Hydrogen Sulfide In Sediments Research Articles

Spatial and temporal distribution of hydrogen sulfide and sulfur species in coastal marine sediments collected from Osaka Bay, Japan

The identification of sulfur species in coastal marine sediments provides insight into the sulfur cycle in coastal seas. This study revealed the spatial and temporal distribution of hydrogen sulfide in the sediment pore water and sulfur species in the marine sediments in Osaka Bay, Japan using a combination of detection tubes with the formation of a color band of lead sulfide and X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy to identify sulfur species. The sulfur species present in the sediment in this study were somewhat affected by the sediment pore water, and the solid sulfur species identified in the surface sediments were sulfate, thiosulfate, elemental sulfur, and pyrite. These results revealed that the process of change in the sulfur species in the sediments could be categorized into three subprocesses. (1) Hydrogen sulfide was generated in the sediment pore water and scavenged by oxidation into sulfur and pyrite formation. Pyrite was successively oxidized into thiosulfate and sulfate when the dissolved oxygen in the bottom water was sufficient. (2) When the dissolved oxygen was depleted at the innermost part of the Bay in October and November, pyrite might have been oxidized into sulfate by iron and manganese in the sediment. (3) For the western and southern parts of the Bay, because vertical mixing supplies oxygen to the seabed, the formation and oxidative scavenging of hydrogen sulfide in the sediment pore water was balanced. Thus, the hydrogen sulfide in the sediment pore water remained undetected.

Enhancing pollutant removal and electricity generation in Sediment Microbial Fuel Cell with nano zero-valent iron

A nano zero-valent iron (NZVI) was added into sediments to enhance the capacities of sediment microbial fuel cells (SMFCs) for pollutant removal and electricity generation. Open and closed circuits were applied to confirm the impact of NZVI on the pollutant removal performance of SMFCs. The operation of SMFCs in a closed circuit with 0.06% NZVI produced a current density of 340.8 mA/m 2 . Adding 0.6% NZVI to closed-circuit SMFCs reduced hydrogen sulfide from 12.5 mg/L to 0 mg/L. Moreover, adding NZVI to closed-circuit SMFCs reduced phosphate concentration from 49 mg/L to 11 mg/L. With the same amount of NZVI, the pollutant removal in a closed circuit was higher than that in an open circuit because of the electricity flow at SMFCs. In conclusion, addition of NZVI to SMFCs effectively enhanced the produced current density and reduced the concentrations of hydrogen sulfide and phosphate in sediments. • Addition of NZVI to the anode chamber enhanced electricity production in SMFCs. • The higher current density of 340.8 mA/m2 in SMFC with addition 0.06% of NZVI . • Addition of 0.6% of NZVI reduced phosphate and hydrogen sulfide in sediments. • Excessive NZVI reduces electricity production in SMFCs.

Iron and sulfur speciation and cycling in the sediments of marine systems located in arid environments: the northern Red Sea

The high fluxes of iron minerals associated with aeolian dry deposition may result in an anomalously high reactive iron content and the rapid reoxidation of hydrogen sulfide in sediments. This will prevent the formation of pyrite and result in a ‘cryptic’ sulfur cycle. We studied the cycling of iron and sulfur in deep water (>800 m water depth) sediments of the Red Sea and its northern extension, the Gulf of Aqaba. We found that the reactive iron content in the surface sediments of the Gulf of Aqaba and the Red Sea is high, whereas the amount of sulfur-bound iron is very low and decreases with the water depth. The presence of trace amounts of pyrite and zero-valent sulfur, as well as the isotopic compositions of sulfate and pyrite, which are consistent with sulfate reduction under substrate-limiting conditions, suggest that cryptic sulfur cycling is likely to be a result of the rapid reoxidation of hydrogen sulfide rather than the suppression of microbial sulfate reduction. The low amount of reactive iron and high organic carbon content in the sediments of the Shaban Deep, which are overlain by hypersaline hydrothermal brines, result in a non-cryptic sulfur cycle characterized by the preservation of pyrite in the sediments.Supplementary material: Data for sulfur speciation, iron speciation and sulfur isotope composition are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5508155Thematic collection: This article is part of the Sulfur in the Earth system collection available at: https://www.lyellcollection.org/cc/sulfur-in-the-earth-system

