Hydrogen Transport Research Articles

Imagining a net-zero Teesside: actors, networks, and expectations in industrial decarbonisation megaprojects

Abstract Decarbonising industrial clusters is critical to achieving the UK’s net-zero industrial strategy. This study focuses on Teesside, an industrial cluster in Northeast England, analysing its transition through the framework of the Sociology of Expectations (SoE). The research investigates the role of public and private stakeholders in driving decarbonisation efforts, concentrating on a limited set of technologies and large-scale megaprojects, especially carbon capture, hydrogen production, CO2 and hydrogen transport. The study highlights the challenges of deploying these first-of-a-kind technologies, which are not yet commercially viable in the UK. Our analysis identifies both opportunities and significant risks in Teesside’s approach, particularly the potential over-reliance on a narrow range of technologies. The findings raise concerns about the assumed reductions in costs and carbon emissions, questioning the feasibility of scaling these technologies for long-term industrial sustainability. The main implication is that, should the technologies currently favoured by incumbent industry fail to perform, the expectations could play a double and contradictory role in net-zero transitions—by both motivating actors to legitimise decarbonisation technologies, yet blinding others to the significant challenges that lie ahead.

Electroanalytical Probing of Triphasic Hydrogen Storage and Transport in Films of Nanoparticulate Polymer of Intrinsic Microporosity (PIM-1)

AbstractPreliminary experiments are reported to show quantitatively that hydrogen gas can be stored under triphasic conditions in wet nanoparticulate polymer of intrinsic microporosity (PIM-1) applied as a film to a platinum disk electrode surface. Based on chronoamperometric data, it is shown that the resulting triphasic interface is able to store hydrogen gas at apparent concentrations higher (3 orders of magnitude increase for an approx. 15 μm thick film with typically capp,hydrogen = 80 mM; Dapp,hydrogen = 1.2 × 10–11 m2s−1) than the known solubility of hydrogen gas in aqueous electrolyte (chydrogen = 0.08 mM; Dhydrogen = 5.0 × 10–9 m2s−1) at room temperature. Due to film roughness/heterogeneity, the apparent hydrogen concentration can only be estimated, but it increases with film thickness. At the same time the apparent diffusion coefficient is lowered considerably due to the molecularly rigid/glassy polymer host. The resulting modified electrode is investigated/proposed for energy storage applications with different amounts of PIM-1 nanoparticle deposits attached to the platinum surface. Graphical Abstract

Boosting Hydrogen Transport in Mixed Matrix Membranes Through Continuous Spillover Via Pd‐Functionalized MOF Gel Networks

AbstractMembrane‐based gas separation offers notable energy efficiency benefits for hydrogen purification, yet it is often hindered by the inherent trade‐off between permeability and selectivity. To address this challenge, a novel mixed matrix membrane (MMM) design is presented to boost H2 separation performance via continuous hydrogen spillover mechanisms for the first time. The MMM incorporates a palladium‐functionalized ZIF‐67 gel (Pd@ZIF‐67 gel) network into a polymer of intrinsic microporosity (PIM‐1) matrix. The ZIF‐67 gel network serves as a uniform dispersion medium for palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs), thereby generating a multitude of active sites. These exposed sites, in conjunction with the microporous structure of ZIF‐67, facilitate hydrogen dissociation and establish a continuous hydrogen spillover pathway throughout the membrane. This synergistic MMM design leads to substantial improvements in both hydrogen transport and selectivity. At an optimal loading of 28 wt% Pd@ZIF‐67 gel, the MMMs exhibit a H2 permeability of 3620 Barrer and a remarkable 417% enhancement in H2/CH4 selectivity (24.9), surpassing the 2008 upper bound. This approach paves the way for the development of advanced materials tailored for gas separation applications.

