Hydrogen Peroxide In Rainwater Research Articles

Investigating hydrogen peroxide in rainwater of a typical midsized city in tropical Brazil using a novel application of a fluorometric method

This work investigates the effect of public policies related to vehicle emissions on the lower tropospheric concentrations of H2O2 in a typical midsized city in tropical Brazil. The concentrations of H2O2, SO42−, and NO3− in rainwater samples were determined from 2014 to 2017 in the municipality of Ribeirão Preto in São Paulo State. A fluorometric method, based on the formation of a highly fluorescent product (2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein, DCF), was adapted and optimized for the measurement of H2O2 in natural water samples including seawater. The method was highly specific, accurate and sensitive (LOD = 2 nmol L−1). Its main advantage compared to others, was that the fluorophore remained stable for at least 48 h, offering a longer time interval in which to perform the analysis and therefore facilitating fieldwork. Concentrations of H2O2 in rainwater ranged from 5.8 to 96 μmol L−1, with VWM of 28.6 ± 1.4 μmol L−1 (n = 77). Solar radiation appeared to have a greater impact on production than on consumption of H2O2. The annual VWM concentrations of H2O2 in rainwater were negatively correlated with sulfate (at pH < 5) and nitrate, suggesting that national policies designed to reduce vehicle emissions of SO2 and NOx resulted in increased atmospheric H2O2 concentrations, impacting the oxidative capacity of the lower troposphere. Biomass burning emissions and photochemical reactions were also found to be important factors affecting the concentration of H2O2 in the atmosphere. This work expands the current records available for the Southern Hemisphere, where there is a considerable paucity of information regarding temporal production and loss of atmospheric H2O2.

Flow injection determination of hydrogen peroxide using catalytic effect of cobalt(II) ion on a dye formation reaction

A novel flow injection photometric method was developed for the determination of hydrogen peroxide in rainwater. This method is based on a cobalt(II)-catalyzed oxidative coupling of 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone (MBTH) with N-ethyl-N-(2-hydroxy-3-sulfopropyl)-3,5-dimethoxyaniline (DAOS) as a modified Trinder's reagent to produce intensely colored dye (λmax=530nm) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide at pH 8.4. In this method, 1,2-dihydroxy-3,5-benzenedisulfonic acid (Tiron) acted as an activator for the cobalt(II)-catalyzed reaction and effectively increased the peak height for hydrogen peroxide. The linear calibration graphs were obtained in the hydrogen peroxide concentration range 5×10−8 to 2.2×10−6moldm−3 at a sampling rate of 20h−1. The relative standard deviations for ten determinations of 2.2×10−6 and 2×10−7moldm−3 hydrogen peroxide were 1.1% and 3.7%, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of hydrogen peroxide in rainwater samples and the analytical results agreed fairly well with the results obtained by different two reference methods; peroxidase method and hydrogen peroxide electrode method.

&lt;b&gt;Enzyme catalytic resonance scattering spectral detection of trace hydrogen peroxide using guaiacol as substrate&lt;/b&gt;

Hydrogen peroxide oxidized guaiacol to form tetramer particles that exhibited a strong resonance scattering (RS) peak at 530 nm in the presence of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in citric acid-Na 2 HPO 4 buffer solution of pH 4.4. The RS peak increased when the concentration of hydrogen peroxide increased. The increased RS intensity (ΔI 530 nm ) was linear to the hydrogen peroxide concentration in the range of 0.55-27.6 μM, with a linear regression equation of ΔI 530 nm = 17.1 C + 1.6, a relative coefficient of 0.9996 and a detection limit of 0.03 μM H 2 O 2 . This proposed method was applied to detect hydrogen peroxide in rain water, with sensitivity, selectivity, rapidity, and recovery of 98.0-104 %. KEY WORDS : HRP, H 2 O 2 , Guaiacol, Resonance scattering spectral method Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2011 , 25(2), 161-168.

