Hydrographie Surveys Research Articles

Ocean parameter and hydrographic measurement around Cirebon port channel

Abstract One of the largest ports in West Java is Cirebon, which serves an important role in supporting the surrounding economy and becoming the alternatives of the biggest port in Java. Numerous loading and unloading activities are recorded with coal as one of the commodities. Sedimentation and water quality is a common issue facing any port. To assess the recent condition of the port, an oceanographic parameter and hydrography survey is one approach. A field survey in the Cirebon port, particularly around the channel and outside part was carried out in February 2023. The bathymetry result at the channel varied within 0 - 10 m depth. The mixed semidiurnal type in this area has a tidal range around 1.1 m. Sea current inside the port has low speed within 0-0.03 m/s meanwhile outside of the port can reach 0.13 m/s. Through the weathering system, the average temperature is 26.3°C, average wind speed of 2.25 m/s dominantly blowing from west, relative humidity around 88.6%, and rain rate also low. In the study, the sea condition of surface temperature, salinity, turbidity, DO, and pH is 28.5°-29.3°C, 29.9-30.1 psu, 3.65-17.68 FTU, 3.69-4.83 mg/L and pH 7.9-8.2, respectively. Based on the national water quality standard for the port, the condition is within threshold for several parameters.

THE ROLE OF THE TNI NAVY’S HYDRO-OCEANOGRAPHIC CENTRE IN MANAGING SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES (A STUDY ON PROVIDING HYDROGRAPHIC DATA FOR MANAGING SUSTAINABLE FISHERY)

<p><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Indonesia is a rich country who has many natural resources, especially marine resource. To achieve<span> </span>good and sustainable marine resource management will need marine science as a tool such as hydrography. Nowaday, hydrography is often looked only for creating sea map or nautical chart for navigation. Whereas, if we look deeper about hydrography, it has a key role in fisheries resources management especially for fishermen which is hydrography can be a main support for sustainable fisheries and enhancing economic value. This paper explains about the role of hydrography in supporting economic value for fishermen and sustainable fisheries resource in installation fish aggregating devices (FADs), solving fishermen conflicts, and fisheries port. First, key role in installation FADs, effective and efficient of FADs is depend on the where FADs is installed. There are some criterias that must be considered for installing FADs such as sea depth, distance between FADs, seabed contour, free from shipping lanes, and oceanographic parameters. Those criterias needs data from Hidrography survey. Second, role of hydrography in conflict resolution by creating special map with clear coordinate points to show the boundary of fishing area that often occuring the conflict of fishermen. Third, role of hydrography to determine appropriate place for establishing fishing port. By doing hydrography survey to collect the field data in building jetty, cruise lanes, and break water port.<span> </span></span></span></span></p>

Analysis of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Monitoring System for Resurveying of Shipping Routes

Abstract The paper gives brief description of the conventional and innovative hydrography survey methods and constraints connected with the realization. Proposed hydrographic survey system based on the use of Unmanned Aerial and Maritime systems provides functionality to conduct hydrographic measurements and environment monitoring. System can be easily adapted to fulfil marine safety and security operations, e.g. intrusion threat monitoring, hazardous pollutions monitoring and prevention operations, icing conditions monitoring.

Australia circumnavigated: the voyage of Matthew Flinders in HMS Investigator, 1801-1803

Contents: Volume I: Preface. Introduction: Background to the voyage The Investigator The instructions for the voyage The circumnavigation of Terra Australis The wreck of the Porpoise The voyage of the Cumberland Detention at the Ile de France Flinders as a naval commander Encounters with Aborigines The Makasar trepangers Scientific achievements Artistic achievements The astronomical data Surveying, nautical astronomy and hydrography Survey sheets and charts A Voyage to Terra Australis and the Atlas. Textual Introduction: The fair journals and the 'memoir' Flinders's rough journals The Bearing Book Other primary voyage sources compiled during the Investigator expedition The edited text Place names. Journal of a voyage to Terra Australis in his Majesty's ship Investigator by Matthew Flinders commander - Part 1: from England to Sydney Cove and Port Jackson, Australia, January 1801-July1802. Volume II: Journal of a voyage to Terra Australis in his Majesty's ship Investigator by Matthew Flinders commander - Part 2: The voyage around Australia, July 1802-June 1803. The 'Memoir'. Appendices Bibliography Index.