ОРГАНИЧЕСКАЯ ГЕОХИМИЯ КАЙНОЗОЙСКИХ ПОРОД УШУМУНСКОГО БУРОУГОЛЬНОГО МЕСТОРОЖДЕНИЯ СРЕДНЕАМУРСКОГО ОСАДОЧНОГО БАССЕЙНА

Актуальность исследования обусловлена необходимостью расширения российской ресурсной базы Дальнего Востока. Изучение осадочных бассейнов и их углеводородного потенциала, разработка новых технологий прогноза традиционных и нетрадиционных месторождений углеводородного сырья остается приоритетным направлением Российской АН на многие годы. Оценка обогащенности пород органическим веществом и его генерационного потенциала поможет в работах по бассейновому моделированию. Настоящие исследования нужны также для: уточнения обстановок накопления органического вещества; реконструкции ландшафтов и биологического мира в кайнозое. Цель: охарактеризовать биологический источник органического вещества, условия его накопления, обстановки диагенеза и уровень катагенетической зрелости в породах Ушумунского буроугольного месторождения. Объекты: угли, глины и алевриты Ушумунского буроугольного месторождения Среднеамурского осадочного бассейна. Методы: сопоставление данных пиролиза и изотопного анализа органического вещества и характеристик углеводородов-биомаркеров, полученных с помощью хромато-масс-спектрометрии в насыщенной и ароматической фракциях битумоидов, оценка источников, диагенетических обстановок и катагенетической преобразованности органического вещества. Результаты. Породы палеогена и неогена Ушумунского буроугольного месторождения Среднеамурского осадочного бассейна впервые изучены методами органической геохимии. Органическое вещество исследованных образцов имеет признаки как террагенного (гумусового), так и аквагенного (сапропелевого) типов. Изотопный состав углерода органического вещества, распределение н-алканов, наличие каурана, биерана, филлокладанов (биомаркеров высших растений Podocarpaceae и Araucareaceae) в насыщенной фракции битумоидов, ретена (биомаркера хвойных растений) в ароматической фракции свидетельствуют о террагенной природе органического вещества. Вместе с тем в большинстве образцов характеристики ароматической фракции соответствуют аквагенному органическому веществу: низкие концентрации фенантренов, высокие – моно- и триароматических стероидов, распределение метилдибензотиофенов, вероятное присутствие длинноцепочечных алкилнафталинов – биомаркеров озерных водорослей Gloeocapsomorpha prisca и Botryococcus braunii. Также в большинстве образцов концентрации фитана значительно выше, чем пристана, и половина образцов согласно водородному индексу HI относится к типу II (аквагенный морской). Морских отложений в районе исследований нет, по-видимому, тип II является смесью типов I (аквагенный озерный) III (континетальный). Причем, судя по изменениям HI по разрезу, режим осадконакопления менялся неоднократно с озерного до торфяно-болотного и обратно. В ряде образцов максимумы в составе ациклических изопреноидов приходятся на i-С21 и i-С22, возможно, из-за значительного вклада организмов домена археа в исходное живое вещество. Согласно высоким концентрациям дибензотиофенов, органическое вещество пережило диагенез с избытком серы в осадке. Вероятно, двойственность признаков (террагенные и аквагенные) связана со специфичностью исходной биоты этого бассейна и является характерной для ее возрастной и/или географической локализации. Низкие значения показателей отражательной способности витринита, пиролитические характеристики, резкое преобладание соединений с нечетным числом атомов в молекуле в н-алканах, наличие биогопанов и гопенов при почти полном отсутствии типичных стеранов и терпанов, распределение триароматических стероидов соответствуют катагенетически незрелому органическому веществу, и, возможно, недостаточная зрелость усиливает эту двойственность характеристик.

Marsh Plants Enhance Coastal Marsh Resilience by Changing Sediment Oxygen and Sulfide Concentrations in an Urban, Eutrophic Estuary

Despite considerable efforts to restore coastal wetlands, the ecological mechanisms contributing to the success or failure of restoration are rarely assessed. Accumulation of hydrogen sulfide in sediments may accelerate rates of marsh loss in eutrophic estuaries and is likely driven by complex feedbacks between wetland plant growth and microbial redox reactions. We used a chronosequence of restored marshes in urbanized and eutrophic Jamaica Bay (New York City, USA) to assess how sediment redox conditions change among seasons and over the lifetime of restored marshes. We also compared a stable extant marsh to one that has deteriorated over the past 50 years. We collected seasonal sediment cores from each marsh, and used a motorized microprofiling system to measure the vertical distribution of oxygen and sulfide. We fit a logistic function to each profile to estimate (1) maximum concentrations, (2) rates of increase/decline, and (3) depths of maximum increase/decline. We quantified sediment density, porosity, organic content, and belowground plant biomass, and estimated differences in daily tidal inundation among sites using water-level loggers. We found that minimum oxygen and maximum sulfide concentrations occur during summer. Sulfide concentrations were highest in sites that experienced the longest daily tidal inundation, including the degraded extant marsh and the oldest restored marsh. Spatial patterns in oxygen and sulfide were related to belowground plant biomass, supporting our hypothesis that root growth increases sediment oxygen and partially alleviates sulfide stress. Our data support the growing body of evidence that belowground plant growth may enhance the resilience of marshes to sea-level rise by increasing marsh elevation and facilitating oxygen diffusion into marsh sediments.

