Electrolytic Hydrogen Research Articles

Water Resource Recovery Facilities Empower the Electrolytic Hydrogen Economy.

The global transition to net-zero emissions necessitates the integration of clean hydrogen as a key solution. To facilitate the required expansion of clean hydrogen production, sustainable water sources are required to support the electrolysis process. Utilizing nontraditional water sources such as water resource recovery facility (WRRF) effluents could potentially alleviate the water constraints and create cobenefits, but the real-world feasibility has not been explored in depth. Here, we investigated the geospatial interplay between WRRFs and H2 users in a clean hydrogen economy. We developed an optimization framework for contiguous U.S. that would identify H2 users-WRRF pairing through techno-economic constraint and multicriteria decision analysis, and we found that utilizing reclaimed water from WRRFs could save 66% (62-99%) of freshwater for clean hydrogen economy while accumulating $758 (275-1162) million annual national cost savings. The added benefits from H2 users to WRRFs such as pure oxygen aeration would provide a compelling new opportunity for infrastructural symbiosis but warrant a future investigation on its technical and economic feasibilities.

Assessing the Carbon Intensity of e-fuels Production in European Countries: A Temporal Analysis

The transport sector heavily relies on the use of fossil fuels, which are causing major environmental concerns. Solutions relying on the direct or indirect use of electricity through e-fuel production are emerging to power the transport sector. To ensure environmental benefits are achieved over this transition, an accurate estimation of the impact of the use of electricity is needed. This requires a high temporal resolution to capture the high variability of electricity. This paper presents a previously unseen temporal analysis of the carbon intensity of e-fuels using grid electricity in countries that are members of the European Network of Transmission System Operators (ENTSO-E). It also provides an estimation of the potential load factor for producing low-carbon e-fuels according to the European Union legislative framework. This was achieved by building on top of the existing EcoDynElec tool to develop EcoDynElec_xr, a python tool enabling—with an hourly time resolution—the calculation, visualisation, and analysis of the historical time-series of electricity mixing from the ENTSO-E. The results highlight that, in 2023, very few European countries were reaching low carbon intensity for electricity that enables the use of grid electricity for the production of green electrolytic hydrogen. The methodological assumptions consider the consumption of the electricity mix instead of the production mix, and the considered time step is of paramount importance and drastically impacts the potential load factor of green hydrogen production. The developed tools are released under an open-source license to ensure transparency, result reproducibility, and reuse regarding newer data for other territories or for other purposes.

A Paris aligned 1.5 °C mitigation pathway for the chemical industry based on 100% renewable energy and novel production technologies

With renewables growing at an unprecedented pace and critical carbon budget deadlines approaching, research is shifting to the new frontier of Paris aligned 1.5 °C mitigation pathways for hard-to-abate sectors, including the chemical industry sector. This is a significant challenge with chemical products such as plastics, fertilizers and many more products intertwined with today’s society and with CO2 emissions originating both from energy and from chemical conversions. This paper presents a detailed bottom-up production-based energy and emission calculation to make a 1.5 °C compatible scenario for the chemical industry based on three main measures compared to a business-as-usual scenario. This research found that the holistic combination of demand and supply measures is critical to reduce the different types of emissions in the sector (energy and non-energy process emissions). An overall reduction of 82% of CO2 emissions in 2050 is calculated with a decrease in base chemical production growth (− 21%), 100% renewable energy for heat and electricity (− 50%) and the introduction of novel electrical-based and biomass-based production technologies for ethylene, propylene, methanol and ammonia (− 10%). Critical system developments include slowing chemical demand growth with recycling and circularity best practices, advanced electrification of heat supply and the substantial market penetration of the current most advanced sustainable production technologies for methanol, ammonia, and ethylene based on their reasonable technology maturation trajectories. Here, green methanol and ammonia will require 381 TWh in 2030 and 3232 TWh in 2050 for green hydrogen electrolysis, which will represent 1% and 4% of global electricity demand.