Detection of hydrogen peroxide in rainwater based on Mg-Al-carbonate layered double hydroxides-catalyzed luminol chemiluminescence

Using a green catalyst of luminol chemiluminescence (CL), Mg-Al-carbonate layered double hydroxides (denoted as Mg-Al-CO(3) LDHs), a novel, sensitive and rapid CL method was developed for the determination of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)). The corresponding linear regression equation was established in the range of 0.05-10 μM for H(2)O(2). The detection limit (S/N = 3) is 0.02 μM and the relative standard deviation (RSD) for nine repeated measurements of 1.0 μM H(2)O(2) was 2.9%. This proposed method has been successfully applied to detect H(2)O(2) in rainwater samples with good accuracy and precision. The novel methodology is expected to provide a general protocol for the determination of H(2)O(2) as well as for numerous other oxidase-based reactions giving H(2)O(2) as a product (e.g., glucose).

Influence of dissolved organic carbon on photochemically mediated cycling of hydrogen peroxide in rainwater

The influence of sunlight and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on the photochemically mediated cycling of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was investigated in rainwater samples collected in Wilmington, North Carolina USA. Upon exposure to simulated sunlight 14 of 19 authentic rainwater samples exhibited significant decreases in H2O2. The concentration of hydrogen peroxide did not change significantly in organic-free synthetic rainwater spiked with H2O2 in the light or in dark controls suggesting that the loss was not due to direct photolysis or dark mediated reactions. There was a significant correlation between pseudo-first order rate constants of H2O2 decay and initial H2O2 concentrations. There was also a significant correlation between the rate constant and the abundance of DOC suggesting that rainwater organic carbon plays an important role during photolytic decay either via direct reaction or indirectly through production of peroxide reactive species or scavenging of peroxide generating radicals. Several rain samples exhibited an initial increase in H2O2 during the first 2 h of irradiation. These increases were generally small and most likely do not represent a significant input of peroxide in precipitation. The photo-induced destruction of H2O2 is important because it may partly explain the late afternoon decrease of peroxide concentrations observed in earlier field studies and the substantial under saturation (<10%) of this oxidant in rainwater compared with gas phase concentrations.

Sensing hydrogen peroxide involving intramolecular charge transfer pathway: A boronate-functioned styryl dye as a highly selective and sensitive naked-eye sensor

The synthesis, properties and applications of a novel boronate-functioned styryl dye, BSD, as a colorimetric sensor for hydrogen peroxide is presented. The dye displayed remarkable color change from colorless (lambda(max)=391 nm) to deep red (lambda(max)=522 nm) in the presence of H(2)O(2) and the behavior could be rationalized by the chemoselective H(2)O(2)-mediated transformation of arylboronate to phenolate, resulting in the release of the merocyanine dye which featured with strong intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) absorption band. The absorption increment of merocyanine at lambda(max)=522 nm (epsilon=87000 L mol(-1) cm(-1)) is linear with the concentration of H(2)O(2) in the range of 1.0 x 10(-7)-2.5 x 10(-5) mol L(-1) with the detection limit of 6.8 x 10(-8) mol L(-1) under optimum conditions. There is almost no interference by other species that commonly exist due to the specific deprotection of H(2)O(2) towards arylboronate group on BSD. The chromogenic sensor has been applied to the detection of trace amounts of hydrogen peroxide in rain water.

Total peroxides in rainwater at two mountainous sites and in Mexico City, Mexico

Rainwater samples were collected in the western sector of Mexico City (MC) and at Rancho Viejo (RV), 80 km west-south-west of MC, from 2001 to 2005, and Orizaba City (OC), about 90 km from the Gulf of Mexico, where rainwater collections were only possible on some weekends in 2001. Rainwater samples were treated in the field, and analysed by fluorescence at the laboratory. The volume-weighted mean concentration (VWMC) of H2O2 was 13.2 μM at RV, and 11.2 μM in MC, for the period 2001–2005. The highest VWMC was observed in OC (21.6 μM). The VWMCs for each year were 9.5, 14.4, 11.5, 16.7, and 14.3 μM at RV, and 12.2, 12.2, 14.3, 11.8, and 9.9 μM in MC, for 2001–2005, respectively. Hydrogen peroxide in rainwater correlated significantly and negatively with sulfate in both MC and RV, but not, however, in OC. This study confirmed that H2O2 concentration in rainwater is controlled by a complex combination of rain intensity, washout processes and in-cloud formation of H2O2, acting simultaneously. This was suggested by the fact that rain intensity seemed to predominate in certain rain fractions of a rain event, while washout processes seemed to predominate in other fractions of the same rain event.