Hydrogen Materials and Technologies in the Aspect of Utilization in the Polish Energy Sector

Currently, modern hydrogen technologies, due to their low or zero emissions, constitute one of the key elements of energy transformation and sustainable development. The growing interest in hydrogen is driven by the European climate policy aimed at limiting the use of fossil fuels for energy purposes. Although not all opinions regarding the technical and economic potential of hydrogen energy are positive, many prepared forecasts and analyses show its prospective importance in several areas of the economy. The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of modern materials, current hydrogen technologies and strategies, and show the opportunities, problems, and challenges Poland faces in the context of necessary energy transformation. The work describes the latest trends in the production, transportation, storage, and use of hydrogen. The environmental, social, and economic aspects of the use of green hydrogen were discussed in addition to the challenges and expectations for the future in the field of hydrogen technologies. The main goals of the development of the hydrogen economy in Poland and the directions of actions necessary to achieve them were also presented. It was found that the existence of the EU CO2 emissions allowance trading system has a significant impact on the costs of hydrogen production. Furthermore, the production of green hydrogen will become economically justified as the costs of energy obtained from renewable sources decrease and the costs of electrolysers decline. However, the realisation of this vision depends on the progress of scientific research and technical innovations that will reduce the costs of hydrogen production. Government support mechanisms for the development of hydrogen infrastructure and technologies will also be of key importance.

An empirical analysis of Saudi Arabian women’s intentions to adopt hydrogen fuel cell cars

To successfully execute demand-side tactics for alternative energy, such as hydrogen, it is essential to thoroughly comprehend the preferences and circumstances that stimulate client demand. Thus far, studies have been scarce on female customers’ opinions, intentions, and behaviour towards various products in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). However, no studies have been conducted thus far, specifically on hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (HFCVs). Our study examines the key elements influencing women’s inclination to embrace HFCVs in the KSA. This study utilized an online questionnaire to gather data from 227 prospective female clients, thus conducting empirical research. To ascertain women’s intentions towards hydrogen fuel cell automobiles, we employed a structural equation modelling technique utilizing Smart-PLS 4.1. The findings of our study demonstrate that the perceived advantages, perceived barriers, public opinion, and government initiatives significantly influence the desire of women in Saudi Arabia to use HFCVs. The study suggests that the government should gather all pertinent stakeholders, including vehicle manufacturers, hydrogen producers, research institutes, and organizations, to address the challenges and accelerate the advancement of the hydrogen transportation system.

An advanced spatial decision model for strategic placement of off-site hydrogen refueling stations in urban areas

The strategic placement of hydrogen refueling stations (HRSs) is crucial for the successful adoption of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (HFCVs) and the promotion of sustainable urban transportation. However, existing spatial decision models using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) often stop at generating suitability maps and rely on simplistic or arbitrary site placement methods, such as fixed service radii, without optimizing spatial distribution that overlook inherent uncertainties, limiting the effectiveness of the decision-making process. This study develops an advanced spatial decision model to handle uncertainty and optimize HRS placement in Prague, Czechia. The model integrates multiple methodologies: (i) Utilizing 21 criteria across accessibility, environmental, infrastructural, and socioeconomic dimensions, with criteria weights prioritized using the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) to manage uncertainty in expert judgments. GIS suitability analysis identified optimal areas, with 18.13% of Prague classified as highly suitable for HRS deployment. (ii) Implementing Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) clustering to optimize site distribution and address uncertainty in HRS placement, proposing 10 optimal locations validated by a silhouette score of 0.68. (iii) Evaluating model performance through sensitivity analysis, revealing responsiveness to criteria variations. To evaluate and rank the proposed HRS locations, we integrated a Genetic Algorithm (GA) with the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), optimizing the selection process by exploring a wider solution space. Additionally, accessibility analysis assessed emergency response coverage, ensuring efficient response times. This multi-methodological framework ensures a robust, data-driven approach to site selection, optimizing accessibility, minimizing environmental impact, and promoting sustainable urban transportation. It advances strategic infrastructure planning, sets a precedent for integrating advanced analytic techniques to handle uncertainty and automate site selection in spatial decision-making, and is adaptable to diverse urban contexts.

Mitigating risks in hydrogen-powered transportation: A comprehensive risk assessment for hydrogen refuelling stations, vehicles, and garages

Hydrogen is increasingly seen as a viable alternative to fossil fuels in transportation, crucial to achieving net-zero energy goals. However, the rapid expansion of hydrogen-powered transportation is outpacing safety standards, posing significant risks due to limited operational experience, involvement of new actors and lack of targeted guidelines. This study addresses the urgent need for a tailored comprehensive risk assessment framework. Using Structured What-If (SWIFT) and bowtie barrier analysis, the research evaluates a hypothetical pilot project focusing on hydrogen refuelling stations, vehicles, and garages. The study identifies critical hazards and assesses the adequacy of current risk mitigation measures. Key findings reveal gaps in safety practices, leading to 41 actionable steps and 5 key activities to help new actors manage hydrogen risks effectively. By introducing novel safety guidelines, this research contributes to the development of safe hydrogen use and advances the understanding of hydrogen risks, ensuring its sustainable integration into transportation systems.