Data Hub for Life Cycle Assessment of Climate Change Solutions—Hydrogen Case Study

Life cycle assessment, which evaluates the complete life cycle of a product, is considered the standard methodological framework to evaluate the environmental performance of climate change solutions. However, significant challenges exist related to datasets used to quantify these environmental indicators. Although extensive research and commercial data on climate change technologies, pathways, and facilities exist, they are not readily available to practitioners of life cycle assessment in the right format and structure using an open platform. In this study, we propose a new open data hub platform for life cycle assessment, considering a hierarchical data flow starting with raw data collected on climate change technologies at laboratory, pilot, demonstration, or commercial scales to provide the information required for policy and decision-making. This platform makes data accessible at multiple levels for practitioners of life cycle assessment, while making data interoperable across platforms. The proposed data hub platform and workflow are explained through the polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis hydrogen production as a case study. The climate change environment impact of 1.17 ± 0.03 kg CO2 eq./kg H2 was calculated for the case study. The current data hub platform is limited to evaluating environmental impacts; however, future additions of economic and social aspects are envisaged.

Portfolio effects in green hydrogen production under temporal matching requirements

This article investigates temporal matching requirements between electrolytic hydrogen production and dedicated renewable electricity generation for hydrogen to qualify as “green”. In contrast to previous studies which found that a more granular matching increases production costs, we study cost advantages for hourly matching through technological and spatial diversification. To this end, we develop and apply a linear cost-optimization model to quantify the resulting portfolio effects. We identify two types of portfolio effects, “technological” and “locational” ones, and quantify these for different portfolio sizes and types of power generation technologies. Portfolio effects in Germany turn out to be in the range of 3–8% when aggregating two locations, and up to 21% for a nation-wide portfolio. Finally, the implications of our findings in terms of discrimination against small players and for the modeling of temporal matching requirements are discussed.

Development of a magnetic rotator to enhance the hydrogen evolution reaction in a proton exchange membrane water electrolysis cell

In this study, a large-scale magnetic rotator for hydrogen production boosting was designed. The study addresses the challenge of selecting and designing mechanical components for a dynamic magnetic field (DMF) magnetic rotator in a green hydrogen electrolysis power plant, focusing on ensuring component reliability and efficiency under operational stresses. The aim is to determine suitable machine element materials (shaft, clutch, gears, etc.), allowable shear stress, and interconnection mechanisms through theoretical and practical evaluations. The method includes calculating the allowable shear stress for the spline based on carbon steel tensile strength, applying safety factors for material properties and load considerations, and determining shaft diameter using torque and shock load factors. Standard catalogs guide the selection of interconnections like clutches, gears, and bearings to ensure compatibility and performance. The results indicate that a 95 mm diameter S30C carbon steel shaft, with an allowable shear stress of 7.8 kg/mm2, meets the design requirements. The chosen spline dimensions and a 12.5 MW, 14-pole induction motor align with the system’s needs, ensuring reliable operation. The discussion highlights the critical balance between theoretical predictions and practical application in design optimization. It underscores the importance of incorporating safety factors and verifying component suitability to ensure robust performance of the magnetic rotator. This study provides a comprehensive approach to design optimization, integrating theoretical analysis with practical considerations to achieve optimal performance and reliability. The design output of this study can be used to boost the hydrogen evolution reaction in the SIEMENS Sylizer 300 electrolysis cell.

Genome-wide identification of Aux/IAA gene family members in grape and functional analysis of VaIAA3 in response to cold stress.

Twenty-five VvIAA genes and eighteen VaIAA genes were identified from Pinot Noir and Shanputao, respectively. The overexpression of VaIAA3 in transgenic Arabidopsis increased cold tolerance by regulating auxin, ABA and ethylene signaling. Aux/IAA genes are key genes involved in regulating auxin signal transduction in plants. Although IAA genes have been characterized in various plant species, the role of IAA genes in grape cold resistance is unclear. To further explore the members of the Aux/IAA gene family in grape and their functions, in this study, using genomic data for Pinot Noir (Vitis vinifera cv. 'Pinot Noir') and Shanputao (Vitis amurensis), 25 VvIAA genes and 18 VaIAA genes were identified. The VaIAA genes presented different expression patterns at five different temperatures (28 ± 1 °C, 5 ± 1 °C, 0 ± 1 °C, -5 ± 1 °C, and -10 ± 1 °C) according to qRT‑PCR results. VaIAA3 was selected as a candidate gene for further functional analysis because of its high expression level under low-temperature stress. Subcellular localization experiments revealed that VaIAA3 was localized in the nucleus. Additionally, under 4 °C treatment for 24 h, relative expression level of VaIAA3, antioxidant enzyme activity, survival rate, and cold-responsive gene expression in three transgenic lines (OE-1, OE-2, OE-3) were greater, whereas relative electrolytic conductivity (REC), malondialdehyde (MDA) content and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content were lower than those of the wild type (WT). Transcriptome sequencing analysis revealed that VaIAA3 regulated cold stress resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) through pathways involving auxin, ABA, JA, or ethylene. Importantly, heterologous overexpression of VaIAA3 increased the resistance of Arabidopsis to cold stress, which provides a theoretical basis for the further use of VaIAA3 to improve cold resistance in grape.

