % OWB and the control decreased by 19.55 % and 27.12 % within 7 days of refrigerated storage, respectively, while the hardness of CSB with OWB was lower than that with wheat bran. OWB inhibited starch recrystallization and increased bound water in the corresponding CSB, which effectively delayed starch retrogradation. OWB had a positive emulsifying capacity and showed potential as a functional material for preventing retrogradation of starch-based foods.

Effect of Different Hydrophilic-lipophilic Balance (HLB) on Droplet Size, Polydispersity Index and Stability of Lemon Myrtle Nanoemulsion

Using mixed non-ionic surfactants Tween/Span, we determined the required hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value on the oil in water nanoemulsion of lemon myrtle essential oil. In this study, Span 80 mixed with Tween 80, and Span 20 mixed with Tween 20 were used as mixed non-ionic surfactant. The droplet size, polydispersity index and stability of the lemon myrtle nanoemulsion at different HLB values were obtained over a period of 28 days. Both mixed surfactants have similar required HLB value at HLB 14 due to their smallest droplet size and lowest polydispersity index during the early nanoemulsion preparation. However, after a period of 28 days, nanoemulsion with Span 80-Tween 80 surfactant mixture was more stable compared to Span 20-Tween 20 surfactant mixture. Therefore, HLB 14 using Span 80-Tween 80 surfactant mixture has been selected as the required HLB for lemon myrtle nanoemulsion due to its stability and consistency of droplet size in 28 days.