A model for remote estimation of ultraviolet absorption by chromophoric dissolved organic matter based on the global distribution of spectral slope

Absorption of ultraviolet radiation (UV, 280–400nm) by chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) precedes a host of light-sensitized surface ocean processes relevant to global climate. These include photo- and biogeochemical cycling of organic material, release of sulfur and carbon-containing gases to the atmosphere, and the photoprotection of marine microorganisms. Synoptic CDOM absorption data in the UV is highly desired yet difficult to estimate by satellite methods as the atmosphere interferes with direct detection of water-leaving UV radiance. The absorption spectrum of CDOM is typically modeled as an exponential function in which a spectral slope parameter, S, describes the rate of decrease in absorption with increase in wavelength. Significant functional relationships are observed in aquatic environments between S and the CDOM absorption coefficient at 443nm, aCDOM(443). In this paper, we use a large, systematic dataset of spectroscopic CDOM measurements from the U.S. CO2/CLIVAR Repeat Hydrography Survey to examine the relationship between S and aCDOM(443) as a means to model aCDOM(λ) in the UV from ocean color. Our resultant model predicts aCDOM(λ) at wavelengths from 325 to 412nm from the absorption coefficient of colored dissolved and detrital materials (CDM) at 443nm, aCDM(443), retrieved by an existing semi-analytical ocean color algorithm. Expected agreement (near 1:1) with the training dataset was achieved (r2=0.71–0.85, p=0, n=127). Considering inherent satellite data uncertainties as well as the model's limitations in regions with potential terrestrial influence, good correspondence between modeled and in situ values was observed during independent validation with open ocean CDOM data, such as from BIOSOPE (r2=0.77–0.85, p<0.05, n=29). The model has immediate application in global scale assessments of photochemical rate processes and CDOM cycling in the open ocean due to its simplicity and optimization using a large base of field data (>7500 samples) from diverse Case I waters.

Improving hydrographic information ‐ zones of confidence (ZOC) for New Zealand

In July 2004 HSA Systems Ltd (HSA) commenced an eighteen month project for Land Information New Zealand (LINZ) to assess and assign Zones of Confidence (ZOCs) to all hydrographic surveys incorporated within 138 hydrographie charts of New Zealand. The project required each hydrographie survey to be assessed in relation to the data quality aspects of the International Hydrographie Organisation (IHO) S‐57 Standard (IHO, 2000). This paper will describe the process by which HSA assessed in excess of 1,792 hydrographie survey fair sheets and allocated 1,465 ZOCs to survey areas.

Hydrography of chromophoric dissolved organic matter in the North Atlantic

The distribution and optical absorption characteristics of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) were systematically investigated along three meridional transects in the North Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea conducted as part of the 2003 US CLIVAR/CO 2 Repeat Hydrography survey. Hydrographic transects covered in aggregate a latitudinal range of 5° to 62° north along longitudes 20°W (line A16N, Leg 1), 52°W (A20), and 66°W (A22). Absorption spectra of filtered seawater samples were collected and analyzed for depths ranging from the surface to ∼6000 m, sampling all the ocean water masses in the western basin of the subtropical North Atlantic and several stations on the North and South American continental slopes. The lowest surface abundances of CDOM (< 0.1 m −1 absorption coefficient at 325 nm) were found in the central subtropical gyres while the highest surface abundances (∼0.7 m −1) were found along the continental shelves and within the subpolar gyre, confirming recent satellite-based assessments of surface CDOM distribution. Within the ocean interior, CDOM abundances were relatively high (0.1–0.2 m −1 absorption coefficient at 325 nm) except in the subtropical mode water, where a local minimum exists due to the subduction of low CDOM surface waters during mode water formation. In the subthermocline water masses of the western basin, changes in CDOM abundance are not correlated with increasing ventilation age as assessed using chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) concentrations and the atmospheric CFC history. But dissolved organic carbon (DOC) mass-specific absorption coefficients of CDOM increase with increasing ventilation age in the deep sea, indicating that CDOM is a refractory component of the DOC pool. The overall CDOM distribution in the North Atlantic reflects the rapid advection and mixing processes of the basin and demonstrates that remineralization in the ocean interior is not a significant sink for CDOM. This supports the potential of CDOM as a tracer of ocean circulation processes for subducted water masses.