Thermophysical Properties of the Hydrogen Carrier System Based on Aqueous Solutions of Isopropanol or Acetone

One concept for the safe storage and transport of molecular hydrogen (H2) is the use of hydrogen carrier systems which can bind and release hydrogen in repeating cycles. In this context, the liquid system based on isopropanol and its dehydrogenated counterpart acetone is particularly interesting for applications in direct isopropanol fuel cells that are operated with an excess of water. For a comprehensive characterization of diluted aqueous solutions of isopropanol or acetone with technically relevant solute amount fractions between 0.02 and 0.08, their liquid density, liquid viscosity, and interfacial tension were investigated using various light scattering and conventional techniques as well as equilibrium molecular dynamics (EMD) simulations between (283 and 403) K. Polarization-difference Raman spectroscopy (PDRS) was used to monitor the liquid-phase composition during surface light scattering (SLS) experiments on viscosity and interfacial tension. For comparison purposes and to expand the database, capillary viscometry and dynamic light scattering (DLS) from bulk fluids with dispersed particles were also applied to determine the viscosity while the pendant-drop (PD) method allowed access to the interfacial tension. By adding isopropanol or acetone to water, density and, in particular, interfacial tension decrease significantly, while viscosity shows a pronounced increase. The behavior of viscosity and interfacial tension is closely related to the strong hydrogen bonding between the unlike mixture components and the pronounced enrichment of both solutes at the vapor–liquid interface, as revealed by EMD simulations. For an aqueous solution with an isopropanol amount fraction of 0.04, minor variations in interfacial tension and viscosity were found in the presence of pressurized H2 up to 7.5 MPa. Overall, the results from this study contribute to an extended database for diluted aqueous solutions of isopropanol or acetone, especially at temperatures above 323 K.

Stability analysis and multi-objective optimization of methanol steam reforming for on-line hydrogen production

The potential solution to hydrogen storage and transportation challenges is provided by liquid fuel-based on-line hydrogen production. An online hydrogen production device has been constructed and the stable output of hydrogen at 6.8 bar under dynamic conditions of 6–13 Nm3/h has been achieved. To achieve optimal economic and thermodynamic performances, the mathematical models for mass, energy, and techno-economics are constructed based on field test data. The Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm is employed to update temperature splitting points between multi-stage heat exchangers, targeting multi-objective optimization of heat exchange area, system energy efficiency, and annual average cost. Pareto optimal solutions indicate that such optimization can improve system energy efficiency by 0.03%–3.76% and decrease the hydrogen production cost from 0.004 $/kg to 0.599 $/kg. This work demonstrates the feasibility and effectiveness of multi-objective optimization for online hydrogen production system design and offers important guidance for decision-making in heat exchange network schemes.

Renewable energy in sustainable cities: Challenges and opportunities by the case study of Nusantara Capital City (IKN)

Indonesia's future IKN capital might be sustainable, low-carbon, and climate-resilient. The Low Emissions Analysis Platform (LEAP) simulates energy efficiency in various demand sectors, renewable energy, and sustainable transportation solutions. Sustainable cars, such as renewable-energy-powered electric and green hydrogen-powered vehicles, can reduce energy consumption by 43% in 2045 and 33% in 2060, respectively, compared to BAU. GHG emissions per capita will drop 70% in 2045 and 63% in 2060. In the net-zero emission (NZE) scenario, IKN can reach 100% green energy by 2045 with a 4.4 GW solar power plant, a 0.92 GWh BESS, and a full load hour capability of 4 hours. We will use 1.1 GW of hydropower and 143 MW of wind power by 2045. In 2060, hydropower will be 2.8 GW, wind power will be 184 MW, and solar power will be 8 GW with 1.6 GWh of BESS. Lack of legislation, technical expertise, high prices, inadequate grid infrastructure, and insufficient renewable electricity restrict BESS use in Indonesia. Solar energy installation requirements, subsidies, and off-grid project incentives can all help ease BESS use. Forecasts predict 0.53 GW of rooftop solar PV capacity by 2045 and 3.35 GW by 2060. Net metering and solar tariffs boost rooftop solar system profitability. One ton of green hydrogen production requires 55.7 MWh from a solar power plant. Solar power plant capacity will rise to 0.49 GW by 2045, producing 19,359 tons of green hydrogen, and almost quintuple to 89,594 tons by 2060. Hydrogen generation, storage, transit, and distribution require specific infrastructure due to high capital costs and a lack of networks, yet interest in them is growing.