Techno economic analysis of electrolytic hydrogen production by alkaline and PEM electrolysers using MCDM methods

Hydrogen, a crucial clean and renewable energy source, addresses pressing challenges of energy security and environmental pollution. Water electrolysis for hydrogen production is a promising approach to satisfy the growing demand for sustainable energy. This study uniquely performs a comprehensive techno-economic analysis of hydrogen production using both Alkaline and Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) electrolyzers, a first in the field to evaluate their performance comprehensively with advanced Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) techniques. Leveraging TOPSIS, WASPAS interval methods, and the Best Worst Method (BWM) with fuzzy logic, this research introduces a novel evaluation framework that incorporates a wide-ranging set of factors, including environmental, technical, technological, economic, and social aspects, divided into 30 sub-criteria. These insights offer a comprehensive understanding of each electrolyser's strengths and weaknesses, helping stakeholders make informed decisions about cost reduction in hydrogen production technologies. This has not been done before. Although cost results favour Alkaline electrolysers, PEM electrolysers are attractive for specific applications where their benefits justify the higher initial cost, choosing between Alkaline and PEM electrolysers dependent on a given hydrogen production project's requirements.

Seawater Electrolysis: Challenges, Recent Advances, and Future Perspectives

AbstractDriven by the advantages of hydrogen energy, such as environmental protection and high energy density, the market has an urgent demand for hydrogen energy. Currently, the primary methods for hydrogen production mainly include hydrogen generation from fossil fuels, industrial by‐products, and water electrolysis. Seawater electrolysis for hydrogen production, due to its advantages of cleanliness, environmental protection, and ease of integration with renewable energy sources, is considered the most promising method for hydrogen production. However, seawater electrolysis faces challenges such as the reduction of hydrogen production efficiency due to impurities in seawater, as well as high costs associated with system construction and operation. Therefore, it is particularly necessary to summarize optimization strategies for seawater electrolysis for hydrogen production to promote the development of this field. In this review, the current situation of hydrogen production by seawater electrolysis is first reviewed. Subsequently, the challenges faced by seawater electrolysis for hydrogen production are categorized and summarized, and solutions to these challenges are discussed in detail. Following this, an overview of an in situ large‐scale direct electrolysis hydrogen production system at sea is presented. Last but not least, suggestions and prospects for the development of seawater electrolysis for hydrogen production are provided.

Iron-iridium metal organic framework/nitrogen doped MXene/graphene quantum dots: A leading composite for electrolytic energy storage and hydrogen evolution reaction

MXene has recently been the subject of several studies on energy storage. Outstanding qualities that are essential to energy storage applications contain its conductivity, hydrophobicity, and especially significant surface redox reactivity. But while its amazing properties, a few problems seriously restrict its electrochemical efficiency, one of them being the formation of MXene sheets. The gaps between MXene sheets need to be filled with a suitable substance to prevent them from restacking. MOFs have also been thoroughly investigated for electrochemical applications. MOFs have a wide range of uses because of their high crystallinity, porous structure, and large surface area; nevertheless, their effectiveness as electrode materials is restricted by their reduced charging/discharging rate and specific capacity. In order to overcome these drawbacks, it is suggested that MOFs be combined with appropriate materials for improved performance. This work proposes a novel strategy: a composite of graphene quantum dots (GQDs), N-MXene, and iron‑iridium MOF (Ir@Fe-MOF). The limitation of MXene sheet restacking was achieved by reducing each of the ion/electron transportation paths and boosting the electroactive sites, resulting in a remarkable specific capacity in the composite, including MOFs.In a two-electrode assembly, the Ir@Fe-MOF/N-MXene/GQDs exhibited energy and power density of around 43.3 W h kg−1 and 880 W kg−1 respectively. A Coulombic efficiency of 93.06 % and 98.48 % of capacity was maintained by the Ir@Fe-MOF/N-MXene/GQDs/activated carbon (AC) material after 5000 cycles of alternative GCD measurements. The results of this work show that supercapattery applications can gain from the new electrode material Ir@Fe-MOF/N-MXene/GQDs.

Considering Embodied Greenhouse Emissions of Nuclear and Renewable Power Plants for Electrolytic Hydrogen and Its Use for Synthetic Ammonia, Methanol, Fischer-Tropsch Fuel Production.

Recent concerns surrounding climate change and the contribution of fossil fuels to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have sparked interest and advancements in renewable energy sources including wind, solar, and hydroelectricity. These energy sources, often referred to as "clean energy", generate no operational onsite GHG emissions. They also offer the potential for clean hydrogen production through water electrolysis, presenting a viable solution to create an environmentally friendly alternative energy carrier with the potential to decarbonize industrial processes reliant on hydrogen. To conduct a full life cycle analysis, it is crucial to account for the embodied emissions associated with renewable and nuclear power generation plants as they can significantly impact the GHG emissions linked to hydrogen production and its derived products. In this work, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the embodied emissions associated with solar photovoltaic (PV), wind, hydro, and nuclear electricity. We investigated the implications of including plant-embodied emissions in the overall emission estimates of electrolysis hydrogen production and subsequently on the production of synthetic ammonia, methanol, and Fischer-Tropsch (FT) fuels. Results show that average embodied GHG emissions of solar PV, wind, hydro, and nuclear electricity generation in the United States (U.S.) were estimated to be 37, 9.8, 7.2, and 0.3 g CO2 e/kWh, respectively. Life cycle GHG emissions of electrolytic hydrogen produced from solar PV, wind, and hydroelectricity were estimated as 2.1, 0.6, and 0.4 kg of CO2 e/kg of H2, respectively, in contrast to the zero-emissions often used when the embodied emissions in their construction were excluded. Average life cycle emission estimates (CO2 e/kg) of synthetic ammonia, methanol, and FT-fuel from solar PV electricity are increased by 5.5, 16, and 49 times, respectively, compared to the case when embodied emissions are excluded. This change also depends on the local irradiance for solar power, which can result in a further increase of GHG emissions by 35-41% in areas of low irradiance or reduce GHG emissions by 21-25% in areas with higher irradiance.

CH4 and CO2 Reductions from Methanol Production Using Municipal Solid Waste Gasification with Hydrogen Enhancement

This study evaluates the greenhouse gas (GHG) impacts of converting municipal solid waste (MSW) into methanol, focusing on both landfill methane (CH4) emission avoidance and the provision of cleaner liquid fuels with lower carbon intensity. We conduct a life cycle assessment (LCA) to assess potential GHG reductions from MSW gasification to methanol, enhanced with hydrogen produced via natural gas pyrolysis or water electrolysis. Hydrogen enhancement effectively doubles the methanol yield from a given amount of MSW. Special attention is given to hydrogen production through natural gas pyrolysis due to its potential for lower-cost hydrogen and reduced reliance on renewable electricity compared to electrolytic hydrogen. Our analysis uses a case study of methanol production from an oxygen-fired entrained flow gasifier fed with refuse-derived fuel (RDF) simulated in Aspen HYSYS. The LCA incorporates the significant impact of landfill methane avoidance, particularly when considering the 20-year global warming potential (GWP). Based on the LCA, the process has illustrative net GHG emissions of 183 and 709 kgCO2e/t MeOH using renewable electricity for electrolytic hydrogen and pyrolytic hydrogen, respectively, for the 100-year GWP. The net GHG emissions using 20-year GWP are −1222 and −434 kgCO2e/t MeOH, respectively. Additionally, we analyze the sensitivity of net GHG emissions to varying levels of fugitive methane emissions.

Research Progress in Structure Evolution and Durability Modulation of Ir- and Ru-Based OER Catalysts under Acidic Conditions.

Green hydrogen energy, as one of the most promising energy carriers, plays a crucial role in addressing energy and environmental issues. Oxygen evolution reaction catalysts, as the key to water electrolysis hydrogen production technology, have been subject to durability constraints, preventing large-scale commercial development. Under the high current density and harsh acid-base electrolyte conditions of the water electrolysis reaction, the active metals in the catalysts are easily converted into high-valent soluble species to dissolve, leading to poor structural durability of the catalysts. There is an urgent need to overcome the durability challenges under acidic conditions and develop electrocatalysts with both high catalytic activity and high durability. In this review, the latest research results are analyzed in depth from both thermodynamic and kinetic perspectives. First, a comprehensive summary of the structural deactivation state process of noble metal oxide catalysts is presented. Second, the evolution of the structure of catalysts possessing high durability is discussed. Finally, four new strategies for the preparation of stable catalysts, "electron buffer (ECB) strategy", combination strength control, strain control, and surface coating, are summarized. The challenges and prospects are also elaborated for the future synthesis of more effective Ru/Ir-based catalysts and boost their future application.

Life Cycle Fluoropolymer Management in Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolysis

Concerns over the life cycle impacts of fluoropolymers have led to their inclusion in broad product restriction proposals for per- and poly-fluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS), despite their non-bioavailable properties and low exposure potential in complex, durable goods such as non-consumer electrical products. Based on the hypothesis that manufacturers are most able to manage the environmental impacts of their products, practical engineering approaches to implementing life cycle fluoropolymer stewardship are evaluated to bridge the ongoing debate between precautionary and risk-based approaches to PFAS management. A life cycle thinking approach is followed that considers product design and alternatives, as well as the product life cycle stages of material sourcing, manufacturing, field deployment, and end-of-life. Over the product life cycle, the material sourcing and end-of-life stages are most impactful in minimizing potential life cycle PFAS emissions. Sourcing fluoropolymers from suppliers with fluorosurfactant emissions control and replacement minimizes the potential emissions of bio-available PFAS substances. A stack-as-service approach to electrolyzer operations ensures a takeback mechanism for the recycling of end-of-life fluoropolymer materials. Retaining electrolytic hydrogen’s license to operate results in over USD 2 of environmental and health benefits per kilogram of hydrogen produced from reduced greenhouse gas and air pollutant emissions compared to conventional hydrogen production via steam methane reforming.

Numerical simulation of a hybrid energy system proposed for low carbon data center

Low-carbon energy application for both large grid and distributed energy consumers is an urgent problem to be solved. Data centers (DC) are the typical distributed large-size energy consumers, and the application of renewable energy and energy storage is a promising solution for data center decarbonization. This paper developed a complete hybrid energy system (HES) simulation process for data center applications. The photovoltaic (PV) cell, hydrogen electrolysis, hydrogen storage, proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), lithium battery (BAT), grid, and data center load are considered in the HES. A one-dimensional two-phase flow PEMFC model is developed. The detailed mass transfer process inside the PEMFC cell is modeled. The PEMFC model-solving algorithm is developed and integrated into the HES simulation program. The energy management system (EMS) based on a logical flow chart energy management strategy is integrated by editable subfunction. The HES simulation program is coded and implemented based on the MATLAB-SIMULINK environment. The yearly HES performance simulations are conducted and analyzed for a 200 kW data center in Xi’an with different HES parameters and an appropriate HES parameter arrangement is provided. The main contribution of this work is the development of an editable HES simulation program that is extensible for data center applications.

Research on typical operating conditions of hydrogen production system with off-grid wind power considering the characteristics of proton exchange membrane electrolysis cell

Hydrogen energy, with its abundant reserves, green and low-carbon characteristic, high energy density, diverse sources, and wide applications, is gradually becoming an important carrier in the global energy transformation and development. In this paper, the off-grid wind power hydrogen production system is considered as the research object, and the operating characteristics of a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysis cell, including underload, overload, variable load, and start- stop are analyzed. On this basis, the characteristic extraction of wind power output data after noise reduction is carried out, and then the self-organizing mapping neural network algorithm is used for clustering to extract typical wind power output scenarios and perform weight distribution based on the statistical probability. The trend and fluctuation components are superimposed to generate the typical operating conditions of an off-grid PEM electrolytic hydrogen production system. The historical output data of an actual wind farm are used for the case study, and the results confirm the feasibility of the method proposed in this study for obtaining the typical conditions of off-grid wind power hydrogen production. The results provide a basis for studying the dynamic operation characteristics of PEM electrolytic hydrogen production systems, and the performance degradation mechanism of PEM electrolysis cells under fluctuating inputs.

Enhancing efficiency and economy of hydrogen-based integrated energy system: A green dispatch approach based on exergy analysis

Hydrogen-based integrated energy system holds promise for leveraging the low carbon advantage of hydrogen, but inefficiency of electrolysis hydrogen production leads to significant exergy loss within its operation. Addressing this, this paper focuses on the energy-saving and economic operation of the hydrogen-based integrated energy system, proposes a novel green dispatch approach using loss cost as the objective function and establishes a refined loss cost accounting model based on exergy analysis theory. Firstly, derived from the analogy of exergy loss, the concept and accounting framework of system loss cost are proposed. Secondly, employing exergy analysis and consistent unit exergy cost principle, equipment operation loss cost is calculated through energy, exergy flows analysis and cost allocation. Thirdly, utilizing the total of equipment operation loss cost, wind curtailment penalty cost, and transmission line loss cost as the objective function, a green dispatch model is formulated to minimize overall loss cost while ensuring energy balance and other constraints. Finally, simulations analysis are conducted. The results show that compared to economic dispatch, minimized exergy loss dispatch and multi-objective dispatch methods, proposed approach increases exergy efficiency by 0.54 %, reduces cost by 6.13 % and increases the scale of hydrogen utilization by 3.45 %, respectively.

A systematic comparison of the energy and emissions intensity of hydrogen production pathways in the United Kingdom

Meeting climate targets requires profound transformations in the energy system. Most energy uses should be electrified, but where this is not feasible, hydrogen can be part of the solution. However, 98% of global hydrogen production involves greenhouse gas emissions, with an average of 12 kg CO2e/kg H2. Therefore, new hydrogen production pathways are needed in order to make hydrogen production compatible with climate targets. In this work, we fill this gap by systematically comparing the energy and emissions intensity of 173 hydrogen production pathways suitable for the UK. Scenarios include onshore and offshore pathways and the use of repurposed infrastructure. Unlike fossil-fuel based pathways, the results show that electrolytic hydrogen powered by fixed offshore wind could align with proposed emissions standards, either onshore or offshore. However, the embodied and fugitive emissions are important to consider for electrolytic pathways as they result in 10–50% of the total emissions intensity.

The potential role of concentrated solar power for off-grid green hydrogen and ammonia production

This paper investigates the potential role of concentrated solar power (CSP) in off-grid green electrolytic hydrogen and ammonia production using an open-source techno-economic assessment optimisation model. The green ammonia plant comprises a flexible Haber-Bosch loop, an electrolyser park, a desalination plant, storage systems (thermal, electrical, and hydrogen), and a power supply optionally including wind power, solar photovoltaic (PV), and CSP (solar tower or parabolic trough collectors). Various system configurations and cost assumptions are tested to evaluate when CSP technologies are economically viable for green fuel production. Results demonstrate that CSP and thermal energy storage (TES) technologies can play a minor but useful role in providing nighttime power supply to the ammonia plant, in combination with onshore wind power and electrical storage. Solar PV with 1-axis tracking remains the primary power provider, and the optimal system always includes large-scale hydrogen storage. In the cheapest configuration, the LCOA reaches 646 €/tNH3. With an 80% reduction in CSP and TES costs, CSP technology becomes a major player in power production. In scenarios where hydrogen storage is not feasible and the ammonia plant lacks full flexibility, a 20% cost reduction (to 2750 €/kW) is enough for them to become major power providers.

Optimization of user-side electrolytic hydrogen production system considering electrolyzer efficiency degradation

This paper proposes an optimized operational strategy for user-side proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer hydrogen production systems, considering the degradation of hydrogen production efficiency over time. The work is divided into three parts. First, a combined hydrogen production efficiency model based on operational data is established, using polynomial surface fitting (PSF) and gaussian process regression (GPR) to model the electrolyzer's efficiency from two perspectives: operational time and input power. Second, an optimization model for the operational strategy of the user-side electrolytic hydrogen production system is constructed, aiming to enhance overall system efficiency by adjusting the electrolyzer's input power. Finally, the hydrogen efficiency model from the first part is applied to the optimization strategy in the second part for empirical analysis. The results show that the optimized strategy, which accounts for the degradation of hydrogen production efficiency, significantly improves system performance, validating the method's effectiveness and practicality. This study provides theoretical support and practical guidance for the efficient operation of user-side electrolyzers, contributing to the promotion and application of green hydrogen technologies.