A chemiluminescence sensor for the determination of hydrogen peroxide

A chemiluminescence one-shot sensor for hydrogen peroxide is described. It is prepared by immobilization of cobalt chloride and sodium lauryl sulphate in hydroxyethyl cellulose matrix cast on a microscope cover glass. Luminol, sodium phosphate and the sample are mixed before use and applied on the membrane by a micropipette. The calibration graph is linear in the range 20–1600 μg/L, and the detection limit of the method (3 σ) is 9 μg/L. A relative standard deviation of 4.5% was obtained for 100 μg/L H 2O 2 ( n = 11). The sensor has been applied successfully to the determination of hydrogen peroxide in rainwater.

Fluorescent quenching method for determination of trace hydrogen peroxide in rain water

A simple and sensitive fluorescent quenching method for the determination of trace hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2) has been proposed to determine hydrogen peroxide in rain water sample. The method is based on the reaction of H 2O 2 with 3,3′-diethyloxadicarbocyanine iodide (DI) to form a compound which has no fluorescence in acetate buffer solution (pH 3.09). The maximum emission wavelength of the system is located at 604 nm with excitation at 570 nm. Under the optimal conditions, the calibration graph was obtained between the quenched fluorescence intensity and hydrogen peroxide concentration in the range of 5.0 × 10 −7 to 9.0 × 10 −4 mol L −1. The proposed method was applied to determine H 2O 2 in rain water samples, and the result was satisfactory. The mechanism involved in the reaction was also studied.

Clean Environment-Clean Technologies, Hydrogen Peroxide for Clean Environment

If any substance is interesting, it’s hydrogen peroxide. By now everyone’s aware of the ozone layer that surrounds the earth. Ozone consists of three atoms of oxygen (03). This protective layer of ozone is created when ultraviolet light from the sun splits an atmospheric oxygen molecule (0 2 ) into two single, unstable oxygen atoms. These single molecules combine with others to form ozone (0 3 ). Ozone isn’t very stable. In fact, it will quickly give up that extra atom of oxygen to falling rainwater to form hydrogen peroxide (H 2 0 2 ). It is this hydrogen peroxide in rainwater that makes it so much more effective than tap water when given to plants. With the increased levels of atmospheric pollution, however, greater amounts of H 2 0 2 react with air-borne toxins and never reach the ground. To compensate for this, many farmers have been increasing crop yields by spraying them with diluted hydrogen peroxide. We can achieve the same beneficial effect with house plants. If you’ve never used Hydrogen Peroxide you are overlooking one of the most powerful healing tools ever discovered. Most of us started on hydrogen peroxide shortly after birth. Not only does mother’s milk contain high amounts of H 2 0 2 , the amount contained in the first milk (colostrum) is even higher. This seems only reasonable now that we know one of its main functions is to activate and stimulate the immune system. Hydrogen peroxide is safe, readily available and dirt cheap. And best of all, it works! We do know that it is loaded with oxygen. (Half a liter of the food-grade 35% solution contains the equivalent of 65 lits of oxygen under normal conditions. We also know that when H 2 0 2 is taken into the body (orally or intravenously) the oxygen content of the blood and body tissues increases dramatically. Hydrogen Peroxide is most versatile chemical used in various industries as bleaching agent, reagent in chemical synthesis, environmental control / effluent treatment, sterilization etc. The important constituent being active oxygen which is obtained by the controlled decomposition of H2O2 and water as a by-product. In this paper, the usage of H 2 O 2 to provide ‘clean’ processes, without the production of any harmful or environmentally unsafe product is presented.