Artificial Intelligence based Leak Detection in Blended Hydrogen and Natural Gas Pipelines

In the transition towards a hydrogen-based energy system, the strategic use of pipelines is crucial for efficient hydrogen distribution. Leveraging existing natural gas pipelines to carry a mix of hydrogen and natural gas offers a cost-effective alternative to building new infrastructure. This study explores the development of a leak detection system compatible with existing pipelines, specifically tailored for the blended hydrogen and natural gas mix. Given the scarcity of leak data for blended hydrogen-natural gas pipelines, the study introduces a Real-Time Transient Model (RTTM) for blended gases, simulating leak dynamics to generate necessary data. Additionally, a leak detection system (LDS) is developed using a fusion of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) through Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Systems (ANFIS). This LDS framework overcomes the “black box” issue common in AI-driven systems, enabling reliable detection. The integration of Explainable and traditional AI techniques holds promising implications for blended hydrogen pipelines by enhancing the safety and efficiency of hydrogen transportation, thereby mitigating economic and environmental impacts, and addressing public concerns.

Perspectives and State of the Art of Membrane Separation Technology as a Key Element in the Development of Hydrogen Economy

Due to the objectives established by the European Union and other countries, hydrogen production will be a key technology in the coming decades. There are several starting materials and procedures for its production. All methods have advantages and disadvantages, and the improvements in their performance and decreases in operational costs will be decisive in determining which of them is implemented. For all cases, including for the storage and transport of hydrogen, membranes determine the performance of the process, as well as the operational costs. The present contribution summarizes the most recent membrane technologies for the main methods of hydrogen production, including the challenges to overcome in each case.

Study and design of a Hydrogen liquefaction process using ethane as refrigerant fluid

Hydrogen liquefaction is an essential process in cryogenics, facilitating the efficient storage and transport of hydrogen as a clean energy carrier. This study investigates the liquefaction of hydrogen at a flow rate of 100 kmol/h, with an energy consumption of 447.05 kW. The process relies on sophisticated equipment, including multi-stage compressors and expansion devices, which play key roles in cooling and compressing the hydrogen gas. One of the notable advantages of this system is the energy recovery achieved by an expansion device, which generates 262.1 kW, enhancing overall efficiency.The hydrogen compression stages use a multi-stage compressor that employs water as the primary coolant. With a flow rate of 389.4 kmol/h, water is chosen due to its high specific heat capacity and availability, making it an ideal coolant for this cryogenic process. Ethane, serving as a secondary refrigerant, operates at a flow rate of 32 kmol/h. Its non-corrosive and inert properties contribute to system durability, while a portion of the ethane is strategically recycled through heat exchangers to minimize consumption and optimize cooling efficiency. Hydrogen enters the system at 5×10⁵ Pa and 288 K, and is gradually cooled and compressed to 2×10⁵ Pa and 22.75 K, resulting in the final liquid hydrogen product. This significant temperature reduction, achieved through the combined cooling effects of water and ethane, is critical for the successful liquefaction of hydrogen. The optimized use of refrigerants and efficient energy recovery in the expansion stages reduce operational costs and enhance process sustainability.

Research on aerodynamic performance of centrifugal compressors for hydrogen-mixed natural gas.