CHAPTER IV: The Hydrographie Survey of Canada from 1928 to the Commencement of the Second World War

CHAPTER IV: The Hydrographie Survey of Canada from 1928 to the Commencement of the Second World War

Evaluation of GPS-based attitude parameters applied to bathymetric measurements

As the survey vessels normally take bathymetric measurements in a ‘dynamic’ environment on the sea surface, the attitude parameters of the vessel are basically required to be introduced into the bathymetric corrections to achieve the ‘ideal’ vertical measurements related to the sounding datum. A multi-antenna GPS system, which can be easy-mounted on a vessel, has proved to be able to precisely determine its attitude parameters through the combinations of the GPS vectors. This study aimed at evaluating such a GPS-based system to determine the attitude parameters for the survey vessels, based on the data collected both in-land for testing and on-sea for practical use. The precision of the estimates was realized to be around 1.6′ for heading, 2.3′ for pitch, 9.9′ for roll, and 0.3 cm for heave, based on the testing data. When system was practically applied to the bathymetric measurements made on-board, the sea depth agreements for the check points can be improved by a significant level of 43%, if a complete set of attitude parameters was in use. As the attitude information was proved to be helpful for the bathymetric measurements, it can be suggested that a multi-antenna GPS system is an economic and effective tool for the determinations of the attitude parameter, and particularly suitable for the applications of hydrographie surveys.

Effect of the Kuroshio intrusion on the chlorophyll distribution in the southern East China Sea during spring 1993

In order to assess the effect of the Kuroshio intrusion on phytoplankton biomass in the southern East China Sea north of Taiwan, chlorophyll a distributions observed before and after the recession of the seasonal Kuroshio intrusion were compared. Weekly hydrographie surveys and moored current meter data showed that the Kuroshio intruded onto the shelf under the prevailing northeasterly in early April 1993, and it retreated in early May 1993 shortly after the cessation of the northeasterly. The chlorophyll a distribution showed an eminent increase with a concentric distribution pattern, which was obviously related to the re-emergence of the year-round upwelling at the shelf break northeast of Taiwan. Strengthened upwelling was evidenced by a concomitant increase of nitrate concentration in the subsurface water near the shelf break. The mean value of the euphotic zone integrated chlorophyll a concentration in the normal upwelling area increased from 16 to 36 mg m −2 after the Kuroshio withdrawal. The high chlorophyll a concentration in the upwelling region was shown associated with the high primary productivity measured in the following year, May 1994. The euphotic zone integrated chlorophyll a concentration and primary production in the upwelling water were found to be 33 mg m −2 and 1540 mgC m −2 d −1, respectively. The higher chlorophyll and primary production was apparently the results of ample nutrient supply from the upwelling. At the same time, very high primary production was found in the mainland China coastal water with a value of 1900 mgC m −2 d −1 corresponding to a dinofiagellate bloom with population densities exceeding 1 × 10 4 cells 1 t-1. The Kuroshio water, on the other hand, has the lowest primary production value of 420 mgC m −2 d −1.

Quantitative skill of quasi‐geostrophic forecasts of a baroclinically unstable Iceland‐Faroe Front

Using initialization and validation conditions from hydrographie surveys of the Iceland‐Faroe Front in August 1993, shipboard quasi‐geostrophic model forecasts executed in real time are evaluated for quantitative skill in terms of anomaly correlation coefficient and rms error. The prototype dynamical forecasts are synoptically initialized from two observed initial states and validated against observations obtained 3–4 days later. The forecasts correlate with the validating observations, yielding anomaly correlation coefficients of 0.75–0.80, which beat persistence‐of‐day‐zero forecasts by 0.07–0.30, depending on the region of interest and the initial state. Thus this quasi‐geostrophic model is able to forecast the rapidly evolving currents of this front with quantitative skill. The forecast fields of stream function are also used to diagnose the physical processes of the frontal current variations. Energetic diagnostics clearly reveal that the frontal current evolution is controlled by baroclinic instability processes. Baroclinic wave disturbances at middepth serve to transfer available gravitational energy to kinetic energy, which then is transferred through the water column, resulting in the observed (and modeled) rapid changes in the frontal current.

Marine Outfall Applications on the Turkish Coast of the Black Sea

This paper covers research results and construction techniques applied for marine outfall systems of three medium sized cities located on the coast of the Black Sea. The treatability and design data related to the pre-treatraent and marine outfall system of a large pulp and paper mill on the same coast are presented. The preliminary studies and the development of the design criteria of the related marine outfall systems were carried out by the Department of Environmental Engineering of Istanbul Technical University. The scope of the project included oceanographie, hydrographie, and geotechnical surveys and water quality measurements. A construction method, which is widely applied in Turkey for laying of the glass reinforced pipes(GRP), has been evaluated. Pollution loads originated from the land based sources have been given and their probable environmental impacts in the receiving water body have been discussed.

Concepts and development of marine geodesy

Abstract The rapidly growing population of the earth has led to an increasing significance of maritime regions for the production of mineralogical materials and as a reservoir for food. In addition, due to their protective function against exterior attacks, maritime regions are more and more included in our living space. In earlier times some tasks of marine geodesy have been accomplished by the hydrographical or nautical survey. The name marine geodesy was defined only 20 years ago. Marine geodesy (MG) acts as a bridge between hydrography and geodesy, which is profitable for both disciplines. This paper considers, first, the concepts of hydrography, marine geodesy, nautical and hydrographical survey, and the development of these disciplines. Finally, the state of MG is investigated in the hydrographic and geodetic literature. In conclusion it is recommended to place the, yet missing, textbooks and manuals of MG at the disposal of and as a basis for the education and for the practical work of geodesists a...

Vernal circulation in the Gulf of Maine

The circulation in the Gulf of Maine has an important baroclinic component. It appears to be driven mostly by the density contrast between high‐salinity slope water which enters from the Atlantic and fresher waters which are formed in the Gulf or which enter from the Scotian shelf. Hydrographie surveys in three successive spring seasons suggest that slope water accumulates in Georges Basin, driving a counterclockwise surface circulation which brings Scotian shelf water westward into the Gulf and contributes to the eastward jet along the inner edge of Georges Bank. The slope water also crosses a sill and enters Jordan Basin, where it provides a potential energy source which may enhance a counterclockwise gyre partly driven by nearshore buoyancy sources and perhaps the wind. The coastal limb of the gyre turns offshore east of Penobscot Bay. Part of the separated coastal current recirculates in Jordan Basin, and part of it continues into Wilkinson Basin, generating a clockwise eddy as it passes over Jeffreys Bank. There is little evidence for recirculating surface flow in Wilkinson Basin. Instead, the surface water appears to split into branches feeding the Jordan Basin gyre, the Georges Bank jet, and an export path to Nantucket Shoals. The Jordan and Georges branches seem to be divided by the denser slope water in Georges Basin, and this may be the central process controlling the vernal intensification of the circulation in the Gulf. A more complete dynamical understanding awaits models which include the baroclinic influence of boundary waters.

NOS study of applied photobathymetry

Classical hydrographic mapping in shallow waters with surface craft is slow, hazardous, and expensive. The remarkable water penetration capability of several currently used film emulsions and their dramatic presentation of submerged detail provides an alternative tool and supplement for mapping the seabed in shoals and waters of moderate depth. Photogrammetric bathymetric surveys preceding hydrography can show many of the rocks, reefs, shallow areas, photogrammetrically observed depth measurements and depth curves, and other features and thereby assist the hydrographers whose work is more difficult because they do not have the overall view of the bottom to guide their operations in developing important details. The objective of this paper is to advance the comprehension of the potential of photogrammetric bathymetry to provide the following benefits: (1) improve the accuracy and completeness of the hydrographie survey; (2) reduce the cost and time of the field hydrographie survey; and, (3) reduce ship requirements for a particular hydrographic survey, thereby releasing some of the craft for other assignments and/or enlarging the size of the coastal water areas that can be surveyed within a given time frame. The investigation of the potential for accomplishing photogrammetric bathymetry was restricted to ten regions of high priority along the East Coast and the Gulf of Mexico. A five‐year photobathymetry program is envisaged that will require a maximum of 10,765 man‐days of work and cost $1,154,750. These figures can be substantially reduced by employing digitized stereoscopic plotting instruments and developing advanced, sophisticated photogrammetric analytic aerotriangulation procedures.