Peroxidase immobilized on Amberlite IRA-743 resin for on-line spectrophotometric detection of hydrogen peroxide in rainwater

The importance of atmospheric hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2) in the oxidation of SO 2 and other compounds has been well established. A spectrophotometric method for the determination of hydrogen peroxide in rainwater is proposed. This method is based on selective oxidation of hydrogen peroxide using an on-line tubular reactor containing peroxidase immobilized on Amberlite IRA-743 resin. The hydrogen peroxide in the presence of phenol, 4-aminoantipyrine and peroxidase, produces a red compound ( λ = 505 nm). Beer's law is obeyed in a concentration range of 1–100 μmol l −1 hydrogen peroxide with an excellent correlation coefficient ( r = 0.9991), at pH 7.0, with a relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) <2%. The detection limit of the method is 0.7 μmol l −1 (4.8 ng of H 2O 2 in a 200 μl sample). Measurements of hydrogen peroxide in rain samples were carried out over the period from November 2003 to January 2005, in the central area of the Juiz de Fora city, Brazil. The concentration of H 2O 2 varied from values lower than the detection limit to 92.5 μmol l −1. The effects of the presence of nonseasalt (NSS) SO 4 2−, NO 3 − and H + in the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the rainwater had been evaluated. The average concentrations of H 2O 2, NO 3 −, NSS SO 4 2− and SO 4 2− are 23.4, 18.9, 7.9 and 10.3 μmol l −1, respectively. The pH values for 82% of the collected samples are greater than 5.0. The spectrophotometeric method developed in this work that uses enzyme immobilized on the resin ion-exchange compared with the amperometric method did not present any significant difference in the results.

FIA–near-infrared spectrofluorimetric trace determination of hydrogen peroxide using tricarchlorobocyanine dye (Cy.7.Cl) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP)

A new kind of near-infrared fluorescence agent, tricarbochlorocyanine dye (Cy.7.Cl), had been synthesized in house and used for near-infrared spectrofluorimetric determination of hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2) by flow injection analysis (FIA) for the first time. The oxidation reaction of Cy.7.Cl with H 2O 2 occurred under the catalysis of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and it was studied in detail. The possible reaction mechanism was discussed. Under optimal experimental conditions, fluorescence from Cy.7.Cl displayed excitation and emission maxima (ex/em) at 780 and 800 nm, respectively. The two linear working ranges were 1.86 × 10 −7 to 4.11 × 10 −7 mol L −1 and 4.11 × 10 −7 to 7.19 × 10 −6 mol L −1, respectively. The detection limit was 5.58 × 10 −8 mol L −1 of H 2O 2. The effect of interferences was studied. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of hydrogen peroxide in rainwater, serum and plant samples.

Determination of hydrogen peroxide in rainwater in a miniaturised analytical system

The luminol chemiluminescence reaction within a microfluidic device was investigated to produce a miniaturised analytical system for the determination of hydrogen peroxide in rainwater. Enhancement of the chemiluminescence signal by 132% was achieved by means of using the mirror reaction to apply a reflective surface directly to the top of the microfluidic device, producing a limit of detection of 4.7 nmol L −1 with a small sample volume (20 μL). This system was then used for the determination of hydrogen peroxide in rainwater samples during rainfall events showing the hydrogen peroxide concentration varied from 0.1 to 3.2 μmol L −1. The method was also applied to the analysis of hydrogen peroxide in snow demonstrating the hydrogen peroxide concentration varied from 0.2 to 0.5 μmol L −1 at ground level.

A peroxidase-tetrathiafulvalene biosensor based on self-assembled monolayer modified Au electrodes for the flow-injection determination of hydrogen peroxide

The construction and performance under flow-injection conditions of an integrated amperometric biosensor for hydrogen peroxide is reported. The design of the bioelectrode is based on a mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) self-assembled monolayer (SAM) modified gold disk electrode on which horseradish peroxidase (HRP, 24.3 U) was immobilized by cross-linking with glutaraldehyde together with the mediator tetrathiafulvalene (TTF, 1 μmol), which was entrapped in the three-dimensional aggregate formed. The amperometric biosensor allows the obtention of reproducible flow injection amperometric responses at an applied potential of 0.00 V in 0.05 mol L −1 phosphate buffer, pH 7.0 (flow rate: 1.40 mL min −1, injection volume: 150 μL), with a range of linearity for hydrogen peroxide within the 2.0 × 10 −7–1.0 × 10 −4 mol L −1 concentration range (slope: (2.33 ± 0.02) × 10 −2 A mol −1 L, r = 0.999). A detection limit of 6.9 × 10 −8 mol L −1 was obtained together with a R.S.D. ( n = 50) of 2.7% for a hydrogen peroxide concentration level of 5.0 × 10 −5 mol L −1. The immobilization method showed a good reproducibility with a R.S.D. of 5.3% for five different electrodes. Moreover, the useful lifetime of one single biosensor was estimated in 13 days. The SAM-based biosensor was applied for the determination of hydrogen peroxide in rainwater and in a hair dye. The results obtained were validated by comparison with those obtained with a spectrophotometric reference method. In addition, the recovery of hydrogen peroxide in sterilised milk was tested.

Chemiluminescent flow-through sensor for hydrogen peroxide based on sol–gel immobilized hemoglobin as catalyst

A novel chemiluminescence (CL) flow-through sensor for hydrogen peroxide is described. It is prepared by immobilizing hemoglobin (Hb) with the sol–gel method on the flow cell, and by electrostatically immobilizing luminol on strongly basic anion-exchange resin. Hydrogen peroxide is sensed by the CL reaction with Hb sensitive membrane and luminol bleeding from the ion-exchange column with immobilized luminol by hydrolysis. The calibration graph is linear in the range of 6×10 −5 to 4×10 −7 mol l −1 with a detection limit of 1.3×10 −7 mol l −1 (3 σ). A complete analysis could be performed in 1 min with a relative standard deviation of 1.7% for 5×10 −6 mol l −1 H 2O 2 ( n=9). The sensor has been applied successfully to the determination of hydrogen peroxide in rainwater.

Flow-injection system with enzyme reactor for differential amperometric determination of hydrogen peroxide in rainwater

Differential determinations of hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2) have been performed by amperometry, combining flow-injection analysis (FIA) and a tubular reactor containing immobilized enzymes. A gold microelectrode modified by electrochemical deposition of platinum was employed as working electrode. Hydrogen peroxide was quantified in rainwater using amperometric differential measurements at +0.60 V versus Ag/AgCl (sat). For the enzymatic consumption of H 2O 2, a tubular reactor containing immobilized catalase was constructed, using a novel way for immobilization of enzymes on Amberlite IRA-743 resin. The linear dynamic range in H 2O 2 extends from 1 to 100×10 −6 mol/l, at pH 7.0. At flow rate of 2.0 ml/min and injecting 150 μl sample volumes, the sampling frequency of the 90 determinations/h is afforded. The reproducibility of the current peaks for hydrogen peroxide in 10 −5 mol/l range concentration shown a R.S.D. better than 1%. The detection limit of the method is 2.9×10 −7 mol/l (1.5 ng of H 2O 2 in a 150 μl sample). The rainwater samples analyses were compared with the parallel amperometric determinations using static mercury electrode and by spectrophotometry, showing very good correlation between the three methods.

Chemiluminescence flow biosensor for hydrogen peroxide with immobilized reagents

A novel chemiluminescence (CL) flow biosensor for hydrogen peroxide is described. It is prepared by immobilizing HRP with the sol–gel method on the flow CL cell, and by electrostatically immobilizing luminol on a strongly basic anion-exchanger resin. Hydrogen peroxide is sensed by the CL reaction with HRP sensitive membrane and luminol bleeding from the ion-exchanger column with immobilized luminol by hydrolysis. The calibration graph is linear in the range of 1×10 −4–8×10 −7 mol l −1, and the detection limit is 2.8×10 −7 mol l −1 hydrogen peroxide. A complete analysis could be performed in 1 min with a relative standard deviation of 2.1% for 1×10 −6 mol l −1 H 2O 2 ( n=11). The biosensor has been applied successfully to the determination of hydrogen peroxide in rainwater.

The variation of hydrogen peroxide in rainwater over the South and Central Atlantic Ocean

The concentration of hydrogen peroxide in rainwater over the South and Central Atlantic Ocean was determined. The rainwater samples were collected during an Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) sponsored baseline expedition in May and June 1996. The concentration of hydrogen peroxide was determined on diluted samples using a cobalt-catalyzed luminol chemiluminesence method. The concentration of hydrogen peroxide in rainwater varied from 3.5 to 71 μM with an average ( n=25) and standard deviation of 26 and 22 μM, respectively. These are similar to previously reported average hydrogen peroxide concentrations in marine rainwater of the Gulf of Mexico (40 μM), the western Atlantic Ocean (13 μM), and Florida Keys (28 μM). The concentration of hydrogen peroxide in rainwater varied with time of the day, with lower concentrations in early morning and higher concentrations in the late afternoon. The rainwater concentration of hydrogen peroxide also decreased during a rainstorm that may be an indication of a washout effect. The general levels of hydrogen peroxide in rainwater reported here and elsewhere together with the satellite-measured global distribution of precipitation indicate that wet deposition could affect water column hydrogen peroxide significantly in certain parts of the world.

Evidence for the production of hydrogen peroxide in rainwater by lightning during thunderstorms

Rain samples were collected sequentially from individual events at a site in Miami, Florida, USA, from April 1995 to October 1996, and analyzed for H2O2, major anions, pH, temperature, and rainfall amounts. The measurements showed that in the absence of lightning, the concentration of H2O2, like that of sulfate and other conservative constituents, either remained fairly constant or decreased as a function of time during the storms depending on whether rainout or washout process was the dominant pathway for the removal of atmospheric H2O2. However, during the course of several thunderstorms, H2O2 concentration increased significantly with time, whereas the concentration of sulfate and other conservative constituents remained fairly constant or decreased as a function of time. These observations indicate that substantial amounts of H2O2 in rainwater were produced by lightning activities during thunderstorms. Possible mechanisms are proposed here.

Factors affecting the levels of hydrogen peroxide in rainwater

Measurements of hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2) and several meteorological and chemical parameters were made for 34 rain events which occurred in Miami, Florida between April, 1995 and October, 1996. The measured H 2O 2 concentrations ranged from 0.3 to 38.6 μM with an average concentration of 6.9 μM. A strong seasonal dependence for H 2O 2 concentrations was observed during this period, with highest concentrations in the summer and lower levels in the winter, which corresponds to the stronger solar radiation and higher vaporization of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the summer and fall, and the weaker sunlight and lower vaporization in the winter and spring. Measurements also showed a significant increase trend of H 2O 2 with increasing ambient rainwater temperature. Rains that were out from lower latitude were exposed to higher solar irradiation and contained relatively higher levels of H 2O 2 than those from the north. All these observations indicate that photochemical reactions that involved volatile organic compounds are the predominant source of H 2O 2 observed in rainwater. During several individual rainstorms, H 2O 2 concentration was found to increase as a function of time due to electrical storm activities. This finding suggests that lightning could be an important factor that determines the level of H 2O 2 during thunderstorms. Statistical data showed that the highest concentrations of H 2O 2 were observed only in rains containing low levels of nonsea-salt sulfate (NSS), nitrate and hydrogen ion. H 2O 2 concentrations in continental originated rains were much lower than marine originated ones, indicating that air pollutants in continental rains could significantly deplete the H 2O 2 concentration in atmospheric gas-phase, clouds and rainwater.