Natural gas-doped hydrogen transportation has been widely used in industrial engineering. The change of the physical parameters of the conveying medium affects the working performance of the centrifugal compressor. This study aims to explore the aerodynamic performance of centrifugal compressors for hydrogen mixed natural gas, including the effects of hydrogen blending ratio (HBR) and inlet temperature on the pressure ratio and isentropic efficiency of compressors. The numerical simulation method is used and the results are compared with the experimental results to determine the reliability of the numerical simulation method. The results show that the pressure ratio decreases with the increase of HBR where the inlet temperature and rotation speed are constant. The pressure ratio and efficiency of the compressor are the highest when the conveying medium is pure natural gas (HBR = 0). The maximum pressure ratio reduction is 4.8% when the HBR is 5% and the inlet temperature is increased by 20 K. In summary, when the conveying medium of the compressor changes from pure natural gas to hydrogen-mixed natural gas, the working range and efficiency of the compressor will be reduced. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the rotation speed of the compressor or redesign the centrifugal compressor for hydrogen-mixed natural gas in order to achieve a constant flow rate at the outlet of the compressor.

Study on Suitability Evaluation Method of Non-Metallic Seals in Long Distance Hydrogen-Doped Natural Gas Pipelines

Hydrogen doping using existing natural gas pipelines is a promising solution for hydrogen transportation. A large number of non-metallic seals are currently used in long-distance natural gas pipelines. Compared with metallic seals, non-metallic seals have the advantages of corrosion resistance, light weight, and easy processing, which can improve the safety and economy of pipelines. In order to ensure the long-term safe use of seals in hydrogen-doped natural gas pipelines, this paper selects the non-metallic seals commonly used in long-distance natural gas pipelines and carries out the hydrogen-doped sealing test, hydrogen-doped aging test, and hydrogen-doped anti-explosion test on the non-metallic seals under the conditions of different hydrogen-doped ratios. At the same time, combined with the actual working conditions of a hydrogen-doped natural gas pipeline, the external environment, and other factors, the applicability evaluation index system was established, and the applicability evaluation model based on hydrogen-doped physical and chemical properties, fuzzy comprehensive evaluation, and the structural entropy weight method was developed and applied in the field. The results show that the evaluation result of nitrile rubber in soft seals is 1.7845, and the evaluation result of graphite-polytetrafluoroethylene material in hard seals is 1.5988, and both of them are at a good level. This paper provides technical support and judging strategies for the selection of non-metallic sealing materials for hydrogen-doped natural gas pipelines.

Green Hydrogen and Formula 1 (F1): Advancing Sustainable Comprehensive Approaches for F1 Events in the MENA Region

Formula 1 (F1) has embarked on sustainability initiatives, notably the 'Countdown to Zero' campaign aimed at achieving carbon neutrality by 2030. This article delves into F1's sustainability efforts, focusing on the integration of green hydrogen as a promising solution for reducing carbon emissions, particularly within the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Despite the novelty of green hydrogen in F1, its potential applications in powering vehicles and supporting event logistics are explored. Additionally, the article examines MENA's significance in F1's sustainability agenda, given its abundant renewable energy resources and strategic position in hosting Grand Prix races. The feasibility of transitioning F1 cars to sustainable alternatives, including electric vehicles, hydrogen-powered cars, and e-fuels, is scrutinized, highlighting challenges and opportunities. Furthermore, the article discusses sustainable practices that can make F1 events more sustainable. It refers to sustainable practices previously implemented in past F1 Grand Prix races, assesses their applicability to the MENA region, and suggests innovative practices that the MENA can implement; these include the installation of solar canopies in F1 circuit parking lots and the use of bio-fuelled trucks for event logistics. Investment in sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) emerges as another avenue for F1 to mitigate its carbon footprint, potentially through partnerships with airlines present in the MENA region, such as Emirates. Ultimately, this article underscores the imperative for F1 to embrace sustainable practices, not only to align with societal trends but also to lead the charge in environmental stewardship within the realm of motorsport.

Improvement of hydrogen reciprocating compressor efficiency: A novel capacity control system and its multi-objective optimization