Decrease of Sulfide in Enclosed Coastal Sea by Using Steelmaking Slag

Currently in Japan, 15 million tons of steelmaking slag (SMS) as a by-product of the steelmaking process is produced annually. More than 60 % of the SMS is used in civil construction. SMS has special properties which are presently under-exploited. Therefore, research into the greater utilization of the special characteristics of SMS in coastal environments has been undertaken over the last 20 years. It is known that steelmaking slag can reduce hydrogen sulfide in seawater. Hydrogen sulfide is highly toxic and fatal to benthic organisms. It also depletes oxygen and generates blue tide.The purpose of this study is to evaluate and demonstrate the effects of removal of hydrogen sulfide in seawater by steelmaking slag. Both the laboratory and the field experiments showed that steelmaking slag removed the hydrogen sulfide from seawater and reduced the concentration of hydrogen sulfide in sediment. The field experiments also indicated that steelmaking slag changed the anaerobic condition of sediment into an aerobic condition. The results imply that effective utilization of steelmaking slag in coastal area restoration can significantly improve the surrounding marine environment.

Spatial distribution of sister species of vesicomyid bivalves Calyptogena okutanii and Calyptogena soyoae along an environmental gradient in chemosynthetic biological communities in Japan

Vesicomyid bivalves have a substantial biomass in deep-sea chemosynthetic biological communities in the Pacific. Using a novel multiplex-PCR (mPCR) method to identify the co-occurring vesicomyids in Sagami Bay, we analyzed the distribution of Calyptogena okutanii and Calyptogena soyoae along environmental gradients. All the known distributions of C. okutanii indicated the different preferences in salinity and temperature to those of C. soyoae, and in Sagami Bay, depth seemed to be an important environmental factor, too. Although the concentration of hydrogen sulfide in sediment was not examined, our results showed that the distributions of these two Calyptogena clams were affected by salinity and temperature.

Decrease of Sulfide in Enclosed Coastal Sea by Using Steelmaking Slag

Currently in Japan, 15 million tons of steelmaking slag (SMS) as a by-product of the steelmaking process is produced annually. More than 60 % of the SMS is used in civil construction. SMS has special properties which are presently under-exploited. Therefore, research into the greater utilization of the special characteristics of SMS in coastal environments has been undertaken over the last 20 years. It is known that steelmaking slag can reduce hydrogen sulfide in seawater. Hydrogen sulfide is highly toxic and fatal to benthic organisms. It also depletes oxygen and generates blue tide.The purpose of this study is to evaluate and demonstrate the effects of removal of hydrogen sulfide in seawater by steelmaking slag. Both the laboratory and the field experiments showed that steelmaking slag removed the hydrogen sulfide from seawater and reduced the concentration of hydrogen sulfide in sediment. The field experiments also indicated that steelmaking slag changed the anaerobic condition of sediment into an aerobic condition. The results imply that effective utilization of steelmaking slag in coastal area restoration can significantly improve the surrounding marine environment.

Sulfur Compounds in Bottom Sediments of Fresh-Water Basins (Mouth of the Severnaya Dvina River and Rybinsk Water Reservoir)

Composition and distribution of different forms of sulfur in bottom sediments of the Severnaya Dvina River mouth and Rybinsk water reservoir are studied. The sediments are characterized by low accumulation rate of reduced sulfur compounds and high content of organic matter. Common features of the distribution of products of hydrogen sulfide in sediments of the river and water reservoir and the specificity of anthropogenic influence in each basin are established.

Sublethal effects of hydrogen sulfide in sediments on the Urchin Lytechinus pictus

Laboratory exposures of the urchin Lytechinus pictus to sediment dosed with varying concentrations of hydrogen sulfide (H 2S), but without elevated organic material, were conducted. Changes in mortality, behavior, growth and gonad production were measured during 49 days' flow through exposures. Hydrogen sulfide concentrations of 165·8 μ m liter −1 in pore water caused significant changes in all parameters measured. Concentrations as low as 32·9 μ m liter −1 caused significant decreases in wet weight and male gonad production. A concentration of 91·8 μ m liter −1 caused the mortality rate to increase 100-fold over control exposures (0·63 μ m liter −1). Sublethal effects on growth and gonad production could have been caused by either direct biochemical inhibition by H 2S or secondarily through behavioral modifications. Hydrogen sulfide concentrations above 165·8 μ m liter −1 are common near sewage outfalls and could contribute to changes in species composition and sediment toxicity that occur there.

Occurrence of hydrogen sulfide in sediments

(1971). Occurrence of hydrogen sulfide in sediments. International Geology Review: Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 191-197.