To enhance the operational efficiency of hydrogen compressors and reduce the costs associated with the storage and transportation of hydrogen, this paper has developed a novel capacity control system (CCS). This system ensures that the compressor accurately compresses hydrogen according to actual demand, driven by an electromagnetic actuator, which simplifies the system design and enhances operational precision. To optimize the system's performance, a multi-objective optimization was conducted. Initially, a hydrogen compressor backflow working model and a comprehensive evaluation index system were established. Subsequently, a three-tier computational multi-objective optimization framework was proposed based on the working model, ultimately determining the optimal combination of key system parameters. A prototype was manufactured and subjected to validation testing and a full life cycle analysis. The results indicate that the developed system can accurately regulate the amount of compressed hydrogen within a range of 0%–100% load. Compared to traditional systems, for the same compressor group, carbon emissions and costs were reduced by 41.93% and 36.49%, respectively. The optimized design of the internal and external resistance angles and the limiter plate thickness are 11°, 16°, and 1 mm, respectively. Compared to the baseline state, the specific energy consumption of the hydrogen compressor per unit of exhaust volume has been reduced by 28.22%. Additionally, during the ejection and retraction processes of the actuator, the peak vibration impact on the hydrogen compressor has been reduced by 77.6% and 73.3%, respectively, achieving optimal comprehensive performance.

Ordered PdBi Alloys for High‐Performance CO2 Electroreduction and Enhanced Formic Acid Selectivity

AbstractElectrocatalytic conversion of CO2 to formic acid (HCOOH) represents a promising approach for storing renewable energy and addressing the challenges of hydrogen storage and transportation. Palladium (Pd) is the only known metal capable of achieving this process at nearly zero overpotential. However, its practical applications are severely limited by hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) competition and CO poisoning. Bimetallic alloys, especially intermetallics with ordered structures, offer an effective way to optimize performance due to their unique catalytic properties. Here, PdBi alloys are synthesized with ordered structures and adjustable ratios of active sites for efficient CO2 electroreduction to HCOOH. The o‐PdBi2 alloy effectively suppresses both HER competition and CO production during the CO2 reduction process, achieving ≈95% HCOOH selectivity across a wide range of current densities and excellent stability at industrial‐level current densities. Additionally, the ordered structure facilitates high selectivity maintenance while mitigating overpotential, resulting in a cell voltage of only 2.65 V at 200 mA cm−2. These findings provide a pathway for the practical application of Pd‐based catalysts in CO2 electroreduction.

Empirical Evaluation of the Replacement of Conventionally Powered Vehicles with Hybrid and Electric Vehicles on the Example of the Poznań Agglomeration

From the collected data of the Central Register of Vehicles, an average of 15,000 vehicles were registered per month in the Greater Poland region in 2020–2022. It should be borne in mind that most of them were conventionally powered cars-spark-ignition or compression-ignition engines, the daily operation of which negatively affects the environment. Institutions responsible for regulating the homologation of passenger vehicles are introducing increasingly stringent emission standards to reduce the harmful effects of vehicles on the environment. In addition, more and more public campaigns are being conducted on the use of cars equipped with alternative propulsion systems, e.g., electric, full-hybrid or increasingly popular hydrogen-powered vehicles. The publication presents forecasts for the replacement of vehicles equipped with spark-ignition and compression-ignition engines with cars equipped with hybrid propulsion systems or electric systems. Tests of vehicles in real operating conditions were carried out in the Poznań agglomeration in an urban area, where the number of vehicles per area is higher than in the case of a nonurban zone. The research objects were both cars equipped with a conventional drivetrain and a hybrid system. The research made it possible to draw up a hybridization index, which was then applied to the number of vehicles registered over the past few years.

Improved fuzzy energy management strategy for fuel cell vehicles based on IPIO

In the energy management of fuel cell vehicles (FCEV), the traditional fuzzy logic strategy has the problems of strong subjectivity and average vehicle economy. This paper proposes a composite fuzzy energy management strategy with the goal of improving the life of the auxiliary energy source power battery, using an improved pigeon swarm optimization algorithm (IPIO) to update the fuzzy membership function, while ensuring that the power battery works in a suitable range for a long time and reducing equivalent hydrogen consumption quantity. This paper conducts secondary development on the existing ADVISOR model to establish a simulation model of the FCEV hybrid system, and conducts simulation experiments under NEDC and CLTC-P operating conditions. The results show that IPIO's improved energy management strategy can charge more than twice as fast as the power following strategy when the initial SOC is low, and can reach the appropriate SOC range faster, which can extend the life of the power battery; when the initial SOC is high, the charging speed is more than twice that of the power following strategy. In this case, the equivalent hydrogen consumption of IPIO's improved composite fuzzy energy management strategy was reduced by 9.09% and 9.09% respectively in the two working conditions compared with the before improvement 11.8%, which significantly reduced the hydrogen consumption and improved the economy of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles.